Battle of Samakh
Battle of Samakh | |||||||
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Part of the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I | |||||||
German Headquarters, Samakh | |||||||
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Belligerents | |||||||
Ottoman Empire German Empire | |||||||
Commanders and leaders | |||||||
Cevat Pasha Otto Liman von Sanders | |||||||
Units involved | |||||||
11th Light Horse Regiment 12th Light Horse Regiment 4th Machine Gun Squadron |
Yildirim Army Group remnants from the Seventh Army Eighth Army formed into rearguard | ||||||
Casualties and losses | |||||||
17 killed, 60 wounded, 1 missing | 98 killed, 33 wounded, 331 unwounded prisoners |
The Battle of Samakh was fought on 25 September 1918, during the
On 20 September, German
Background
Following the
On 19 September, the
Samakh was regarded by both Allenby, the British commander of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force, and the
It was clear, that only one course remained open to me. The Tiberias sector from Lake Hule to Samakh must be held with all the means at our disposal to prevent the pursuit overtaking us, whilst the formations retiring along the River Jordan and east of Jordan to the Yarmuk Valley sector, from Samakh to Der'a, must form [a] front for at least the time being.
— Commander of Yildirim Army Group, Liman von Sanders' Five years in Turkey[5]
During the unsuccessful attack of the
Prelude
Asia Corps retreat
By the morning of 21 September, German Colonel
With about 700 German and 1,300 Ottoman soldiers of the 16th and 19th Divisions, von Oppen succeeded in retreating towards Beisan via Mount Ebal during 21 September but was forced to leave behind all guns or baggage. They suffered some casualties when fired on by artillery, before bivouacking that night at Tammun with the 16th and 19th Divisions at Tubas, unaware that Desert Mounted Corps had already occupied Beisan. They were moving northwards from Tubas towards Beisan when von Oppen learned it had already been captured. He decided to advance during the night of 22 September to Samakh where he correctly guessed Liman von Sanders would order a strong rearguard action. However, Jevad, the commander of the Eighth Army ordered him to cross the Jordan instead; he successfully got all the Germans and some of the Ottoman soldiers across before the 11th Cavalry Brigade attacked and captured the remainder, to finalise the capture of Afulah and Beisan.[14] Liman von Sanders was very critical of Jevad's intervention which considerably weakened the Samakh position, but von Oppen would have had to break through a whole cavalry division to get there.[15]
Reconnaissance by 4th Cavalry Division unit
While the
Australian Mounted Division advance to Jisr el Mejamie
Chauvel, commander of the Desert Mounted Corps, ordered the capture of the towns of Samakh and Tiberias to complete the strategic and tactical line held by his cavalry across the
However Hodgson's reserve, the
The 4th Light Horse Brigade (less the
Battle
Cavalry charge
The 4th Light Horse Brigade crossed the Jordan and Yarmuk Rivers at Jisr el Mejamie (Mejamie Bridge) at 02:30 on 25 September in order to arrive at Samakh before dawn, advancing along the railway line. Grant ordered the 11th Light Horse Regiment to attack mounted from the southeast at dawn, supported by machine guns which were to be deployed due south, on the railway.[17]
The attack began before dawn, when the two leading light horse squadrons were heavily fired on by rifles and machine guns from several outposts at 04:25, causing nearly 100 horse casualties.
Both squadrons succeeded in entering the village, while one squadron of 12th Light Horse Regiment moved forward towards the town from the west, in support. The 11th Light Horse Regiment's reserve 'C' squadron moved forward to occupy Hill 377 on the eastern flank, watching the railway from Deraa and the road on the eastern side of the Sea of Galilee. Meanwhile, the 4th Light Horse Brigade Headquarters and the 12th Light Horse Regimental Headquarters, forming the attacking units' reserve, were deployed on the plain south of the town and east of the railway. Here they were heavily fired on by artillery, on the right flank near the Sea of Galilee, and forced to move to cover.[27][28] Preston claims it was the 4th Light Horse Regiment which "was sent in mounted on the west."[29]
This cavalry charge was unique during the whole of the First World War, being the only one carried out in the dark and across country which had not been previously reconnoitred.[25][30] The ground was found to be scattered with clumps of long spiked thistles, and a number of pitfalls causing nine men to be injured from falls during the charge.[17][31]
Dismounted attack
As soon as A and B Squadrons of the 11th Light Horse Regiment reached the town and dismounted, the 4th Machine Gun Squadron stopped their covering fire, to target the German or Ottoman machine guns on the right, which they silenced. Then the 4th Machine Gun Squadron galloped forward to take up a position at the western end of the town, while the two attacking squadrons dismounted, to approach the railway station buildings on foot.[32]
The substantial two storied station building, solidly build of stone, made an effective strong redoubt for the garrison, with the windows used by the defenders to fire their
The savage hand-to-hand fighting in the railway buildings and sidings lasted for more than an hour before the light horsemen captured the area. Over 20 Ottoman and German soldiers were killed in the station buildings alone during the fighting. At the same time, 'C' Squadron, of the 11th Light Horse Regiment, and/or one squadron of the 12th Light Horse Regiment, moved up into the village of Samakh and captured the town during less severe fighting.[9][27][32][33]
Casualties, captured kit
There were 98
Aftermath
While the 4th Light Horse Brigade buried their dead and the field ambulance treated the wounded, a squadron of the 12th Light Horse Regiment advanced along the western shore of the Sea of Galilee, to meet with the 3rd Light Horse Brigade which had
The capture of Samakh and operations around the Sea of Galilee concluded the Battles of Megiddo.[30] Chauvel's Desert Mounted Corps had captured Haifa, Nazareth and Tiberias, two Ottoman armies had been eliminated from the Judean Hills and the Fourth Army east of the Jordan was in full retreat to Deraa and Damascus. Allenby acknowledged in a cable to the Australian Government that "the completeness of our victory is due to the action of the Desert Mounted Corps under General Chauvel."[40] "The battle had been as brilliant in execution as it had been in conception; it had no parallel in France or on any other front, but rather looked forward in principle and even in detail to the Blitzkrieg of 1939."[40]
I have your HW wire and that from Troopers proposing a Cavalry raid to Aleppo. I don't think Aleppo possible; but am sending 3 Divisions of Cavalry, as soon as I can, to Damascus. Chaytor's Division of Anzac Light Horse is about Amman now, and will deal with enemy coming from the South. Prisoners number well over 40,000 and are still coming in. I have Australian mounted troops at the S. end of Lake Tiberias, and they are pushing to Tiberias. If I get Damascus, Beirut falls to us certainly; and I hope to push troops, Northwards, thither, by the coast–road from Haifa, feeding from the sea, stage by stage.
— Allenby to Wilson CIGS War Office 25 September 1918[41]
On 27 September, the 4th Light Horse Brigade left Samakh at 06:00 and arrived at Tiberias at 08:00, where they received two days supplies and one day's iron ration, to last until after breakfast on 29 September. They rode out towards Damascus at 10:00, leaving the 15th Light Horse Regiment (5th Light Horse Brigade) to guard Samakh until they were relieved by the Indian 7th (Meerut) Division, XXI Corps.[22]
Legacy in Israel
On 31 October 2017, for the centenary of the Battle of Beersheba, the Beersheba ANZAC Memorial Center was inaugurated. Among the events was a partial reenactment of the battle, with horsemen and horsewomen including descendants of the original cavalrymen. Malcolm Turnbull, the Prime Minister of Australia, and Dame Patsy Reddy, the Governor-General of New Zealand, attended along with numerous fellow ANZACs visiting Israel for the occasion. Israelis present included Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu.[42] The ANZAC Memorial Center is located in the city’s British military cemetery dating back to World War I.[43]
On 26 September 2019, a life-size sculpture, 'The Aborigine and His Horse,' was dedicated at Tzemach, commemorating
Notes
- ^ It has been stated that a regiment from the 5th Light Horse Brigade accompanied the 4th Light Horse Brigade towards Samakh, but the war diary of the regiment concerned, confirms the Australian Mounted Division's war diary, that it did not arrive at Samakh until after the town was captured. [Preston 1921 pp. 248–9] [15th Light Horse Regiment War Diary AWM4-10-20-2]
- ^ Both orders, Appendices 262 and 264, are not with the Australian War Memorial copy of the war diary. [4th Light Horse Brigade War Diary AWM 4-10-4-21] The National Archives, Kew holds the complete and original war diaries.
References
- ^ Falls 1930 Vol. 1 p. 97, Vol. 2 pp. 302–446
- ^ Falls 1930 Vol. 2 pp. 447–555
- ^ Grainger 2006 p. 235
- ^ a b c d Bruce 2002 p. 240
- ^ quoted in Falls 1930 Vol. 2 p. 545
- ^ Falls 1930 Vol. 2 p. 527
- ^ Carver 2003 p. 235
- ^ Keogh 1955 p. 251
- ^ a b c d e f g Hill 1978 p. 172
- ^ a b Wavell 1968 p. 222
- ^ a b Wavell 1968 p. 223
- ^ a b Falls Vol. 2 p. 542
- ^ Falls 1930 Vol. 2 pp. 511–2, 675
- ^ Falls 1930 Vol. 2 pp. 511–2, 546
- ^ Falls 1930 Vol. 2 p. 546
- ^ Preston 1921 pp. 248–9
- ^ a b c d e f g Falls 1930 Vol. 2 p. 543
- ^ Massey 1920 pp. 197–8
- ^ Manusell 1926 p. 220
- ^ Australian Mounted Division War Diary AWM 4-1-58-15
- ^ Powles 1922 pp. 241–2
- ^ a b c 4th Light Horse Brigade War Diary AWM 4-10-4–21 September 1918
- ^ Falls 1930 Vol. 2 pp. 542–3
- ^ 5th Light Horse Brigade War Diary AWM4-10-5–2 September 1918
- ^ a b Paget 1994 Vol. 4 p. 312
- ^ Bruce 2002 pp. 240–1
- ^ a b c d e 4th Light Horse Brigade War Diary AWM4-10-4-21 Appendix 266 Report on Semakh attack
- ^ Falls 1930 Vol. 2 pp. 543–4
- ^ Preston 1921 pp. 249–50
- ^ a b Carver 2003 p. 241
- ^ 11th Light Horse Regiment War Diary September 1918 AWM4-10-16-36
- ^ a b c d Falls 1930 Vol. 2 p. 544
- ^ Massey 1920 pp. 198–9
- ^ Gullett 1940, p. 733
- ^ Paget 1994 Vol. 4 p. 311
- ^ Carver 2003 pp. 240–1
- ^ Baly 2003 p. 271
- ^ a b Massey 1919 p. 200
- ^ Bruce 2002 p. 241
- ^ a b Hill 1978 p. 173
- ^ Hughes 2004 p. 183
- ^ Kraft, Dina (1 November 2017). "In Israel's South, Australians Ride and Remember the Path of Their Ancestors". Haaretz. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
- ^ "The Story of the ANZAC Memorial Center". ANZAC Memorial Center in Be’er Sheva. Retrieved 30 December 2020.
- ^ Aderet, Ofer (26 September 2019). "Israel Honors WWI Australian Aborigine Fighters at Center Near Sea of Galilee". Haaretz. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
- ^ Lidman, Melanie (24 October 2017). "In Israel, descendants of Aboriginal ANZAC soldiers retrace forgotten stories". Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 29 September 2019. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
References
- "11th Light Horse Regiment War Diary". First World War Diaries AWM4, 10-16-36. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. September 1918. Archived from the original on 16 March 2011.
- "4th Light Horse Brigade War Diary". First World War Diaries AWM4, 10-4-21. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. September 1918.
- "15th Light Horse Regiment War Diary". First World War Diaries AWM4, 10-20-2. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. September 1918.
- "5th Light Horse Brigade War Diary". First World War Diaries AWM4, 10-5-2. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. September 1918.
- "Australian Mounted Division General Staff War Diary". First World War Diaries AWM4, 1-58-15. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. September 1918.
- Baly, Lindsay (2003). Horseman, Pass By: The Australian Light Horse in World War I. East Roseville, Sydney: Simon & Schuster. OCLC 223425266.
- Bruce, Anthony (2002). The Last Crusade: The Palestine Campaign in the First World War. London: John Murray. ISBN 978-0-7195-5432-2.
- Carver, Michael, Field Marshal Lord (2003). The National Army Museum Book of The Turkish Front 1914–1918: The Campaigns at Gallipoli, in Mesopotamia and in Palestine. London: Pan Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-283-07347-2.)
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- Falls, Cyril (1930). Military Operations Egypt & Palestine from June 1917 to the End of the War. Official History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence: Volume 2 Part II. A. F. Becke (maps). London: HM Stationery Office. OCLC 256950972.
- Grainger, John D. (2006). The Battle for Palestine, 1917. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. ISBN 978-1-84383-263-8.
- Gullett, H. S. (1940). The Australian Imperial Force in Sinai and Palestine. Sydney, Australia: Angus and Robertson. OCLC 939621813.
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- Hughes, Matthew, ed. (2004). Allenby in Palestine: The Middle East Correspondence of Field Marshal Viscount Allenby June 1917 – October 1919. Army Records Society. Vol. 22. Phoenix Mill, Thrupp, Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7509-3841-9.
- OCLC 220029983.
- Massey, William Thomas (1920). Allenby's Final Triumph. London: Constable & Co. OCLC 345306.
- Maunsell, E. B. (1926). Prince of Wales' Own, the Seinde Horse, 1839–1922. Regimental Committee. OCLC 221077029.
- Paget, G.C.H.V Marquess of Anglesey (1994). Egypt, Palestine and Syria 1914 to 1919. A History of the British Cavalry 1816–1919. Vol. 5. London: Leo Cooper. ISBN 978-0-85052-395-9.
- Powles, C. Guy; A. Wilkie (1922). The New Zealanders in Sinai and Palestine. Official History New Zealand's Effort in the Great War. Vol. III. Auckland: Whitcombe & Tombs. OCLC 2959465.
- Preston, R. M. P. (1921). The Desert Mounted Corps: An Account of the Cavalry Operations in Palestine and Syria 1917–1918. London: Constable & Co. OCLC 3900439.
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