Battle of Sellasia
Battle of Sellasia | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Part of the Cleomenean War | |||||||
A map of depicting the South Peloponnese. | |||||||
| |||||||
Belligerents | |||||||
League of Leagues
| Sparta | ||||||
Commanders and leaders | |||||||
Antigonus III Doson Philopoemen Cercidas Alexander Demetrius of Pharos |
Cleomenes III Eucleidas † | ||||||
Strength | |||||||
28,000 infantry, 1,200 cavalry |
20,000 infantry, 650 cavalry | ||||||
Casualties and losses | |||||||
Substantial |
Heavy 5,800 Spartans dead |
The Battle of Sellasia took place during the summer of
and ended in a Macedonian-Achaean victory.In 229 BC, Cleomenes initiated hostilities against the Achaean League, the dominant power of the
In the summer of 222 BC, the Macedonian and Achaean army advanced to Sellasia on the northern border of Laconia, where they encountered the awaiting army of Cleomenes. After a brief impasse, Antigonus launched an offensive against the Spartan positions on the fortified mountains of Olympus and Evas. While the Macedonian right flank routed the Spartan left wing on Evas, the battle on the other flank was heavily contested. After initially pushing back the Macedonian
Background
The seizure of numerous important
The Achaean position was additionally weakened when their erstwhile ally,
When the peace talks failed, Aratus sent envoys to the
Prelude
Antigonus marched towards the Peloponnese with a large army of 20,000 infantry and 1,300 cavalry via the island of Euboea. They resorted to this after having their passage blocked by the hostile Aetolian League, who threatened to block their march if they went further south.[10] After reaching the Isthmus of Corinth, the Macedonian army found their march halted by a series of fortifications that Cleomenes had erected across the Isthmus. Several attempts to breach the fortifications were repulsed with considerable losses.[11]
Argos, however, revolted against Sparta and expelled their garrison with the help of some Macedonian soldiers. This defeat forced Cleomenes to abandon his position on the Isthmus and to retreat back to Arcadia.[12] Meanwhile, Antigonus revived the Hellenic League of Philip II of Macedon under the name of the "League of Leagues" and managed to incorporate most of the Greek city-states in this League.[13]
Antigonus proceeded to capture several cities in Arcadia that had sided with Cleomenes. He returned to Achaea before dismissing his Macedonian troops so that they could winter at home.[14] Around this time, Ptolemy of Egypt stopped paying subsidies to Cleomenes, which left Cleomenes without money with which to pay for his mercenaries. In order to obtain money, Cleomenes began to sell helots their freedom in exchange for a sum of money.[15]
Cleomenes became aware of the fact that Antigonus had dismissed all of his Macedonian troops and decided to launch a raid on the Achaean League. He gave the impression that he was going to raid the territory of Argos but instead switched directions and attacked Megalopolis. The Spartans managed to overrun a weak section of the fortifications and began to take over the city.[16] The citizens of Megalopolis were not aware that the Spartans were in the city until dawn after which a rearguard action by some of the citizens allowed most of the Megalopolitans to escape. Cleomenes sent the Megalopolitans a message offering back their city if they joined his alliance but when this offer was refused, Cleomenes ordered that the city be sacked and razed.[17]
The sack of Megalopolis came as a big shock for the Achaean League. Cleomenes followed this success up by raiding the territory of Argos, as he knew Antigonus could not resist him due to a lack of men. Cleomenes had also hoped that a raid on Argive territory would make the Argives lose faith in Antigonus because of his failure to protect their land.[18] Walbank assess this raid as being "an impressive demonstration, but it had no effect other than to make it even more clear that Cleomenes had to be defeated in a pitched battle."[19]
Battle
Opposing armies
Antigonus responded to this raid by recalling his army from Macedon. The Macedonian levy marching on Laconia was augmented by the contingents from allies, who had mustered in the Peloponnese. Polybius describes the amassed army as consisting of 29,200 men. The Macedonian contribution to this force was 10,000
To counter the Macedonian invasion, Cleomenes moved to raise the largest force that he was able. He was able to muster an army of 20,650 men. This consisted of the Spartan levy of
The battle
When Antigonus and his army arrived at Sellasia, they found the Spartan army occupying strong positions on the hills, Olympus and Euas, with the Oenous River running between them. Eucleidas with the perioeci and the allies were stationed on Euas, while Cleomenes held Olympus with the Spartans and mercenaries. On the flat ground between the hills, Cleomenes deployed his cavalry and the remainder of his mercenaries. The strength of the Spartan deployment prompted the Macedonians to not launch an immediate assault against the Lacedaemonians.
Antigonus placed his phalanxes facing the Lacedaemonian infantry which was arrayed at the top of the two hills, with the order to advance and take the heights. His cavalry of Macedonians, Achaeans, Boeotians, and mercenaries under the command of Alexander, were arrayed in front of the enemy cavalry in the centre. The allied right wing advanced against the Lacedaemonians on Euas, but was attacked in the flank by enemy infantry that was initially arrayed with the cavalry. Without cover from their heavy infantry, the advancing allies were hard pressed by the Spartans from the rear and the front, until the
The battle on Olympus between the two phalanxes lasted longer, but when the allied reinforcements from Euas took the enemy in the flank, the Spartans fought almost to the last man, until their king fled the field with a handful of companions. According to Plutarch, out of 6,000 Spartiates, only 200 survived, the others preferring honourable death to disgrace. Accompanied by his closest friends, Cleomenes took a ship in
References
Citations
- ^ Polybius. The Rise of the Roman Empire, 2.46; Plutarch. Cleomenes, 4; Hammond & Walbank 2001, p. 342.
- ^ Polybius. The Rise of the Roman Empire, 2.46; Plutarch. Life of Cleomenes, 4; Hammond & Walbank 2001, p. 342.
- ^ Plutarch. Life of Cleomenes, 5; Hammond & Walbank 2001, p. 345.
- ^ Plutarch. Life of Cleomenes, 6; Smith 1873: "Cleomenes III".
- ^ a b Green 1990, p. 258.
- ^ Plutarch. Life of Cleomenes, 14; Green 1990, p. 258; Hammond & Walbank 2001, p. 347.
- ^ Plutarch. Life of Cleomenes, 16.
- ^ Walbank 1984, p. 465; Green 1990, p. 259.
- ^ Walbank 1984, p. 466.
- ^ Polybius. The Rise of the Roman Empire, 2.52; Plutarch. Life of Cleomenes, 20; Green 1990, p. 259.
- ^ Plutarch. Life of Cleomenes, 20.
- ^ Polybius. The Rise of the Roman Empire, 2.53; Plutarch. Cleomenes, 21; Walbank 1984, p. 467.
- ^ Green 1990, p. 260; Habicht 1997, p. 178.
- ^ Polybius. The Rise of the Roman Empire, 2.54; Plutarch. Life of Cleomenes, 23; Hammond & Walbank 2001, p. 353.
- ^ Plutarch. Life of Cleomenes, 23; Green 1990, p. 260.
- ^ Polybius. The Rise of the Roman Empire, 2.55; Plutarch. Life of Cleomenes, 23.
- ^ Polybius. The Rise of the Roman Empire, 2.55; Plutarch, Life of Cleomenes, 24; Walbank 1984, p. 471; Hammond 1989, p. 326.
- ^ Polybius. The Rise of the Roman Empire, 2.64; Walbank 1984, p. 471.
- ^ Walbank 1984, p. 471.
Primary sources
- Plutarch; Richard Talbert (trans.) (1988). "The Lives of Agis and Cleomenes". Plutarch on Sparta. New York, New York: Penguin Classics. ISBN 0-14-044463-7.
- Polybius; Frank W. Walbank (trans.) (1979). The Rise of the Roman Empire. New York, New York: Penguin Classics. ISBN 0-14-044362-2.
Secondary sources
- Avi-Yonah, Michael; Shatzman, Israel (1975). Illustrated Encyclopaedia of the Classical World. New York, New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 0-06-010178-4.
- ISBN 0-520-08349-0.
- Habicht, Christian (1997). Athens from Alexander to Antony. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-05111-4.
- ISBN 0-19-814883-6.
- Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière; Walbank, Frank William (2001). A History of Macedonia Volume III: 336–167 B.C. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-814815-1.
- ISBN 0-946495-12-2.
- Smith, William (1873). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. London, United Kingdom: John Murray.
- Walbank, Frank William (1984). The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume 7, Part 1: The Hellenistic World. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-23445-X.