Battle of Talavera
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Battle of Talavera | |
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Part of the Spain 39°58′N 4°50′W / 39.967°N 4.833°W | |
Result | See aftermath |
Kingdom of Holland
Jean-Baptiste Jourdan
Claude-Victor Perrin
Gregorio de la Cuesta
80 guns
20,641[2]
30 guns
Spain:
34,993[2]
30 guns
Total:
55,634
60 guns
6,268 killed, wounded or captured[3]
Spain:
1,200 killed, captured or wounded[3]
Total casualties:
7,468 killed, wounded or captured
The Battle of Talavera (27–28 July 1809) was fought just outside the town of
After Marshal
The French crossed the
Background
The Spanish campaign in late 1809 started with the battle of Talavera.
Preliminary movements
On 27 July, Wellesley sent out the 3rd Division and some cavalry under the command of
During the evening of 27th, French Dragoon squadrons were riding close to the Spanish position firing their carbines at Spanish skirmishers. Suddenly, without orders, Cuesta's entire Spanish line fired a thunderous volley at the French Dragoons. The French were outside the range of the Spanish muskets, and little harm was done to them. Four Spanish battalions threw down their weapons and fled in panic. Wellesley wrote, "Nearly 2,000 ran off on the evening of the 27th...(not 100 yards from where I was standing) who were neither attacked, nor threatened with an attack, and who were frightened by the noise of their own fire; they left their arms and accoutrements on the ground, their officers went with them, and they... plundered the baggage of the British army which had been sent to the rear."[5] While a majority of the panicked troops were brought back, many hundreds continued to flee, taking some rear echelon British with them.[6]
Opposing armies
Allied army
Wellesley's British army consisted of four infantry divisions, three cavalry brigades and 30 cannon, totaling 20,641 troops.
Cuesta's Spanish army of 35,000
French Army
While Joseph nominally led the French Army, his military adviser Marshal Jean-Baptiste Jourdan actually exercised command over their 37,700 infantry and artillerymen, 8,400 cavalry and about 80 cannon.[9]
Victor's
Sébastiani's IV Corps consisted of his own infantry division (8,100), Jean-Baptiste Cyrus de Valence's Poles (1,600) and Jean François Leval with his German-Dutch division (4,500). Christophe Antoine Merlin[10] led the IV Corps light cavalry brigade (1,200).
The Madrid Garrison included part of
Positions
In the morning, it could be seen that the bulk of Cuesta's army held the right while the British formed the left. The Spanish right was anchored on the city of Talavera on the Tagus River and followed the course of the Portina stream. In the centre the British had built a redoubt, which was backed by the 4th Division and in which they placed a battery of four 3lb light cannons. Further to the left, the Medellín hill was held by the 1st Division, with the 2nd Division to its left. The 3rd Division plus Fane's and Cotton's cavalry formed the reserve. On the far left, Bassecourt's Spanish division was positioned on some high ground near the Sierra de Segurilla. Anson's brigade covered the valley between the Medellín and the Segurilla, supported by Alburquerque's Spanish horsemen.
Joseph and Jourdan massed Victor's I Corps on the French right, holding the hill of Cerro de Cascajal. Sébastiani's corps held the centre, while Latour-Maubourg and the Madrid garrison stood in reserve. On the French left, Milhaud's horsemen faced almost the entire Spanish army. Opposite the Medellín, the Cascajal bristled with 30 French cannon.
Battle
Victor urged his superiors for a massive attack, but Joseph and Jourdan chose to peck away at the Anglo-Spanish position. At dawn, the guns on the Cascajal opened up, causing some loss among the British infantry formed in the open. Having learned the hard way about the destructive power of French artillery, Wellesley soon pulled his soldiers back into cover.
Again, Ruffin's division attacked the Medellín. Each battalion was formed in a column of divisions with a width of two companies and a depth of three. (French battalions had recently been re-organized into six companies.) Each regiment's three battalions advanced side by side with only a small gap between units. This would make each regimental attack roughly 160 files across and nine ranks deep. When Ruffin's men got within effective range, the British emerged from cover in two-deep lines to overlap the French columns. Riddled by fire from front and flank, and with their rear six ranks unable to fire, the French columns broke and ran.
Victor shifted Ruffin's survivors to the right against the Segurilla and supported them with one of Villatte's brigades. Lapisse, Sébastiani and Leval (from right to left) then launched a frontal attack against the British 1st and 4th Divisions. Alexander Campbell's men and the Spanish (notably the Cavalry Regiment El Rey) Leval's attack, which went in first. Lapisse and Sébastiani then advanced in two lines using the same regimental columns that Ruffin had employed. Henry Campbell's Guards brigade (1st Division) routed the French regiments opposite them, then charged in pursuit, running into the French second line and intense artillery fire. The Guards and the Germans with them were routed in their turn, losing 500 men, including Major General Heinrich von Porbeck, and carried away Cameron's brigade with them. Seeing Guards and his centre broken,[11] Wellesley personally brought up the 48th Foot to plug the hole caused by the dispersal of Sherbrooke's division. Backed by Mackenzie's brigade (3rd Division), the 48th broke the French second line's attack as the Guards rallied in the rear. Lapisse was mortally wounded.
The main French attack having been defeated, Victor pushed Ruffin's men into the valley between the Medellín and the Segurilla. Anson's cavalry brigade was ordered to drive them back. While the 1st KGL Hussars advanced at a controlled pace, the
Aftermath
The Spanish campaign in late 1809 proceeded with the Talavera campaign in the Battle of Almonacid.
Talavera
The French, in this hard-fought set-piece battle, lost 7,389: 944 killed, 6,294 wounded, 156 prisoners and 17 guns captured.[3] The Allies lost more: 7,468. The Spanish casualties were about 1,200[12] and British casualties were 6,268, including 800 killed, over the two days of fighting.[3][13] This was approximately 25% of the British force, compared to only 18% of the French, although it is clear that the brunt of the French attack fell on the British. Many of the wounded on both sides were burnt to death when the dry grass of the battlefield caught fire, as Lieutenant-General John Elley wrote to his sister:
"[...] the ground on which the battle was fought was clothed with corn, long grass and heath. The fire of the artillery was excessive and set fire to the corn and grass, the consequence was a number of the wounded were literally roasted alive. The enemy abandoned great numbers of their wounded, which together with our own we have been collecting [...]"[14]
The next day, the 3,000 infantry of the Light Division reinforced the British army after completing a famous march of 42 miles (68 km) in 26 hours.
Meanwhile, Marshal Soult advanced south, threatening to cut Wellesley off from Portugal. Thinking that the French force was only 15,000 strong, Wellesley moved east on 3 August to block it, leaving 1,500 wounded in the care of the Spanish. Spanish guerillas captured a message from Soult to Joseph that Soult had 30,000 men and brought it to Wellesley. The British commander, realising his line of retreat was about to be cut by a larger French force, sent the Light Brigade on a mad dash for the bridge over the Tagus River at Almaraz. The light infantry reached there on 6 August, just ahead of Soult. By 20 August, all British forces had withdrawn across the mountains and for the next six months, until 27 February 1810, Wellesley's forces took no part in the hard fighting in southern Spain and along the Portuguese border,[15] despite numerous invitations from the Spanish. The Spanish had also promised food to the British if they advanced back into Spain, but Wellington, with an army incapable of living off the land like the French and without its own transport, did not trust his ally to provide these essentials and made general excuses blaming the Spanish for various deficiencies of their government and army.[16] In the event of the retreat the British abandoned nearly all of their baggage and ammunition as well as the artillery captured from the French at Talavera.[17]
The Spanish made another attempt to take Madrid, with Wellesley still refusing to participate, and they were ultimately badly defeated at the battle of Ocaña in November 1809.
Historian Charles Oman, in volume II of A History of the Peninsular War, calls the Talavera campaign a failure for the Anglo-Spanish allies, placing the blame on various Spanish errors while dismissing much of the criticism of Wellesley and the British, suggesting there was no reason to imagine a concentration of the French forces opposing them.[18] Oman also attributes some of the failure to Wellesley's ignorance of the conditions in Spain at the time. At the start of the campaign Wellington had received the promised provisions while both the French[19] and the Spanish were suffering severe shortages of food. He complained more about the failure of the Spanish to provide transport for the provisions than food attributing this to maliciousness on the part of the Spanish, apparently unaware that there was no transport to be had for any army in that area.[citation needed]
After this battle Wellesley was created
Popular culture
The same year Irish politician and writer John Wilson Croker's poem The Battles of Talavera was published. A popular success, running through several editions, it played a major role in romanticising the Peninsular War.[20]
Talavera is the setting for Sharpe's Eagle, the first book written in Bernard Cornwell's "Sharpe" series, and is depicted in the conclusion of the film adaptation of the same name. The flanking manoeuvre by the Light Company is completely fictional as is the South Essex regiment they are attached to. Cavalry is notably absent from the battle, with the hidden ditch used by Sharpe and his men for cover instead.
The Monument to the Battle of Talavera, a war memorial located in Talavera de la Reina, was inaugurated on 2 October 1990.[21]
Notes
- ^ Gates, p. 492; Oman, p. 648.
- ^ a b Gates, pp. 490–491.
- ^ a b c d e Napier, p. 218.
- ^ Holmes, p. 142.
- ^ Gurwood, The Dispatches, V, p. 85.
- ^ Napier, p. 215, says 6,000 Spanish troops did not return for the battle and there were no cannon in the redoubt.
- ^ Gates, pp. 490–491; Oman, p. 646.
- ^ Oman, p. 647.
- ^ Gates, p. 182.
- ^ Mullié, C. (in French) Biographie des célébrités militaires des armées de terre et de mer de 1789 à 1850/M (Biography). Retrieved 1 September 2013.
- ^ Fortescue, p. 248.
- ^ Oman, pp. 513–514. 4 battalions of Spanish troops ran off the evening of the 27th and on the 28th "... many hundreds were still missing...".
- ^ Oman, p. 651, agrees closely with Napier on individual returns, differing on total giving 5,363 (Napier's total of individual return is 5,365). Napier does not explain his total of 6,268 but says specifically that the British lost 5,422 on the second day, leaving 846 lost on the 27th. Oman gives 832 lost on 27th and 4,521 on the 28th (Oman states his total as 5,363: it is actually 5,353).
- ^ "Lt. General Elley Eyewitness Talaveras 1809". 20 November 2008. Archived from the original on 20 November 2008. Retrieved 29 June 2022.
- ^ Oman, vol. III, p. 2.
- ^ Oman, vol. III, p. 5.
- ^ Napier, p. 226.
- ^ Oman, vol. II, pp. 478–480, "The failure of the Talavera campaign ...". Also Napier, p. 228.
- ^ Oman, p. 459.
- ^ Bainbridge, Simon. British Poetry and the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars: Visions of Conflict. Oxford University Press, 2003. p.153
- ISBN 978-84-616-5755-1.
References
- Chandler, David (1979). Dictionary of the Napoleonic Wars. New York: Macmillan. ISBN 0-02-523670-9.
- Field, Andrew (2006). Talavera: Wellington's First Victory in Spain. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. ISBN 1-84415-268-5.
- Fortescue, John William (1912). A History of The British Army. Vol VI 1807–1809: Vol. VII. London: MacMillan & Co., Ltd.[1]
- Gates, David (2001). The Spanish Ulcer: A History of the Peninsular War. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-81083-2.
- Glover, Michael (1974). The Peninsular War 1807–1814. Hamden, CT: Archon. ISBN 0-208-01426-8.
- Gurwood, Lt. Col. (1837). The Dispatches of the Field Marshal the Duke of Wellington during the various campaigns in India, Denmark, Portugal, Spain, The Low Countries, and France, from 1799 to 1818. London.
- Holmes, Richard (2003). Wellington: The Iron Duke, HarperCollins: New Ed edition
- Leslie, John H. (1908). "Some Remarks concerning the Royal Artillery at the Battle of Talavera". Journal of the Royal Artillery, Vol. XXXIV, No. 11 February 1908.
- Napier, William (1873). History of the war in the Peninsula and the south of France, from the year 1807 to the year 1814. New York: D. & J. Sadlier. [2]
- Oman, Charles (1993) [1913]. Wellington's Army 1809–1814. London: Oxford Press. ISBN 0-947898-41-7.
- Oman, Charles (1903). A History of the peninsular war: Volume II. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- Oman, Charles (1908). A History of the peninsular war: Volume III. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- Weller, Jac (1969). Wellington in the Peninsula, 1808–1814. London: Nicholas Vane.
- Zimmermann, Dick (1983). "The Battle of Talavera". Wargamer's Digest magazine, July 1983.
External links
- Media related to Battle of Talavera at Wikimedia Commons
Preceded by Armistice of Znaim
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Napoleonic Wars Battle of Talavera |
Succeeded by Walcheren Campaign |