Battle of Yongsan
Battle of Yongsan | |
---|---|
Part of the Yongsan, South Korea 35°27′15″N 128°31′31″E / 35.45417°N 128.52528°E | |
Result | United Nations victory |
Edward A. Craig
1st Provisional Marine Brigade
4th Division
The Battle of Yongsan was an engagement between
During the nearby
The KPA were able to briefly capture Yongsan from the 2nd Infantry Division, which had been split in half from the penetrations at Naktong Bulge.
Background
Pusan Perimeter
From the outbreak of the Korean War and the invasion of South Korea by the North, the KPA had enjoyed superiority in both manpower and equipment over both the
When the KPA approached the Pusan Perimeter on August 5, they attempted the same frontal assault technique on the four main avenues of approach into the perimeter. Throughout August, the KPA
September push
In planning its new offensive, the KPA command decided any attempt to flank the UN force was impossible thanks to the support of the UN naval forces.[12] Instead, they opted to use frontal attack to breach the perimeter and collapse it; this was considered to be the only hope of achieving success in the battle.[4] Fed by intelligence from the Soviet Union, the North Koreans were aware of the UN forces building up along the Pusan Perimeter and that they must conduct an offensive soon or they could not win the battle.[15] A secondary objective was to surround Taegu and destroy the UN units in that city. As part of this mission, the KPA would first cut the supply lines to Taegu.[16][17]
On August 20, the KPA commands distributed
Battle
On the morning of September 1 the 1st and 2nd Regiments of the KPA 9th Division, in their first offensive of the war, stood only a few miles short of Yongsan after a successful river crossing and penetration of the US line.
As the KPA 9th Division approached Yongsan, its 1st Regiment was on the north and its 2nd Regiment on the south.
On the morning of September 1, with only the shattered remnants of E Company at hand, the US
North Korean attack
A Company, 2nd Engineer Combat Battalion, moved to the south side of the Yongsan-Naktong River road; D Company of the 2nd Engineer Battalion was on the north side of the road. Approximately 2 miles (3.2 km) west of Yongsan an estimated 300 KPA troops engaged A Company in a fire fight.
The KPA had also approached Yongsan from the south.
The KPA now attempted a breakthrough of the Engineer position.
Reinforcements
While this battle raged during the morning at Yongsan, commanders reorganized about 800 men of the 9th Infantry who had arrived in that vicinity from the overrun river line positions.
At 09:35 September 2, while the KPA were attempting to destroy the engineer troops at the southern edge of Yongsan and clear the road to Miryang,
September 3 counterattack
A conference was held that afternoon at the US 2nd Division command post attended by leaders of the Eighth Army, US 2nd Division, and 1st Marine Brigade.
The troops holding this line on the first hills west of Yongsan were G Company, 9th Infantry, north of the road running west through Kogan-ni to the Naktong; A Company, 2nd Engineer Combat Battalion, southward across the road; and, below the engineers, F Company, 9th Infantry.[41] Between 03:00 and 04:30 September 3, the 1st Provisional Marine Brigade moved to forward assembly areas.[39] The 2nd Battalion, 5th Marines assembled north of Yongsan, the 1st Battalion, 5th Marines south of it. The 3rd Battalion, 5th Marines established security positions southwest of Yongsan along the approaches into the regimental sector from that direction.[38][41]
During the night, A Company of the engineers had considerable fighting with KPA and never reached its objective.[40] At dawn September 3, A Company attacked to gain the high ground which was part of the designated Marine line of departure.[39] The company fought its way up the slope to within 100 yards (91 m) of the top, which was held by the firmly entrenched KPA.[41] At this point the company commander caught a KPA-thrown grenade and was wounded by its fragments as he tried to throw it away from his men. The company with help from Marine tank fire eventually gained its objective, but this early morning battle for the line of departure delayed the planned attack.[42]
The Marine attack started at 08:55 across the rice paddy land toward KPA-held high ground 0.5 miles (0.80 km) westward.
North of the road the 2nd Battalion had a harder time, encountering heavy KPA fire when it reached the northern tip of Hill 116, 2 miles (3.2 km) west of Yongsan.[39] The KPA held the hill during the day, and at night D Company of the 5th Marines was isolated there.[42] In the fighting west of Yongsan Marine armor knocked out four T-34 tanks, and KPA crew members abandoned a fifth.[40] That night the Marines dug in on a line 2 miles (3.2 km) west of Yongsan. The 2nd Battalion had lost 18 killed and 77 wounded during the day, most of them in D Company. Total Marine casualties for September 3 were 34 killed and 157 wounded. Coordinating its attack with that of the marines, the 9th Infantry advanced abreast of them on the north.[42]
September 4 counterattack
Just before midnight, the 3rd Battalion, 5th Marines, received orders to pass through the 2nd Battalion and continue the attack in the morning.[39] That night torrential rains made the troops miserable and lowered morale. The KPA were unusually quiet and launched few patrols or attacks. The morning of September 4, the weather was clear.[42][43]
The counterattack continued at 08:00 September 4, at first against little opposition.[44] North of the road the 2nd Battalion quickly completed occupation of Hill 116, from which the KPA had withdrawn during the night. South of the road the 1st Battalion occupied what appeared to be a command post of the KPA 9th Division. Tents were still up and equipment lay scattered about. Two abandoned T-34 tanks in excellent condition stood there. Tanks and ground troops advancing along the road found it littered with KPA dead and destroyed and abandoned equipment. By nightfall the counterattack had gained another 3 miles (4.8 km).[42]
That night was quiet until just before dawn. The KPA then launched an attack against the 9th Infantry on the right of the Marines, the heaviest blow striking G Company.
September 5 counterattack
That morning, September 5, after a 10-minute artillery preparation, the American troops moved out in their third day of counterattack.[48] It was a day of rain. As the attack progressed, the marines approached Obong-ni Ridge and the 9th Infantry neared Cloverleaf Hill where they had fought tenaciously during the First Battle of Naktong Bulge the month before.[39] There, at midmorning, on the high ground ahead, they could see KPA troops digging in. The Marines approached the pass between the two hills and took positions in front of the KPA-held high ground.[47]
At 14:30 approximately 300 KPA infantry came from the village of
September 5 was a day of heavy casualties everywhere on the Pusan Perimeter.[50] Army units had 102 killed, 430 wounded, and 587 missing in action for a total of 1,119 casualties. Marine units had 35 killed, 91 wounded, for a total of 126 battle casualties. Total American battle casualties for the day were 1,245 men.[47] It is unknown how many KPA were killed or wounded on that day, but they likely suffered heavy casualties.[51]
North Koreans repulsed
During the previous night, at 20:00 September 4, General Walker had ordered the 1st Provisional Marine Brigade released from operational control of the 2nd Division effective at midnight, September 5.
The American counteroffensive of September 3–5 west of Yongsan, according to prisoner statements, resulted in one of the bloodiest debacles of the war for a KPA division. Even though remnants of the KPA 9th Division, supported by the low strength KPA 4th Division, still held Obong-ni Ridge, Cloverleaf Hill, and the intervening ground back to the Naktong on September 6, the division's offensive strength had been spent at the end of the American counterattack.[50] The KPA 9th and 4th divisions were not able to resume the offensive.[42]
Aftermath
The KPA 4th and 9th Divisions were almost completely destroyed in the battles at Naktong Bulge. The 9th Division had numbered 9,350 men at the beginning of the offensive on September 1. The 4th Division numbered 5,500.[18] Only a few hundred from each division returned to North Korea after the Second Battle of Naktong Bulge. The majority of the KPA troops had been killed, captured or deserted. The exact number of KPA casualties at Yongsan is impossible to determine, but a substantial amount of the attacking force was lost there.[51] All of KPA II Corps was in a similar state, and the KPA, exhausted at Pusan Perimeter and cut off after Inchon, was on the brink of defeat.[54]
The US casualty count at Yongsan is also difficult to know, as the division's scattered units were engaged all along the Naktong Bulge without communication and total casualty counts in each area could not be ascertained. The US 2nd Infantry Division suffered 1,120 killed, 2,563 wounded, 67 captured and 69 missing during its time at the Second Battle of Naktong Bulge.[55] This included about 180 casualties it suffered during the First Battle of Naktong Bulge the previous month.[56] American forces were continually repulsed but able to prevent the KPA from breaking the Pusan Perimeter.[57] The division had numbered 17,498 on September 1, but was in excellent position to attack despite its casualties.[58] The 1st Provisional Marine Brigade suffered 185 killed and around 500 wounded during the Battle of Pusan Perimeter, most of which probably occurred at Yongsan.[56]
Once again the fatal weakness of the KPA had cost it victory after an impressive initial success-its communications and supply were not capable of exploiting a breakthrough and of supporting a continuing attack in the face of massive air, armor, and artillery fire that could be concentrated against its troops at critical points.[42][48] By September 8, the KPA attacks in the area had been repulsed.[35]
References
Citations
- ^ Appleman 1998, p. 392
- ^ Varhola 2000, p. 6
- ^ Fehrenbach 2001, p. 138
- ^ a b Appleman 1998, p. 393
- ^ Appleman 1998, p. 367
- ^ Bowers, Hammong & MacGarrigle 2005, p. 149
- ^ Appleman 1998, p. 369
- ^ Fehrenbach 2001, p. 130
- ^ Alexander 2003, p. 139
- ^ Appleman 1998, p. 353
- ^ Alexander 2003, p. 143
- ^ a b Catchpole 2001, p. 31
- ^ Fehrenbach 2001, p. 136
- ^ Fehrenbach 2001, p. 135
- ^ a b Fehrenbach 2001, p. 139
- ^ Millett 2000, p. 508
- ^ Alexander 2003, p. 181
- ^ a b Appleman 1998, p. 395
- ^ Appleman 1998, p. 396
- ^ a b c d e Millett 2000, p. 532
- ^ Catchpole 2001, p. 33
- ^ Appleman 1998, p. 459
- ^ a b c d e f g h Appleman 1998, p. 460
- ^ Catchpole 2001, p. 34
- ^ Alexander 2003, p. 182
- ^ a b c Fehrenbach 2001, p. 148
- ^ Fehrenbach 2001, p. 146
- ^ a b c Millett 2000, p. 533
- ^ a b c d Appleman 1998, p. 461
- ^ a b Alexander 2003, p. 183
- ^ a b c d Millett 2000, p. 534
- ^ a b c d e f Appleman 1998, p. 462
- ^ a b c Alexander 2003, p. 184
- ^ Fehrenbach 2001, p. 149
- ^ a b Catchpole 2001, p. 36
- ^ Fehrenbach 2001, p. 147
- ^ Catchpole 2001, p. 35
- ^ a b c Fehrenbach 2001, p. 150
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Alexander 2003, p. 185
- ^ a b c d Millett 2000, p. 535
- ^ a b c Appleman 1998, p. 463
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Appleman 1998, p. 464
- ^ a b Fehrenbach 2001, p. 151
- ^ Millett 2000, p. 536
- ^ Fehrenbach 2001, p. 152
- ^ Fehrenbach 2001, p. 153
- ^ a b c d e f Appleman 1998, p. 465
- ^ a b Millett 2000, p. 537
- ^ a b Alexander 2003, p. 186
- ^ a b c d Fehrenbach 2001, p. 154
- ^ a b Appleman 1998, p. 603
- ^ Alexander 2003, p. 187
- ^ Fehrenbach 2001, p. 158
- ^ Appleman 1998, p. 604
- ^ Ecker 2004, p. 16
- ^ a b Ecker 2004, p. 20
- ^ Ecker 2004, p. 14
- ^ Appleman 1998, p. 382
Sources
- ISBN 978-0-7818-1019-7
- Appleman, Roy E. (1998), South to the Naktong, North to the Yalu: United States Army in the Korean War, ISBN 978-0-16-001918-0, archived from the original on 2014-02-07, retrieved 2010-12-26 This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- Bowers, William T.; Hammong, William M.; MacGarrigle, George L. (2005), Black Soldier, White Army: The 24th Infantry Regiment in Korea, ISBN 978-1-4102-2467-5
- Catchpole, Brian (2001), The Korean War, ISBN 978-1-84119-413-4
- Ecker, Richard E. (2004), Battles of the Korean War: A Chronology, with Unit-by-Unit United States Casualty Figures & Medal of Honor Citations, ISBN 978-0-7864-1980-7
- ISBN 978-1-57488-334-3
- Millett, Allan R. (2000), The Korean War, Volume 1, ISBN 978-0-8032-7794-6
- ISBN 978-1-882810-44-4