Battle of Ticonderoga (1759)

Coordinates: 43°50′29″N 73°23′17″W / 43.84139°N 73.38806°W / 43.84139; -73.38806
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Battle of Ticonderoga
Part of the
Ticonderoga, New York
43°50′29″N 73°23′17″W / 43.84139°N 73.38806°W / 43.84139; -73.38806
Result British victory
Belligerents

 France

 Great Britain

Commanders and leaders François-Charles de Bourlamaque
Jeffery Amherst
Richard Montgomery
Strength 400 at Ticonderoga[1]
1,900 at Crown Point 11,376 regulars and provincial troops[2]Casualties and losses 40 captured[3] 5 killed
31 wounded[1]

The 1759 Battle of Ticonderoga was a minor confrontation at Fort Carillon (later renamed Fort Ticonderoga) on July 26 and 27, 1759, during the French and Indian War. A British military force of more than 11,000 men under the command of General Sir Jeffery Amherst moved artillery to high ground overlooking the fort, which was defended by a garrison of 400 Frenchmen under the command of Brigadier General François-Charles de Bourlamaque.

Rather than defend the fort, de Bourlamaque, operating under instructions from General

Marquis de Vaudreuil, withdrew his forces, and attempted to blow up the fort. The fort's powder magazine was destroyed, but its walls were not severely damaged. The British then occupied the fort, which was afterwards known by the name Fort Ticonderoga. They embarked on a series of improvements to the area and began construction of a fleet to conduct military operations on Lake Champlain
.

The French tactics were sufficient to prevent Amherst's army from joining

Annus Mirabilis
" of 1759.

Background

The

Saint Lawrence River.[4]

Carillon, located near the southern end of

province of Canada, and the British had stopped French advances further south in the 1755 Battle of Lake George.[6] However, the fort was constructed in a difficult location: in order to build on rock, the French had sited it relatively far from the lake, while it was still below nearby hilltops.[7]

British planning

For the 1759 campaign, British

Quaker Pennsylvania balked at sending any men, Amherst convinced them to raise men by threatening to withdraw troops from forts in the Ohio River Valley on the province's western frontier, which were regularly subjected to threats from Indians and the French.[9]

Jeffery Amherst
, the British commander at this action

When Amherst learned through Sir

regiments of foot, the 1st Battalion of the 60th Foot, about 100 Royal Artillery, 700 of Rogers' Rangers, and 500 light infantry under Thomas Gage).[2]

French planning

In the 1759 campaign, French war planners directed most of their war resources into the European theater of the

Belle-Isle, notified General Louis-Joseph de Montcalm, who was responsible for the defense of Canada, that he would not receive any significant support from France, due in large part to English naval domination of the Atlantic and the risks associated with sending a large military force under those circumstances. Belle-Isle impressed on Montcalm the importance of maintaining at least a foothold in North America, as the territory would be virtually impossible to retake otherwise. Montcalm responded, "Unless we have unexpected luck, or stage a diversion elsewhere within North America, Canada will fall during the coming campaign season. The English have 60,000 men, we have 11,000."[13]

Your task is not to beat the enemy but to avoid being beaten.

Montcalm to de Bourlamaque
June 4, 1759[1]

Montcalm decided to focus French manpower on defending the core territory of Canada:

Fort St. Frédéric, before retreating toward Montreal.[1]

British advance and French retreat

Although General Amherst had been ordered to move his forces "as early in the year, as on or about, the 7th of May, if the season shall happen to permit",[8] Amherst's army of 11,000 did not leave the southern shores of Lake George until July 21. There were several reasons for the late departure. One was logistical; Prideaux's expedition to forts Oswego and Niagara also departed from Albany;[17] another was the slow arrival of provincial militias.[12]

Lines and Fort of Ticonderoga drawn in 1759
Restored manuscript map for the British plan of attack "proposed to be put in Execution as near as the circumstances and ground will admit of", dated May 29, 1759

When his troops landed and began advancing on the fort, Amherst was pleased to learn that the French had abandoned the outer defenses. He still proceeded with caution, occupying the old French lines from the 1758 battle on July 22, amid reports that the French were actively loading

bateaux at the fort.[18] His original plan had been to flank the fort, denying the road to Fort St. Frédéric as a means of French escape. In the absence of French resistance outside the fort, he decided instead to focus his attention on the fort itself.[19]

For the next three days, the British entrenched and began laying siege lines to establish positions near the fort. This work was complicated by the fact there was little diggable ground near the fort, and sandbags were required to protect the siege works. During this time, the French gun batteries fired, at times quite heavily, on the British positions. On July 25, a detachment of Rogers' Rangers launched some boats onto the lake north of the fort and cut a log boom the French had placed to prevent ships from moving further north on the lake.[20][21] By July 26, the British had pulled artillery to within 600 feet (180 m) of the fort's walls.[22]

Bourlamaque had withdrawn with all but 400 of his men to Fort St. Frédéric as soon as he learned that the British were approaching. The cannon fire by this small force killed five and wounded another 31 of the besieging British. Captain Louis-Philippe Le Dossu d'Hébécourt, who had been left in command of the fort, judged on the evening of July 26 that it was time to leave. His men aimed the fort's guns at its walls, laid mines, and put down a powder trail to the overstocked

guineas to any man willing to enter the works to find and douse the fuse; but no one was willing to take up the offer.[24] The entire works went off late that evening with a tremendous roar. The powder magazine was destroyed, and a number of wooden structures caught fire due to flying embers, but the fort's walls were not badly damaged.[23] After the explosion, some of Gage's light infantry rushed into the fort and retrieved the French flag.[25] Fires in the fort were not entirely extinguished for two days.[26]

Aftermath

The British began occupying the fort the next day. In one consequence of the French forces' hasty departure from Carillon, one of their scouting parties returned to the fort, believing it to still be in French hands; forty men were taken prisoner.[3]

The retreating French destroyed Fort St. Frédéric on July 31, leaving the way clear for the British to begin military operations on Lake Champlain (denying the British access to Champlain had been the reason for the existence of both forts).[3] However, the French had a small armed fleet, which would first need to be neutralized.[25] The time needed to capture and effect some repairs to the two forts, as well as the need to build ships for use on Lake Champlain, delayed Amherst's forces further and prevented him from joining General Wolfe at the siege of Quebec.[3] Amherst, worried that Bourlamaque's retreat might be leading him into a trap, spent August and September overseeing the construction of a small navy, Fort Crown Point (a new fort next to the ruins of Fort St. Frédéric), and supply roads to the area from New England.[27]

Île-aux-Noix

On October 11, Amherst's army began to sail and row north on Lake Champlain to attack Bourlamaque's position at the

Île-aux-Noix in the Richelieu River. Over the next two days, one of the French ships was captured; the French abandoned and burned the others to prevent their capture.[28] On October 18, he received word of Quebec's fall. As there was an "appearance of winter" (parts of the lake were beginning to freeze), and provincial militia enlistments were set to end on November 1, Amherst called off his attack, dismissed his militia forces, and returned the army to winter quarters.[29][30]

The British definitively gained control of Canada with the

surrender of Montreal in 1760.[31] Fort Carillon, which had always been called Ticonderoga by the British (after the place where the fort is located),[32] was held by them through the end of the French and Indian War. Following that war, it was manned by small garrisons until 1775, when it was captured by American militia early in the American Revolutionary War.[33]

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d McLynn (2004), p. 154
  2. ^ a b Kingsford (1890), p. 331 contains a copy of Amherst's troop returns.
  3. ^ a b c d McLynn (2004), p. 155
  4. ^ Atherton (1914), pp. 416–419
  5. ^ Lonergan (1959), pp. 2–8
  6. ^ Parkman (1914), volume 1, pp. 305–308
  7. ^ See Chartrand, Rene (2008). The Forts of New France in Northeast America 1600–1763. New York: Osprey Publishing, p. 36.
  8. ^ a b Anderson (2000), p. 310
  9. ^ a b Bradley (1902), p. 338
  10. ^ Hutchinson (1828), p. 78
  11. ^ Jennings (1988), pp. 414–415
  12. ^ a b McLynn (2004), p. 146
  13. ^ McLynn (2004), p. 135
  14. ^ Parkman (1898), volume 2, p. 248
  15. ^ Reid (2003), pp. 22, 44
  16. ^ Parkman (1898), volume 2, p. 185
  17. ^ Anderson (2000), p. 340
  18. ^ Kingsford (1890), p. 332
  19. ^ Hamilton (1964), p. 94
  20. ^ Hamilton (1964), p. 96
  21. ^ Kingsford (1890), p. 333
  22. ^ Anderson (2000), p. 342
  23. ^ a b McLynn (2004), pp. 154–155
  24. ^ Hamilton (1964), p. 97
  25. ^ a b Bradley (1902), p. 340
  26. ^ Kingsford (1890), p. 334
  27. ^ Anderson (2000), p. 343
  28. ^ Kingsford (1890), p. 345
  29. ^ Anderson (2000), pp. 369–370
  30. ^ Kingsford (1890), pp. 344–345
  31. ^ Parkman (1898), volume 2, p. 388
  32. ^ McLynn (2004), p. 43
  33. ^ Lonergan (1959), pp. 56–59

References

Further reading

External links

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