Battle of the Nijmegen salient

Coordinates: 51°55′N 5°51′E / 51.917°N 5.850°E / 51.917; 5.850
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Battle of the Nijmegen salient
Part of the
Betuwe, Netherlands
51°55′N 5°51′E / 51.917°N 5.850°E / 51.917; 5.850
Result Allied victory
Belligerents  United Kingdom
 United States  GermanyCommanders and leaders United Kingdom Bernard Montgomery
United Kingdom Ivor Thomas
Walther Model
Nazi Germany Wilhelm Bittrich
Units involved

United Kingdom

Nazi Germany

The Battle of the Nijmegen salient or the Defence of the Nijmegen bridgehead was a series of engagements that took place in the Netherlands during World War II between 30 September and 8 October 1944. The battle occurred in the aftermath of Operation Market Garden, a failed attempt by the Allies to cut off German forces in the Netherlands and end the war quickly.

II SS Panzer Korps in the counter offensive, in particular with the aim of retaking Nijmegen and its bridges. German forces were not prepared to make assaults and many units were without tank support. 21st Army Group under the command of Bernard Montgomery commanded the area from Southern Holland to the North sea area. British forces on the island were led by General Ivor Thomas who commanded an ad hoc force assembled to defend the area. Despite losing some ground, the British managed to repel all the attacks. British troops then launched a counter attack from October 4, and managed to recapture all of the lost ground and gained a number of villages. The British were then reinforced by the US 101st Airborne Division and further German efforts were again defeated. When the Arnhem road bridge was destroyed by US medium bombers on October 7, sporadic fighting continued for a further three days but the Germans called off any major assault.[1] The Germans suffered heavy casualties in infantry and tanks. 21st Army Group already committed to the defence of the salient, sent resources to open up the Scheldt estuary.[2]

Background

Further information:
Allied advance from Paris to the Rhine

In September 1944, the Allies had launched

Betuwe, also known as 'the island' to the allies.[3]

Paratroopers of 1st Allied Airborne Army drop overhead in Holland during Operation Market Garden

During the latter stages of Market Garden, the British

69th Infantry Brigade were placed under his command. In reserve was the 151st Infantry Brigade and 231st Brigade from 50th Northumbrian Division which had come up in support.[5]

The German bridgehead on the Island by this time initially encompassed the villages of Elden, Elst, Huissen and Bemmel. Elst however was lost on September 25 after several days of bitter street fighting with troops from the 43rd Wessex.[6] The following day the Germans then crossed the Rhine in battalion strength and managed to gain a small bridgehead at Randwijk. This was only lightly held by 43rd Wessex Reconnaissance troops but on seeing the Germans they were soon reinforced by the Hampshires and Somersets with additional support from tanks of 8th Armoured brigade. The British intention was to take out the dyke road near Randwijk which was used by the Germans to ferry the crossings.[7] Despite the interference from the Luftwaffe, the British were able to force the Germans out after a final gun battle in the village church - the Hampshires took 150 POW. The German bridgehead south of the Nederrijn was effectively destroyed.[8] On the same day 69th brigade launched an attack to secure the area in front of them – Bemmel was captured by the 5th East Yorkshire Regiment. The following day the Green Howards secured the area of Heuvel, but were unable to take Baal and Haalderen due to the heavily defended brickworks which was able to call in heavy artillery fire including Nebelwerfer fire.[9]

The German High Command under

US 1st Army had penetrated the Westwall defences. Upon arrival the 9th Panzer Division took over command of the battlegroups Knaust and Bruhn, ad hoc formations composed of reserve and depot infantry, which previously had engaged the British 1st Airborne. The other armoured formation in the Arnhem area, the 9th SS Panzer Hohenstaufen Division was pulled out of the line for a move to Paderborn for a rest and refit.[10]

German objectives

Plan of Operation Market Garden and front lines in October- November 1944

To ensure proper coordination of the counterattack all German units on the Island were placed under command of Bittrich's II SS Panzer Korps in order to devote his attention exclusively to the conduct of the upcoming operation. In addition, the headquarters of XII SS Corps now assumed command over all German forces west of Arnhem on September 27.[11]

Three Army Corps were involved: the

Maas-Waal Canal. II Fallschirm Korps would launch a converging attack north of the Waal against the Nijmegen bridgehead from the east and west of II SS Panzer and XII SS korps respectively.[12] There was also a plan to destroy Nijmegen road bridge in the hope that it would hamper allied supplies and reinforcements. Hitler on the news of the failure of its destruction during its capture by the allies ordered an inquiry.[11]

Allied objectives

The allies led by

Cap Gris Nez still hadn't fallen.[13]

On October 1 Calais and Cap Griz Nez finally fell, but the damage to the port was severe, and the facilities were not available for some time, so allied eyes lay firmly on Antwerp. The bulk of 21st Army Group (mainly 1st Canadian army) now concentrated its effort on taking the Scheldt, Walcheren and Westkapelle.[13] In addition the thin salient of Market Garden East and West needed to be expanded; these being earmarked in support of the Scheldt operation, and to tie down the Germans in the region.[14]

Preparation

River Waal at Nijmegen, below the railway bridge whose central span was broken by German frogmen
using floating mines, 28 September 1944

From 28 September onwards, the II Fallschirmkorps launched a series of assaults from the Reichswald against the Allied positions east of Nijmegen. Delays in the preparations of II SS Panzer Korps however meant these were repelled as they weren't properly supported by XII SS Korps, even though the latter carried out some local diversionary attacks across the Nederijjn towards Doorwerth Castle and Wageningen - these too being repulsed.[1]

Nijmegen Bridge

Before the offensive took place Model ordered both of Nijmegen's bridges to be destroyed so that allied reinforcements could be hindered. The British had already installed a strong anti-aircraft defence there. German Luftwaffe fighters launched many sorties to blow the bridges, but this was a costly failure - in one day forty-six fighters were lost to the RAF and anti-aircraft fire.[15] Instead, an attempt to blow the bridge by other means was sought. Frogmen from the German Marine Einsatzkommando said that they could attempt it. On 28 September, three groups of four German frogmen set off from 10 km upstream from the bridges to place explosives under them, and then to continue with the river current 24 km in an attempt to return to their lines.[16] The operation was a partial success - the railway bridge was blown up, a span managed to break away from a section & fell into the river making it totally unusable, but the road bridge was only slightly damaged because the mine had been badly placed. Of the twelve men, three were killed, seven were captured, and two managed to return to their lines.[17] The photo shows DUKW's from 536 Company RASC. The bridges however were repaired albeit temporarily - Royal Engineers were able to span a Bailey bridge both over the railway bridge and the damaged section of the road bridge.[18]

German counter offensive

The start of the operation had to be postponed several times, due to difficulties in assembling the 9th and 116th Panzer Divisions. Allied bombing and a shortage of petrol caused considerable delay in the scheduled assembly of troops and equipment for both divisions. These had to be re-routed by train and road transport from the fighting at Aachen. II SS Panzer Korps' attack, originally set for September 29, therefore was shifted to the following day. By then however both Panzer Divisions had arrived without their tank units and had to be supported by armoured units already present, and only one regiment of the 116th Panzer Division had arrived.[19] The 9th Panzer Division had organised itself into two assault groups: Kampfgruppe Volker on the left, which consisted of the II/Panzer Grenadier Regiment 11; and Kampfgruppe Reich to the right consisting of II Panzer Grenadier Regiment 10. Volker supported by a company of heavy Tiger II tanks of the 506th Heavy Panzer Battalion, was strike first to the South of Elst near Heuvel. The 9th Panzer Division's primary target was the Elst area, and from there the division was to move further south towards Nijmegen bridge.[20]

On 30 September the counter offensive opened with an attack consisting of seventy tanks and the equivalent of an infantry division were thrown against the East Yorkshires on the outskirts of Bemmel; this attack was repelled easily in the daylight, and the Germans suffered heavy losses mainly to artillery fire.[21] Another pre-emptive strike on British defences beforehand was ordered – an early morning crossing of the Rhine at Doorwerth Castle a mile downstream from Driel was the target. At 0600 crossing in rubber boats the Germans were however shot to pieces by British fire – reinforcements came forward but the rubber boats were all destroyed.[22]

Elst and Aam

II SS Panzer Corps's main counter–attack began as planned on October 1 – facing them was an ad hoc British force of four battalions: 5th Wiltshire Regiment, 4th Somerset Light Infantry, 3rd Irish Guards and the 7th Green Howards.[23]

Field Marshal Walter Model (left) conversing with Wilhelm Bittrich in the Arnhem sector

Under a

creeping barrage in the morning mist, Kampfgruppe Volker, supported by Tiger II tanks, struck at Heuvel against the 7th Green Howards, the left-hand battalion of the 50th Northumbrian Division's 69th Brigade; here fighting raged all day. Supporting the Howards were the 3rd Battalion Irish Guards who also held the hamlet of Aam – around an unfinished road which was to connect Arnhem with Nijmegen.[24] Meanwhile in Elst the 4th Somersets were defending the town, and managed to repel the German attacks. Saint-Martin Church was used by Royal Artillery FOO's and were targets for the German artillery in return, but the thick walls meant the church suffered moderate damage.[25]

In the afternoon the two battle groups that constituted the 10th SS Panzer Division, the 21st and 22nd SS Panzer Grenadier Regiments, launched an attack against the British right flank at Bemmel from the area of Baal all the way to Haalderen. The latter on Bemmel was supported by tanks which struck the positions of the 6th Highland Light Infantry, which had taken over from the 5th East Yorkshires the previous day and experienced its first day in the frontline. The attack was repelled by 1620 hours having petered out due to heavy British defensive artillery fire and boggy ground which was unsuitable for the tanks.[26]

Kampfgruppe Reich, composing of infantry of the 10th Panzer Grenadier Regiment assaulted the Irish Guards positions on and around the high embankment to the east of the unfinished road near Aam, but this attack was blunted with heavy casualties – with the

Shermans and artillery cutting down the German infantry.[27] Later that afternoon, at about 16:30 hours, the East Yorkshires were ordered to relieve the 7th Green Howards, even though severely attacked by German tanks, infantry and subjected to heavy shellfire. The East Yorkshires had to abandon the Heuvel area because of the proximity of the Germans, but this area remained a no man's land, and the British had held off all German attempts to dislodge them.[27] The Germans had lost some eight tanks with two being knocked out the rest having been bogged down or broken down. One Tiger II was destroyed by five PIAT hits.[28]

By the evening the two battalions of Regimentsgruppe Grollmann were ready and launched an attack on Snodenhoek, the area to the north-west of Elst, as their immediate objective.[29] The 2nd Battalion of the 156th Panzergrenadier Regiment, which had formed up near Rijkerswoerd, was to strike to the left of the Arnhem – Elst road (also known as the Griftdijk).[30] It was to be followed shortly after by the 1st Battalion of the same regiment, which was to advance on the right and gain a passage over the railroad level crossing in the area of De Leer. Since the Panzer Division had arrived without its own tanks, five Tiger II tanks of the 506th Heavy Panzer Battalion and four Panthers of the 9th SS Panzer Division were attached in support. The Germans attacked the British defences along the Linge-Wetering Canal hard north of Elst, a position held by the 4th Somersets. Again the attack was a complete failure and the Germans were pushed back.[31] The attack on 5th Wiltshires at the level crossing were supported by tanks which advanced along the railway line. The Wiltshires were supported by Royal Artillery direct fire plans from 5.5 inch guns whom they managed to inflict heavy casualties – a number of tanks were knocked out and one Panther tank fell victim to a PIAT team. The 4th Wiltshires were supporting, and in a combined counter-attack took over 100 prisoners that day.[32]

A soldier crouches near a knocked-out German PzKpfw III near Nijmegen days after Operation Market Garden had ended

All German attacks on 1 October were repelled after bitter fighting.

flame throwers which overran a few forward positions – a seventeen pounder was knocked out, but in return three German tanks were destroyed – one by a PIAT, another by a Sherman and a third by a 17 pounder.[27] Again the German attack was a complete failure.[34]

Allied air attacks

On 2 Oct 1944, General Thomas, concerned about the weight of the German attack on the allied bridgehead asked for air support for attacks on the German bridgehead south of Arnhem in an effort to disrupt their counter-attacks.[32] In the late afternoon the sky cleared sufficiently for RAF Hawker Typhoons to scatter German tanks and infantry among the orchards. They also targeted the ferry site at the ferry sites at Huissen and Pannerden, as well as German artillery positions and known troop concentration areas and the passage points to the east side of Lower Rhine. The air strikes were also aimed at the Arnhem road bridge itself.[35]

Medium bombers targeted

B-25 Mitchells dropped their bomb loads right in the centre of Huissen and destroyed a large part of the small town causing the loss of 106 civilians. That same afternoon Medium bombers targeted the villages of Angeren, Gendt, Doornenburg and Pannerden causing more civilian losses.[36]

Renewal of the offensive

Despite the failures on the first few days Heeresgruppe B insisted on a continuation of the offensive. Their commanders including Bittrich realized that, given the poor ground conditions and the strength of the British defences, further attempts to force a breakthrough were pointless. German morale began to plummet – during the daytime of October 2, three deserters from the 1/156 Panzer Grenadier Regiment came over the railway embankment near the De Laar farm, and divulged the news of another attack taking place that evening to the British – namely 5th Wiltshires. They told their interrogators that their company commander had refused to take further responsibility for another assault, and had been sacked.[37] The renewed attack by the 1/156 in the evening of October 2 did gain a foothold at the level crossing but was halted by heavy British defensive fire. The next day a counter-attack by the 5th Wiltshires threw the Germans back behind the railroad by early afternoon and consolidated their position. The following evening the depleted 5th battalion Wiltshire regiment in the De Laar area having lost twenty-four men killed were relieved by the 4th battalion which until then had been held in 129th brigade reserve.[35]

On the night of 2/3 October a renewed effort against Elst was launched, but again the German infantry were unable to carry the British position, suffering heavy losses– the German attack observed from the church was broken up artillery fire. The next day, 'A Company' of the 4th Somerset Light infantry counterattacked the area to the north of the canal and drove the Germans back to point 9.5, halfway between de 'Oude Tol' and 'De Gouden Klomp' taking 37 prisoners in the process, by the end of the day that number rose to eighty prisoners.[38] In the two day battle the Somersets lost around 150 casualties but in return had inflicted just as many if not more on the Germans.[31]

Meanwhile further North Kampfgruppe Zander, which had only recently arrived at the Arnhem bridgehead made an attempt to try and seize Driel. On October 4, the Germans had established positions around a farmstead, as troops assembled in nearby open fields. Their objective was to seize the northernmost part of the railway embankment which obstructed all views to the west; this being held by the 1st Dorsets. The Germans launched a two pronged attack on both sides of the railway supported by Panther tanks firing from across the river, but despite gaining a foothold the Germans were eventually repulsed by the Dorsets. The following day renewed assaults brought nothing but more heavy casualties, and the Dorsets remained firm.[39]

On the 5 October near the De Laar farm an effort was made by 4th Wiltshires 'D' Coy, to push back the Germans back that had infiltrated into the area west of the railway. 8 Platoon of 'A' Coy, was placed under command of 'D' Coy for this operation and together with 18 Platoon they succeeded not only routing the Germans in front of them but also took 97 pows.[34] Casualties were heavy however – B and D companies had to be amalgamated into one unit.[40]

Bemmel and Haalderen

A six pounder anti-tank gun is set up to protect a road near Nijmegen in October 1944

On October 3 Thomas ordered 151st Durham and the 231st brigades to relieve the hard pressed 69th. This new formation was ordered by Thomas to counterattack and drive the Germans from the Bemmel area. In phase I, 231st brigade was to secure the left flank of the division; the area of Heuvel was to be attacked by the 1st Dorsets, while the orchards opposite the Houtakker farm were to be attacked by 1st Hampshires.[41] The 151st were to attack towards Baal (8th Durham Light infantry) and Haalderen (9th DLI).[42] Just before the British could mount an attack the Germans struck first on October 3 – the II SS Panzer Korps attacked that evening in an attempt to secure the Heuvel – Vergert area, Bittrich committed his last reserve, the reconnaissance battalion of the 10th SS, the SS-Panzer-Aufklärungsabteilung 10. A heavy, twenty minute artillery barrage, which hit the entire 231st brigade area preceded the attack. The German attack struck the 2nd Devons and 1st Hampshires hard, and 'C' company of the former was surrounded – the 3rd Squadron of 1st Coldstream Guards fired at muzzle flashes for two hours – the German attack was repelled. A counterattack by 'B' Company of the 2nd Devons, supported by tanks of 3rd squadron restored the position.[43]

The German attack had no impact on the British plans and their counterattack jumped off on schedule at noon on October 4.

Panzershrecks. The Royal Dragoon Guards lost two tanks and seven casualties.[48]

The following day, after the Durham battalions were secure on their objectives, Phase III of counter attack was to start.[49] During the late afternoon and evening the 2nd Devonshire Regiment having struggled against incessant mortar and artillery fire finally succeeded in mopping up the Germans in the orchards around Vergert. More than thirty POWs from the 9th Panzer Division were taken in the process, and the battalion's position was further strengthened by 'D' Coy, which had been relieved by the Coldstream Guards, further to the west. The company thickened up the centre of the position, by occupying the area between 'A' and 'B' companies. The Devons had lost nearly sixty casualties, and reported that the fields north of their positions were littered with German dead.[50]

Reports from British patrols also found that the Germans had withdrawn to the line of the Wettering Canal, their original starting line being their only credible defensive position.[33] The 50th Division's brigades had effectively crippled 10th SS Panzer division. The Guards armoured division was withdrawn on October 6 to Malden four miles South of Nijmegen for a rest.[24]

Driel, Randwijk and Opheusden

After the attacks of the 9th and 116th Panzer Divisions in his Corps' centre, against Aam and Elst, had been defeated, Bittrich, who was under strong pressure from

German 363rd Volksgrenadier Division.[51]

Paratroopers of the 2nd/506th (101st Airborne Division), near Randwijk at the time of the German counter offensive 5 – 6 October

By the early hours of October 5 the 43rd Wessex handed over their positions to the

Maxwell Taylor, was injured in the backside.[53]

At Driel, by the railway embankment facing north-south, American paratroopers found themselves facing an attack by the 116th Panzer Division with support from two Sturmgeschütz III assault guns. One of these was knocked out by a British six pounder in an underpass while the other withdrew. The infantry attempted to retreat but two companies of Panzer Grenadiers were surrounded and captured by the Americans. The defeat forced the 116th Panzer Division to withdraw behind the embankment.[54]

One of the Sturmgeschütz III assault guns knocked out by a 6 Pounder near the Driel railway bridge

Meanwhile at Randwijk, aggressive patrolling by the Americans soon landed themselves head on against a troop concentration of German infantry forming up for an attack. This was a diversionary attack – the main attack was going to be attempted on Opheusden.

Easy Company – a platoon from which with thirty-five men, routed two German companies of about 300 men. American casualties (including those from Fox Company) were one dead, twenty-two wounded. German casualties were fifty killed, eleven captured, about 100 wounded. On October 6, the 506th in a day of stiff fighting again supported by British artillery rounded up 150 POWs in the area and inflicted heavy losses which was estimated to consist of 300 men (the equivalent of two and a half companies).[56]

On the morning of October 6 the Germans launched their assault on Opheusden. Opposing the Americans were the 363rd Volksgrenadier Division.[57] They completely surprised the US paratroopers and captured the village. A combined Anglo-American counter attack was attempted with the support of tanks of the Royal Scots Greys and with the assistance of the Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry.[58] The Germans were pushed out in parts of the village but heavy fighting continued. The Dorpsstraat was one of the streets where bitter house to house fighting took place and the battle on Dalwagenseweg road went on for three days.[59] A windmill belonging to the Aalbers family gave refuge to more than 100 of the seriously injured on all sides. The Americans however began to run out of ammunition and casualties were mounting, and the decision was made to withdraw. The battle of Opheusden turned into a stalemate – the Germans couldn't capture the village whole nor could the allies. Over the next two days Opheusden was then pounded by rockets from typhoons as well as artillery leaving it a smouldering ruins. The supporting 5th battalion Cornwalls also suffered heavy casualties – nearly seventy in all, and were relieved by a fresh US battalion later that day.[60]

End of the offensive

A lull in the battle now took hold as the Germans attempted to bring more supplies. Allied high command now ordered the destruction of the Arnhem road bridge. After poor weather on October 5 and 6 an attempt was made on the 7th – seven

USAAF Martin Maurauders of the 344th Bombardment Group, dropped their loads with several direct hits being scored on the road bridge, which completely destroyed it. The bombs in fact had set off German explosives that were placed on the bridge; as a result the centre span of the bridge collapsed into the river. The destruction of the road bridge was the final blow for the German offensive – unable to bring heavy armour and artillery up, further operations by the Germans were halted.[61]

Sporadic attacks continued against the allied salient but major fighting ceased on the October 8. Around Opheusden the fighting continued but on a smaller scale – the Germans could get no further and the village remained a

no mans land.[51]

Aftermath

Aerial view of Arnhem showing the road bridge which had been destroyed on October 7 by allied bombers

The German counter offensive, in particular the 2nd SS Panzer Korps' counterattack, had little to show for, and had suffered heavy losses in men and material. Tanks could give little practical help, as they found cross-country movement in the flat, waterlogged terrain, virtually impossible. Without the close support of armour, the German infantry were thus unable to overcome any position. What's more was that the Germans having initially held the villages of Baal, Heuvel and Haalderen subsequently lost them to British counter-attacks. The 10th SS Panzer Division suffered their worst day on October 4 since their arrival in Holland, and losses were so high that they were unable to mount an attack for some time.[62] The 116th Panzer division had suffered heavy casualties in the attack – around 800. The Germans were now suffering from the lack of new NCOs in replacement of those already lost. British field guns had fired nearly 12,500 rounds on the last day which had inflicted a punishing toll on the Germans.[1] Tank losses were also heavy – the 10th SS lost eight of its supporting Tiger tanks to British anti tank fire as well as mines and artillery fire. The 363rd Volks division was effectively wiped out in the fighting in and around Opheusden.[51]

British losses were moderate but those in the infantry were considerable. Most of these losses were caused by heavy artillery and mortar fire, which was reported as 'intense'. The 4th Somerset Light Infantry had 105 casualties – of these twenty were killed.

Operation Aintree intended to expand Eastwards towards Overloon and the later Operation Pheasant towards North Brabant – both operations were largely successful in their aims.[64]

On 9 October, OB West asked permission to OKW to entirely abandon the Arnhem Bridgehead, but the request was turned down. The 10th SS received orders to establish strong defensive positions south of Arnhem in the Elden area, at Huissen and at Doornenburg, while maintaining a defensive screen close along the

6th Fallschirmjäger Division.[66]

Around the same time, British XII Corps took over responsibility of the Nijmegen Bridgehead. The British 50th Division remained in position in the eastern half of the Island until the end of November, assisted for short intervals by the 160th brigade and 71st brigade and 508th U.S. Parachute Regiment of the 82nd US Airborne Division. The 50th was then relieved by the 49th Polar Bear division, while the 51st (Highland) Division took over from the American 101st Airborne.[67]

For the 50th Northumbrian Division, the battle was to be its last. Casualties had been severe: almost 900 of which included twelve officers and 111 other ranks killed in action, thirty officers and 611 other ranks wounded and another 114 missing since the start of the German counterattack.[68] On 29 November the division was relieved and pulled back into Belgium and would return to England as 50th Infantry (Reserve) Division for training.[69]

Gerd von Rundstedt Commander-in-Chief in the West now got permission for Model to abandon the Arnhem bridgehead – the Allies for their part ordered the evacuation of the liberated part of The Island, because they expected that the area would be flooded by the Germans. Model however opted to thin out his forward defences – this happened on October 14 when German units in the bridgehead were reduced to smaller units.[70] Men, women and children were evacuated to southern Holland and Belgium, and the area became known as "Men's Island" or "Manneneiland" with the presence of only soldiers.[71]

Further fighting

Fighting took place, with two notable actions taking place in winter. In the early hours of 4 December, Generaloberst Kurt Student's Paratroopers, namely the 16th Parachute regiment, launched an assault against the British at Haalderen. The attack fell headlong into well defended positions held by elements of the 49th 'Polar Bear' Division. The paratroopers were repelled with the leading assault company of 160 men wiped out.[72] Another bigger attempt was made on 18 January 1945 by the German 7th Parachute regiment against the British western flank at Zetten. The battle which raged for a few days resulted in bitter fighting, but again the German attacked faltered despite gaining a foothold in Zetten. The British, supported by Canadian tanks, counterattacked and surrounded the Germans, resulting in an entire battalion being destroyed – 700 men in all were killed, wounded and (mostly) captured. This was to be the last German attack on the island.[73]

The Island was fully captured in April 1945 during

Canadian armour threw the Germans back over the Rhine.[74] For the civilians returning to The Island however the last nine months of war had left the area in total devastation.[75]

Legacy

The 2001 American war drama HBO miniseries Band of Brothers episode five – 'Crossroads' portrays the German attack on the Driel-Opheusden railroad line near Randwijk on 5 and 6 October.

Notable participants

  • Robert Boscawen – a British Conservative politician. As a First Lieutenant commanding No. 2 Troop, No. 2 Squadron of the Coldstream Guards – he was awarded the Military Cross for his actions in supporting the 1st Devons and 2nd Hampshires in helping to repel the German counter attack at Houtakker farm near Bemmel on 3 October.

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  53. ^ Saunders 2008, p. 349.
  54. ^ Tucker-Jones & Caddick-Adams 2020, pp. 228–230.
  55. ^ Ambrose 2017, pp. 144–145.
  56. ^ Ambrose 2017, p. 152.
  57. ^ Gardner & McDonough 1980, p. 79.
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  59. ^ Gill, Ronald; Groves, John (1946). Club Route in Europe: The Story of 30 Corps in the European Campaign. W. Degener. p. 91.
  60. ^ Delaforce 2018, p. 171.
  61. ^ Middlebrook 1994, p. 449.
  62. ^ Stenger 2017, p. 208.
  63. ^ Molesworth 1951, p. 177.
  64. ^ Kemsley & Riesco 1950, p. 104.
  65. ^ Saunders 2008, p. 307.
  66. ^ MacDonald 1963, p. 177.
  67. ^ Thompson, Reginald William (1958). The Battle for the Rhineland. Hutchinson. p. 28.
  68. ^ Delaforce 2017, p. 97.
  69. ^ Barnes 1999, p. 156.
  70. ^ Tucker-Jones & Caddick-Adams 2020, p. 231.
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  73. ^ Holborn 2010, pp. 201–04.
  74. ^ Waddy 2001, p. 192.
  75. ^ Dawnay & Headlam 1947, p. 245.

Bibliography

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