Battle of Pliska
Battle of Pliska | |||||||
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Part of the Manasses Chronicle. | |||||||
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Belligerents | |||||||
First Bulgarian Empire | Byzantine Empire | ||||||
Commanders and leaders | |||||||
Krum |
Stauracius (DOW ) | ||||||
Strength | |||||||
15,000-18,000[1][2] |
22,000[1] 60-70,000 (paper strength)/25-30,000 (actual strength)[3] | ||||||
Casualties and losses | |||||||
Unknown | Most of the army |
The Battle of Pliska or Battle of Vărbitsa Pass was a series of battles between troops, gathered from all parts of the
The Battle of Pliska was one of the worst defeats in
Initial campaigns
When Nicephorus became
Preparation for an invasion
In 811, Nicephorus organized a large force in an attempt to conquer Bulgaria once and for all. The army included forces from the Anatolian and European
Sack of Pliska
The army first assembled in May and by 10 July had established a camp at the fortress of Marcelae (present-day Karnobat) near the Bulgarian frontier. Nicephorus intended to confuse the Bulgarians, and over the next ten days, made several feigned attacks. Krum assessed the situation, estimated that he could not repulse an army of such size and offered peace, which Nicephorus haughtily rejected. Theophanes wrote that the Emperor "was deterred from his own ill thoughts and the suggestions of his advisors who were thinking like him."[9] Some of his military chiefs considered the invasion of Bulgaria to be imprudent, but Nicephorus was confident of his ultimate success.
Nicephorus moved ahead, invaded the Bulgarian lands, and marched through the Balkan passes towards the capital of Pliska. On 20 July Nicephorus divided the army into three columns, each marching by a different route towards Pliska. They met little resistance.[10] After three days the Byzantines reached Pliska, defended by 12,000 elite Bulgarian soldiers.[11] The Byzantines defeated the Bulgarian defenders and an additional Bulgarian army of 15,000 which was hastily assembled.[3] On 23 July, the Byzantines quickly entered the defenseless capital sacking the city and the surrounding countryside.[12][13] Krum attempted once again to negotiate a peace. According to the historian Theophanes, Krum's proclamation stated, "Here you are, you have won. So take what you please and go with peace." Nicephorus, overconfident from his success, ignored him believing that all of Bulgaria could be conquered.
Michael the Syrian, patriarch of the Syrian Jacobites in the twelfth century, described in his Chronicle the brutalities and atrocities of Nicephorus's troops: "Nicephorus, emperor of the Romans, walked in the Bulgarians' land: he was victorious and killed a great number of them. He reached their capital, took it over, and devastated it. His savagery went to such a point that he had their small children brought out, tied to the ground, and crushed with millstones. The Byzantine soldiers looted and plundered; burnt down the unharvested fields, cut the tendons of the oxen, slaughtered sheep and pigs."[14] The Emperor took over Krum's treasury, locked it and did not allow his troops to reach it.[15]
Battle
This section needs additional citations for verification. (July 2017) |
While Nicephorus and his army were busy plundering the Bulgarian capital, Krum mobilized his people (including women and Avar mercenaries[16]) to set traps and ambushes in the mountain passes.[17] The Hungarians also supported the Bulgarians in the effort against the Byzantines.[18] Initially Nicephorus intended to march through Moesia and reach Serdica before returning to Constantinople but the news of these preparations for a battle changed his decision and he chose the shortest way to his capital.[19] The overconfident Emperor neglected to scout ahead and on 25 July the Byzantine army entered the Vărbitsa Pass. The Byzantine cavalry, however, told Nicephorus that the road was barred with wooden walls and that Krum's forces watched from the surrounding heights.[20] The Emperor became panicked by the situation and repeatedly stated to his companions "Even if we have had wings we could not have escaped from peril."[21] Before they could retreat, the Bulgars blocked the valley entrance.
Nicephorus, unwilling to consider an assault on the palisades, simply set up camp, despite his generals' misgivings. From the heights, the Bulgarian troops began an effort to taunt and unsettle the Byzantine forces by means of banging their shields. After three days, the morale of the Byzantine troops was shattered. That evening, the Bulgarians assembled their troops and tightened the belt around their trapped enemy. At dawn, the Bulgarians rushed down the hills killing the panicked and confused Byzantines. The Byzantine Imperial Bodyguard was the first to be attacked. The Byzantines fruitlessly resisted for a short time and perished. Upon seeing their comrades' fate, the other units broke and ran.
As the Byzantines fled to the south, they came upon a muddy river that was difficult to cross. Unable to quickly ford the river, many of the Byzantines including mounted forces fell into the water and became stuck in the mud. As additional waves of panicked and fleeing soldiers arrived at the river, they trampled and killed many of their compatriots. The river became filled with so many dead that the pursuing Bulgarians easily passed over the dead and continued to hunt down and attack the Byzantines.
Those Byzantines who made it across the river were later confronted by high moated wooden walls constructed by the Bulgarians to impede the pathways to the south. The Byzantines attempted to climb over the wall and many were partially successful only to suffer injuries and death in the process. The Byzantines attempted to burn the walls but this tactic also proved ineffective and resulted in additional casualties. Almost all the fleeing Byzantines perished, some were killed by the sword; others drowned in the river; and many were mortally injured at the walls.
Aftermath
Reportedly, few Byzantines survived the defeat. Among the nobles killed were the
Citations
- ^ ISBN 9786191760183.
- ^ Sophoulis, p. 79
- ^ a b c Hupchick, p. 80
- ^ Theophanes Confessor. Chronographia, p. 482–84
- ^ "Hellenic Electronic Center - ServerGR01". Archived from the original on 30 September 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
- ^ Theophanes Confessor. Chronographia, pp. 484–86
- ^ Theophanes Confessor. Chronographia, p. 485
- ^ Anonymus Vaticanus, p.148
- ^ Theophanes Confessor. Chronographia, p.486
- ^ Chronique de Michel le Syrien, p.17
- ^ Hupchick, p. 81
- ^ Ioannes Zonaras. Epistome historiatus, pp. 372–73
- ^ Georgius Monachus. Chroniconq, p. 774
- ^ Anonymus Vaticanus, p. 150
- ^ Anastasius Bibliothecarius. Chronographia tripertita, p.329
- ^ Regan, Geoffrey. Military Blunders. p. 74.
- ^ Theophanes Confessor. Chronographia, p.430
- ^ Király, Péter. Gondolatok a kalandozásokról M. G. Kellner "Ungarneinfälle..." könyve kapcsán.
- ^ Anonymus Vaticanus, p.152
- ^ Theophanes Confessor. Chronographia, pp. 490–91
- ^ a b Theophanes Confessor. Chronographia, pp. 489–92
- ^ Anonymus Vaticanus, p.153
- ^ Ioannes Zonaras. Epistome historiatus, p.373
References
- B. Flusin (trans.), J.-C. Cheynet (ed.), Jean Skylitzès: Empereurs de Constantinople, Ed. Lethielleux, 2004, ISBN 2-283-60459-1.
- Joannes Zonaras. Epitome historiarum, ed. L. Dindorfii, 6 vol., Lipsiae (BT), 1858–75. Epitomae Historiarum/Chapter 24 in Epitomae Historiarum by Ioannis Zonarae.
- Mannases Chronicle, 1335–1340. Apostolic Library. The Vatican.
- OCLC 4321714
- Ivan Duychev (1936) New Biographic Data on the Bulgarian Expedition of Nicephorus I in 811, Proc. Bulg. Acad. Sci. 54:147–88 (in Bulgarian); H. Grégoire (1936) Un nouveau fragment du "Scriptor incertus de Leone Armenio", Byzantion, 11:417–27; Beshevliev, V (1936) The New Source About the Defeat of Nicephorus I in Bulgaria in 811, Sofia University Annual Reviews, 33:2 (In Bulgarian). Scriptor Incertusin Scriptor Incertus.
- Theophanes the Confessor, Chronographia, Ed. Carl de Boor, vol. I, 1883, vol. II, 1885, Leipzig.
General References
- ISBN 1176683276.
- ISBN 0-472-08149-7.
- Hupchick, Dennis (2017). The Bulgarian-Byzantine Wars For Early Medieval Balkan Hegemony: Silver-Lined Skulls and Blinded Armies. Wilkes-Barre, USA: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-3-319-56205-6.
- ISBN 3-487-06408-1.
- Runciman, Steven (1930). A History of the First Bulgarian Empire. G. Bell & Sons, London. Archived from the original on 13 December 2007. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
- Sophoulis, Panos (2012). Byzantium and Bulgaria, 775-831. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-20695-3.
- ISBN 954-739-928-4.
Further reading
- Stoyanov, Aleksandr (July 2019). "The Size of Bulgaria's Medieval Field Armies: A Case Study of Military Mobilization Capacity in the Middle Ages". Journal of Military History. 83 (3): 719–746.