Battle of Idistaviso
Battle of the Weser River | |
---|---|
Part of the Weser River, Germania | |
Result | Roman victory[1][2] |
Inguiomer (WIA)
Gallic and Germanic auxiliaries
2 Praetorian cohorts
For a total of 50,000–55,000 men [3]
The Battle of the Weser River, sometimes known as the First Battle of Minden or Battle of Idistaviso, was fought in 16 AD between
Background
The Germanic chief, Arminius, had been instrumental in the organising of the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest, in which three Roman legions moving west to winter quarters were ambushed and annihilated by allied Germanic forces in the deep forests of western Germania.[4][5] That defeat plagued the Roman psyche, and revenge and the neutralisation of the threat of Arminius were the impetus for Germanicus' campaign. In the year before the battle, 15 AD, Germanicus had marched against the Chatti and then against the Cherusci under Arminius. During that campaign, the Romans advanced along the region of the Teutoburg Forest, where the legions had been massacred and buried the bones of the Roman soldiers that still lay there.[6] The eagle of the annihilated nineteenth legion was also recovered.[7]
Skirmishes with the Germans were constant, but the Romans could not draw them into open battle.
Location
Ancient sources identify the location as
Battle
The Germanic tribes generally avoided open large-scale combat, but by repeated Roman incursions deep into Germanic territory, Germanicus was able to force Arminius, at the head of a large but fractious coalition, into response. The Romans, along with the
According to Tacitus, "[f]rom nine in the morning to nightfall the [Germans] were slaughtered, and ten miles were covered with arms and dead bodies."[11] The Roman soldiers involved on the battlefield hailed Tiberius as imperator and raised a pile of arms as a trophy with the names of the defeated tribes inscribed beneath them.[11]
Aftermath
The sight of the Roman trophy constructed on the battlefield enraged the Germans who were preparing to retreat beyond the
Afterwards, Germanicus ordered
Germanicus then withdrew his soldiers behind the Rhine for the winter.[16] According to Tacitus, it was taken as certain that the Germanic tribes were considering suing for peace, and that an additional campaign in the next summer would end the war. However, Tiberius advised Germanicus to return to Rome, writing to him that while "[h]e had fought victorious battles on a great scale; he should also remember those losses which the winds and waves had inflicted, and which, though due to no fault of the general, were still grievous and shocking" and that "since the vengeance of Rome had been satisfied, [the Germans] might be left to their internal feuds."[16] Germanicus was granted a triumph on May 26, AD 17 in exchange for his return from Germania.[17]
In fiction
In
Bibliography
Primary sources
- Wells, Peter S. (2003). The Battle That Stopped Rome. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-32643-7.
- Tacitus, Cornelius (2008). Barrett, Anthony (ed.). The Annals: The Reigns of Tiberius, Claudius, and Nero. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780192824219.
- Shotter, David (2004). Tiberius Caesar. Routledge. ISBN 1134364180.
References
- ^ a b Wells 2003, p. 206.
- ^ a b c Tacitus & Barrett 2008, p. 57.
- ^ a b Tacitus (1876). The Annals (From the Passing of the Divine Augustus), translated by Alfred John Church and William Jackson Brodribb. 2.16 This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ Stephen Dando-Collins, Legions of Rome. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2010, p. 238.
- ^ Dando-Collins 2010, 237.
- ^ Tacitus, The Annals 1.62
- ^ Tacitus, The Annals 1.60
- ^ Tacitus, The Annals 2.12
- ^ "MINDEN in "Enciclopedia dell' Arte Medievale"". www.treccani.it (in Italian). Retrieved 2022-01-13.
- ^ a b Tacitus, The Annals 2.17
- ^ a b Tacitus, The Annals 2.18
- ^ Tacitus, The Annals 2.19
- ^ Tacitus, The Annals 2.21
- ^ Tacitus, The Annals 2.22
- ^ Tacitus, Annals, II.25
- ^ a b Tacitus, The Annals 2.26
- ^ Shotter 2004, pp. 35–37.
- ^ Bulgakov, Mikhail. Master And Margarita. Lulu Press, 2006, p. 20.