Battle of Ulm
Battle of Ulm | |||||||
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Part of the Ulm campaign during the War of the Third Coalition | |||||||
The Capitulation of Ulm, by Charles Thévenin | |||||||
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Belligerents | |||||||
French Empire | Habsburg monarchy | ||||||
Commanders and leaders | |||||||
Karl Mack von Leiberich (POW) Johann I Joseph | |||||||
Strength | |||||||
80,000[1][2] | 40,000[1][3][4] | ||||||
Casualties and losses | |||||||
1,500 killed, wounded or captured[5][6][7] |
4,000 killed or wounded 27,000 captured[5][6][7] | ||||||
Austria
The Battle of Ulm on 16–19 October 1805 was a series of skirmishes, at the end of the
Background
In 1805, the
The Austrians expected the main battles of the war to take place in northern Italy, not Germany, and intended only to protect the Alps from French forces.[12][3][4]
A popular but apocryphal legend has it that while the Austrians used the Gregorian calendar, the Russians were still using the Julian calendar. This meant that their dates did not correspond, and the Austrians were brought into conflict with the French before the Russians could come into line.[13] This simple but improbable explanation for the Russian army being far behind the Austrian is dismissed by scholar Frederick Kagan as "a bizarre myth".[14][15] One such opinion, however scholarly, cannot be considered enough to dispose of an accepted historical fact which was well known by the participants. Kagan's is an unsubstantiated claim and too shallow to be given much weight.
Napoleon had 177,000 troops of the
On 8 October,
By the 11th, Napoleon's corps were spread out in a wide net to snare Mack's army.
Battle
On 14 October, Ney crushed Riesch's small corps at the
Some 20,000 escaped, 10,000 were killed or wounded, and the rest made prisoner.[6] About 500 French were killed and 1,000 wounded, a low number for such a decisive battle.[22][24] In less than 15 days the Grande Armée neutralized 60,000 Austrians and 30 generals. At the surrender (known as the Convention of Ulm), Mack offered his sword and presented himself to Napoleon as "the unfortunate General Mack".[25][26][5][6] Mack was court-martialed and sentenced to two years' imprisonment.[27]
Aftermath
The
In his proclamation in the Bulletin de la Grande Armée of 21 October 1805 Napoleon said, "Soldiers of the Grande Armée, I announced you a great battle. But thanks to the bad combinations of the enemy, I obtained the same success with no risk ... In 15 days we have won a campaign."[28][7]
By defeating the Austrian army, Napoleon secured his conquest of Vienna, which was to be taken one month later.[7][27][21]
Like the
Notes
- ^ a b Fisher & Fremont-Barnes 2004, p. 41.
- ^ Maude 1912, pp. 43–73, Chapter II. The French Army.
- ^ a b Maude 1912, pp. 1–43, Chapter I. The Austrian Army.
- ^ a b Fisher & Fremont-Barnes 2004, p. 32.
- ^ a b c Nafziger 2002, p. 282, Ulm, Capitulation of. (-U-).
- ^ a b c d Chandler 2009, p. 399, 35. Strategic Triumph-Ulm (Part Seven. From the Rhine to the Danube).
- ^ a b c d Maude 1912, pp. 252–264, Chapter IX. Conclusion.
- ^ a b Connelly 2012, pp. 118–141, 9. Subduing the European powers: Austerlitz – Jena-Auerstädt – Friedland, 1805–07.
- ^ ISSN 2153-5760. Archived from the originalon 6 October 2016.
- ^ Connelly 2012, pp. 107–117, 8. Marengo and the Grand Armée, 1800–1805.
- ISBN 978-1-4723-1236-5 – via Internet Archive.
- ^ Chandler 2009, p. 382, 34. Plans and Preparations (Part Seven. From the Rhine to the Danube).
- ^ Schneid 2012, pp. 35–50, 3. The Campaigns.
- ^ "battles of ulm". Dcjack.org. Retrieved 2022-03-20.
- ^ Fisher & Fremont-Barnes 2004, p. 31.
- ^ Mikaberidze 2020, pp. 173–187, Chapter 9. The Elephant Against the Whale: France and Britain at War, 1803–1804.
- ^ a b c Chandler 2009, pp. 382–389, 34. Plans and Preparations (Part Seven. From the Rhine to the Danube).
- ^ a b Chandler 2009, pp. 390–401, 35. Strategic Triumph-Ulm (Part Seven. From the Rhine to the Danube).
- ^ Chandler 2009, p. 186, 16. Grand Tactics on the Battlefield (Part Three. Napoleon's Art of War).
- ^ Mikaberidze 2020, pp. 188–227, Chapter 10. The Emperor's Conquest, 1805–1807.
- ^ a b Forster Groom & Co. Ltd. (1912). "Map of Central Europe showing the routes taken by Napoleon to defeat the allied Russo-Austrian army at the Battle of Ulm on 16–19 October 1805 and the Battle of Austerlitz in December 1805" (Military map). Written at London. Sketch Map illustrating Napoleon's Campaign in 1805 (Ulm & Austerlitz). 1:1,600,000. Whitehall Campaign Series. Cartography by Forster Groom & Co. Ltd. Canberra, Australia: Forster Groom & Co. Ltd. Vol. 11. Retrieved 6 October 2021 – via Trove (National Library of Australia).
- ^ a b c Chandler 2009, p. 400, 35. Strategic Triumph-Ulm (Part Seven. From the Rhine to the Danube).
- LCCN 2015042278.
- ^ Horne 2012, p. 105, 7. Ulm: 2 September–21 October (Part Two: Austerlitz).
- ^ Blond, G. La Grande Armée. Castle Books, 1979. p. 59.
- ^ Haythornthwaite 1995, p. 68.
- ^ a b Horne 2012, pp. 116–128, 8. On to Vienna and Austerlitz: 21 October–28 November (Part Two: Austerlitz).
- ^ Chandler 2009, p. 402, 36. The Warriors of Holy Russia (Part Seven. From the Rhine to the Danube).
- ISSN 0031-1723. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 6, 2021 – via Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC).
- ^ Thompson, Philip S. (9 April 1991). "III. The Lessons of History" (PDF). In Barefield, Robert L.; McDonough, James R.; Brookes, Philip J. (eds.). U.S. Army Deception Planning at the Operation Level of War. School of Advanced Military Studies (Monograph on operational deception at the Ulm Campaign of 1805 and Operation Mincemeat of 1943). Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: United States Army Command and General Staff College. pp. 11–23. Retrieved 6 October 2021 – via Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC).
- ^ Brooks 2000, p. 156
"It is a historical cliché to compare the Schlieffen Plan with Hannibal's tactical envelopment at Cannae (216 BC); Schlieffen owed more to Napoleon's strategic maneuver on Ulm (1805)" - ISBN 0062700561.
References
- Chandler, David G.; et al. (Graphics and illustrations by Shelia Waters, design by Abe Lerner) (2009) [1966]. Lerner, Abe (ed.). The Campaigns of Napoleon: The mind and method of history's greatest soldier. Vol. I (4th ed.). New York City: .
- Connelly, Owen (2 October 2012). The Wars of the French Revolution and Napoleon, 1792-1815. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-55289-4.
- Maude, Fredericn Natusche (1912). The Ulm Campaign, 1805: The Special Campaign Series. Vol. XII (1st ed.). London: George Allen & Company, Ltd. – via Internet Archive.
- Nafziger, George F. (2002). Woronoff, Jon (ed.). Historical Dictionary of the Napoleonic Era. Historical Dictionaries of Ancient Civilizations and Historical Eras. Vol. 6 (1st ed.). ISBN 978-0810866171 – via Google Books.
- Haythornthwaite, Philip J. (1995) [1990]. ISBN 978-1854092878.
- Horne, Alistair (2012) [1979]. Napoleon: Master of Europe, 1805–1807 (9th ed.). London: Hachette UK. ISBN 978-1780224572 – via Google Books.
- ISBN 978-0306811371 – via Google Books.
- ISBN 1853672769.
- Mikaberidze, Alexander (2020). The Napoleonic Wars: A Global History (1st ed.). New York City: .
- Fisher, Todd; Fremont-Barnes, Gregory; et al. (Foreword by Bernard Cornwell) (2004). The Napoleonic Wars: The Rise and Fall of an Empire. Essential Histories Specials (1st ed.). ISBN 978-1841768311.
- Brooks, Richard (2000). Brooks, Richard; Drury, Ian (eds.). Atlas of World Military History: The Art of War from Ancient Times to the Present Day (4th ed.). New York City: ISBN 978-0760720257.
- Forster Groom & Co. Ltd. (1912). "Map of Central Europe showing the routes taken by Napoleon to defeat the allied Russo-Austrian army at the Battle of Ulm on 16–19 October 1805 and the Battle of Austerlitz in December 1805" (Military map). Written at Canberrah, Australia. Sketch Map illustrating Napoleon's Campaign in 1805 (Ulm & Austerlitz). 1:1,600,000. Whitehall Campaign Series. Cartography by Forster Groom & Co. Ltd. London: Forster Groom & Co. Ltd. Vol. 11. Retrieved 6 October 2021 – via Trove (National Library of Australia).
- Schneid, Frederick C. (2012). Napoleonic Wars: The Essential Bibliography. Essential bibliography series (1st ed.). .
External links
- Media related to Battle of Ulm at Wikimedia Commons
Preceded by Battle of Elchingen |
Napoleonic Wars Battle of Ulm |
Succeeded by Battle of Verona (1805) |