Battle of Sari Bair
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. (August 2015) |
Battle of Sari Bair | |||||||
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Part of the Gallipoli Campaign in the Middle Eastern Theatre of the First World War | |||||||
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Belligerents | |||||||
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Commanders and leaders | |||||||
Ian Hamilton |
Mustafa Kemal Liman von Sanders Faik Pasha | ||||||
Strength | |||||||
4 divisions (initial) | Unknown | ||||||
Casualties and losses | |||||||
unknown | unknown |
The Battle of Sari Bair (
At the time of the battle, the
The main operation started on 6 August with a fresh landing 5 miles (8.0 km) north of Anzac at
Background
The battle took place primarily around the ridge of Kocaçimentepe" meaning "Great Grass Hill" in
Prelude
The commander of the
The Suvla landing was to be made by the
The Ottomans were well aware that a renewal of the offensive was imminent. There had been some doubt about whether the British would abandon the campaign but this was dispelled when
The Ottomans anticipated that the offensive would involve a breakout from Anzac but were unsure whether it would be north (towards Suvla) or south (towards
Battle
Anzac breakout
The attack from the Anzac perimeter was directed against two peaks of the Sari Bair range;
The plan was for two assaulting columns to march out of Anzac on the night of 6 August. The right-hand column, comprising the
To distract the Ottomans from the impending offensive, on 6 August, at 5.30 p.m., an attack was made at
The right column heading for Chunuk Bair had a simpler navigation task as their route was to some degree visible from the old Anzac perimeter. In what became known as the Battle of Chunuk Bair, the New Zealanders failed to capture the peak by the morning of 7 August but managed the feat on the next morning.
On the morning following the breakout, a number of other attacks were planned within the old Anzac perimeter. The most notorious was the attack of the
The left column's journey through the tangled ravines was doomed to failure and, having become lost and confused, it never got close to the objective of Hill 971. By the morning of 8 August Cox's forces were sufficiently organised to attempt an attack on their original objectives of Hill 971 and Hill Q. However Monash's brigade was still mistaken about its position relative to Hill 971. In fact, by the end of the day's advance Monash's troops had actually reached the position they had believed they had been starting from. Meanwhile, Hill 971 was more unreachable than ever. The three Australian battalions that had made the assault suffered 765 casualties — the 15th Battalion was reduced to about 30 per cent of its normal strength.
Of the force aiming for Hill Q, one battalion of the
By the end of 9 August the Allies retained only a foothold on Chunuk Bair. On 10 August the Ottomans, led from the front by Colonel Mustafa Kemal, counter-attacked and regained control of the entire Sari Bair ridge.
Suvla landing
Stopford's IX Corps comprised the British
Stopford, who had decided to command the landings from
By evening on 7 August, with the
General Sanders was incensed at the commander of the 7th and 12th divisions, Colonel Fevzi Bey, for not taking advantage of the Allied disarray at Suvla to pounce on them before they got organised. Turks not expecting a major landing at Suvla had to rush in the two divisions and Fevzi Bey dreaded night attacks, which were rarely successful.
The first serious Allied attempt at the ridges of the Anafarta Hills to the east was made on the night of 8 August, following intervention from Hamilton but on the morning of 9 August, the Ottoman reinforcements had begun to arrive and the British were driven back. The fighting concentrated around
As the fighting developed, the landing was reinforced by the arrival of the British
On 15 August Hamilton sacked Stopford and a number of division and brigade commanders. The command of IX Corps was given to Major-General
Aftermath
Analysis
Once the battles of 21 August had finished, the front lines at Suvla and Anzac remained static for the remainder of the campaign. Localised fighting continued but no more major advances were attempted. Many soldiers suffered or perished due to the hostile conditions they endured as a result of their poor preparation and training. Disease transmitted by mosquitoes and the lack of fresh water and shelter hampered the efforts of the division as the men were too weak to fight to their best ability. The insufficient knowledge had an impact of their advancement as their enemy were more familiar to the terrain and could ambush the division successfully. A combination of factors caused their success to be mixed.[13][page needed]
Subsequent operations
As the shape of the new front line firmed, General Hamilton planned one further attack to try to link the Suvla landing to Anzac. This required the capture of a group of hills; Scimitar Hill and the 'W' Hills from Suvla and Hill 60 from the new Anzac sector. The attacks were to commence on 21 August. At Suvla, de Lisle had his 29th Division and the 2nd Mounted Division which had been moved to Suvla as additional reinforcements.
The 29th Division was to attack Scimitar Hill while the 11th Division was to take the W Hills on the south of the Anafarta Spur. The 2nd Mounted Division was in reserve near Lala Baba on the far side of the salt lake. This attack was the largest mounted by the Allies at Gallipoli. Scimitar Hill was captured briefly but the attackers were driven off or killed by the defensive fire from the Ottomans higher up the spur. Once again the undergrowth ignited, burning many of the wounded. The 2nd Mounted Division were called to join the attack and advanced, marching in extended formation, straight across the salt lake, under fire the whole way. For a second time the hill was captured, briefly, before being lost for the final time. The attack of the 11th Division towards the W Hills was held up by strong Ottoman defences.
In the Anzac sector, Hill 60 had been unoccupied on the morning of 7 August, when Australian scouts passed across but the Ottomans swiftly occupied and fortified the hill. The Battle of Hill 60 lasted for eight days and while the summit was eventually reached, the Allies were unable to completely dislodge the Ottoman defenders who fought hard to hold their positions.
Footnotes
- ^ Bean 1941, p. 440.
- ^ Bean 1941, p. 467.
- ^ Carlyon 2002, pp. 334–335.
- ISBN 9752439128(collection of communications related to Anafarta battles)
- ^ Cameron 2009, pp. 19–20.
- ^ Bean 1941, pp. 455–456.
- ^ Bean 1941, p. 454.
- ^ Bean 1941, p. 459.
- ^ Bean 1941, pp. 460–461.
- ^ Bean 1941, p. 463.
- ^ Biography at firstworldwar.com
- ^ "Dirilis", Turgut Ozakman, Bilgi Yayinevi, 2018, pp. 440–470
- OCLC 29797013.
References
- Aspinall-Oglander, C. F. (1929). Military Operations Gallipoli: Inception of the Campaign to May 1915. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. I. London: Heinemann. OCLC 464479053.
- Aspinall-Oglander, C. F. (1932). Military Operations Gallipoli: May 1915 to the Evacuation. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. II (IWM & Battery Press 1992 ed.). London: Heinemann. ISBN 0-89839-175-X.
- Bean, C. E. W. (1921). The Story of ANZAC from the Outbreak of War to the End of the First Phase of the Gallipoli Campaign, May 4, 1915. OCLC 220878987.
- OCLC 39157087.
- Cameron, David W. (2009). 'Sorry, lads, but the order is to go' : the August Offensive, Gallipoli : 1915. Sydney, Australia: UNSW Press. OCLC 647917261.
- Carlyon, Les (2002). Gallipoli. Picador Australia. ISBN 0732911281.
- Cooper, B. (1918). The Tenth (Irish) Division in Gallipoli (1st ed.). London: Herbert Jenkins. OCLC 253010093. Retrieved 7 August 2014.
- Gillon, S. (1925). The Story of the 29th Division, A Record of Gallant Deeds (N & M Press 2002 ed.). London: Thomas Nelson. ISBN 1-84342-265-4.
- Hamilton, I. S. M. (1920). Gallipoli Diary. Vol. I. London: Edward Arnold. OCLC 816494856. Retrieved 7 August 2014.
- Hamilton, I. S. M. (1920). Gallipoli Diary. Vol. II. London: Edward Arnold. OCLC 816494856. Retrieved 7 August 2014.
- OCLC 69108964. Retrieved 7 August 2014.
Further reading
- Chambers, Stephen (2014). Anzac: Sari Bair. Pen & Sword Military. OCLC 882892566.
- Haythornthwaite, Philip J. (1991). Gallipoli, 1915: Frontal Assault on Turkey. Osprey. OCLC 28115553.
- Prior, Robin (2009). Gallipoli: The End of the Myth. Yale University Press. OCLC 263409075.
- Stanley, Peter (2015). Die in battle, do not despair: the Indians on Gallipoli, 1915. Helion & Company Limited. OCLC 898163549.