Battles involving the Maratha Empire
This article needs additional citations for verification. (September 2023) |
The Maratha Conquests were a series of conquests in the
Afterwards, the Marathas conclusively defeated and overtook major territories of the
Background
Battles under Shivaji
Battle of Pratapgad
Battle of Pavankhind
Battle of Chakan
Battle of Surat
The
Battle of Purandar
The
Battle of Sinhagad
The Battle of Sinhagad took place during the night on 4 February 1670 on the fort of Sinhagad. The Sinhagad fort was finally recaptured by the Marathas under the command of Tanhaji[2]
Battle of Salher
The Battle of Salher which was a battle fought between the
Battle of Bhupalgarh
The Battle of Bhupalgarh occurred between the
Battle of Sangamner
The
Battles after the death of Shivaji
War of 27 Years
War of 27 Years was a series of battles fought between
The war can be broken down into three distinct phases :
- Marathas under Sambhaji (1681–1689).
- Marathas under Rajaram (1689–1700).
- Marathas under Maharani Tarabai (1700–1707).
It was a long snakes and ladders war game involving a quarter of a century and innumerable long and short battles. The war ended after the death of Aurangzeb in 1707, because of unstable later Mughals. It also paved the way for the Maratha expansion in the North.[4]
Battles under Sambhaji
Shivaji was succeeded by his son, Sambhaji, after his death in April 1680. Sambhaji was also a genius military commander. He fought his first battle at Vikramgad at the age of 15 years, defeating outnumbered Mughals. After that he fought many victorious battles in his short life. Sambhaji managed to defend the Maratha Empire against the overwhelmingly strong Mughal Empire, the Siddis of Janjira, the Portuguese of Goa and North Konkan and Chikkadevaraya of Mysore.[citation needed]
Sacking of Burhanpur
The Sacking of Burhanpur (31 January 1681 – 2 February 1681) refers to the looting of the wealthy Mughal city Burhanpur in Madhya Pradesh by the Maratha ruler Sambhaji. The Maratha army commanded by Sambhaji and Hambirrao Mohite attacked and plundered the city for three days. The Marathas got a huge loot and returned to Raigad by evading Mughal forces.
Battle of Kalyan
The Battle of Kalyan occurred between the Mughal Empire and Maratha Empire between 1682 and 1684. Bahadur khan defeated Marathas under tukoji but later Marathas under Sambhaji defeated the Mughal Empire.khan's third attempt in 1684 failed as Marathas under Hambirrao Mohite repulsed his efforts [5]
Siege of Ramsej
The
Maratha–Mysore War
The king of Mysore Chikka Devaraja had allied with the Mughal Empire. Marathas and Mysore were already fighting for supremacy in southern India. The earlier conflicts were inconclusive with wins and losses for both sides. Sambhaji with his allies Abul Hasan Qutb Shah and Basappa Nayaka invaded Mysore in June 1682. Chikka Devaraja defeated the allies at the Battle of Banavar but Sambhaji bounced back to score a major victory at the Battle of Trichinopoly (1682). After this victory, Sambhaji's forces captured many forts in the northern Madurai region. Some allies of Mysore also joined the Marathas in this campaign. Chikka Devaraha had to pay a tribute of 1 Crore Honas to the Marathas. Sambhaji returned to Maharashtra after the Dusshera of 1682.
Maratha invasion of Goa
The
Mughal invasions of Konkan
Mughal invasions of Konkan (1684) were a part of the Deccan wars. It was a campaign launched by Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb to capture the Konkan region from the Maratha Empire under Sambhaji. The Mughal forces were led by Mu'azzam and Shahbuddin Khan. The harsh climate and the Maratha guerrilla strategy forced the numerically strong Mughal army into a slow retreat. The Mughal army suffered great losses in this unsuccessful campaign.
Battle of Wai
The Battle of Wai was fought in the autumn of 1687 as a part of the Mughal–Maratha Wars. Sambhaji sent his forces under his senapati, Hambirao Mohite, to oppose Mughal army led by Sarja Khan. The Mughal's were drawn into the dense jungles near Wai and Mahableshwar where the Mughals were defeated. However, among the dead was Hambirao, a serious blow to Sambhaji's cause.
Battles under Baji Rao I
Nizam's Carnatic campaigns (1725-27)
Iwaz Khan, the Prime Minister of Nizam Asaf Jah I, led the Nizam forces and seized the Trichinopoly from the Marathas of Tanjore, commanded by Serfoji I. This triumph prompted Shahu I of the Marathas to dispatch reinforcements led by Fateh Singh Bhonsale and Bajirao. However, the Maratha forces suffered another defeat and were compelled to retreat. This significant sequence of events significantly contributed to the escalation of hostilities between Shahu and the Nizam, ultimately leading to the outbreak of the later Nizam-Maratha conflicts.
Battle of Palkhed
Battle of Palkhed was a land battle that took place on 28 February 1728 at the village of Palkhed, near the city of Nashik, Maharashtra, India between the Maratha Peshwa,
Battle of Balapur
The conflicts unfolded in 1720, following Nizam-u'l-Mulk's triumph over the Sayyid forces, supported by Rajputs, Marathas, and Afghans. The Sayyid forces faced successive defeats at both Burhanpur and Balapur against the Nizam forces. This sequence of events culminated in the assassination of Sayyid Hasan Ali and the subsequent downfall of the Sayyid Brothers.
Battle of Jaitpur
In Bundelkhand, Chhatrasal had rebelled against the Mughal Empire and established an independent kingdom. In December 1728, a Mughal force led by the distinguished commander Muhammad Khan Bangash attacked him, and besieged his fort with his family. Chhatrasal had repeatedly sought Peshwa Baji Rao's assistance, but the latter was busy in Malwa at that time.
In March 1729, the Peshwa Baji Rao I finally responded to Chhatrasal's request and marched towards Bundelkhand. Chhatrasal also escaped his captivity and joined the Maratha forces. After they marched to Jaitpur, as a result Bangash was forced to retreat from Bundelkhand. Chhatrasal's position as the ruler of Bundelkhand was restored.[8][9]
Battle of Dabhoi
In the year 1731,
Battle of Mandsaur
The
Maratha raid on Delhi (1737)
In November 1736, the Maratha
Battle of Bhopal
The Battle was fought between the Maratha Empire and Mughal forces led by Nizam of Hyderabad near Bhopal in India in December 1737. The Marathas poisoned the water and the replenishment supplies of the besieged Mughal forces. Chimaji was sent with an army of 10,000 men to stop any reinforcements while Bajirao blockaded the city instead of directly attacking the Nizam. The Nizam was forced to sue for peace after he was denied reinforcements from Delhi.[11] The battle resulted in a Treaty
Maratha invasion of Deccan (1739)
The Maratha invasion of the Deccan in 1739, led by Peshwa Bajirao I, was a military campaign of the Maratha Empire against the Nizam of Hyderabad. Bajirao's Maratha forces invaded Hyderabad's territories and had a military conflict with Nasir Jung, the son of Nizam-ul Mulk, Asaf Jah.
Maratha invasion of Hyderabad
Luso–Maratha War (1729–1732)
The Luso–Maratha War of 1729–1732 was an armed conflict between the Portuguese Empire and the Maratha Confederacy, who invaded Portuguese territory in India. The Marathas withdrew from Portuguese territory.[12] Nevertheless, Bajirao planned to resume hostilities against the Portuguese with an attack on Salcette Island on 13 March 1733.[13] Peace would prove to be short, as five years later the Marathas would again invade Portuguese territory and attack Bassein.[12]
Battle of Vasai
The Battle of Vasai was fought between the Marathas and the
Maratha–Nizam War
The Maratha-Nizam war (1725–1818) were a series of military conflicts unfolded over nearly a century between the Maratha Empire and the Nizam of Hyderabad. The root cause of these hostilities was the Marathas' imposition of Chauth, a form of tribute, on the Nizam's dominions. Tensions escalated as the Nizam resisted Maratha encroachment, leading to a succession of clashes and wars aimed at asserting territorial sovereignty and pushing back against Maratha demands.
Maratha invasions of Bengal
First Battle of Katwa
The Battle of Katwa occurred between the
Second Battle of Katwa
The Second Battle of Katwa occurred between the Nawab of Bengal and Maratha Empire in 1745. After the initial repulse of the Maratha invasion in 1742, the Maratha ruler
Battle of Burdwan
The Battle of Burdwan occurred between the Nawab of Bengal and Maratha Empire in 1747. After the dismissal of
Carnatic wars
The Battle of Arnee (or Battle of Arni) occurred on 3 December 1751 during the
The Battle of Golden Rock was fought between forces of the
Northern Campaign and Afghan-Maratha Conflict
Battle of Delhi, 1757
The
Siege of Sirhind 1758
After conquering delhi marathas sacked sirhind the newly annexed province of Durrani empire.
Third Battle of Panipat
The Third Battle of Panipat took place on 14 January 1761 at Panipat (Haryana State, India), about 60 miles (95.5 km) north of Delhi. The battle pitted the pitted the artillery and cavalry of the Marathas against the heavy cavalry and mounted artillery (zamburak and jezail) of the Afghans led by Ahmad Shah Durrani, an ethnic Pashtun, also known as Ahmad Shah Abdali. The famished, burdened and outnumbered Marathas were defeated with heavy casualties. There were near 100,000 soldiers dead adding both sides and the battle resulted in retreat of Marathas from Delhi for next ten years.
Maratha Resurrection
Restoration of Maratha suzerainty in the North
Under
Battle of Uruli
Battle of Alegaon
The
Battle of Rakshasbhuvan
The Battle of Rakshasbhuvan was fought on 10 August 1763.[19] While the Marathas were fighting amongst themselves during a civil war, the Nizam decided to attack. The Nizam however failed. The Nizam gave up territory he gained during the Battle of Alegaon in an attempt to sue for peace.[20]
Capture of Delhi, 1771
The forces of
Marathas in Rohilkhand
After taking control of Delhi, Marathas sent a large army in 1772 to "punish" Afghan Rohillas for Panipat. Maratha army devastated Rohilkhand by looting and plundering and also took the members of royal family as captives. Maratha general Mahadaji was "very much pleased with the revenge taken by his men" for Panipat[21]
Siege of Etawah, 1770
Marathas under Ramchandra Ganesh captured Etawah and hoisted Peshwa's flag onto it.
Battle of Chandighat
Marathas under Visaji Krushna Biniwale and Mughals Under Najaf Khan Defeated Rohilla forces near Haridwar.
Conflict with the Kingdom of Mysore
Battle of Channapatna
Battle of Rattihalli
In 1764, following the attack by Hyder Ali on Nawabs of Savanur, who were a tributary to the Marathas, Maratha army led by Peshwa Madhav Rao met the forces of Hyder Ali at Rutehalli Fort. Hydar Ali tried to avoid pitched battles against Maratha Forces however Maratha forces intercepted Mysore forces near Rutehalli Fort in Karnatic and a crushing defeat was imposed upon them, Hydar Ali lost well over 1,000 men and himself fled into the local forest to save his life.[22]
Battle of Jadi Hanwati
The Battle of Jadi Hanwati took place on December 1, 1764. The
Siege of Sira and Madgiri
In 1767, Maratha army led by Peshwa Madhav Rao defeated the forces of Hyder Ali at Sira and Madgiri. Marathas conquered the forts of Haskote and Nandigarh and laid siege to Bednur where Hyder Ali was taking shelter.[23]
Battle of Ooscota
In 1768 Maratha under Maurari rao Ghorpade made Hyder Ali retreat in a pitched battle Haider lost nearly 500 men while Marathas lost only 18.
Siege of Saunshi
Capture of Kabbaldurga
This military expedition was led by Hyder Ali against Murari Rao of Gooty. Hyder Ali defeated Murari Rao and captured Kabbaldurga, and then proceeded to capture Gooty and its surrounding areas. He imprisoned Murari Rao and his family at Bangalore, where Murari Rao passed away in prison in 1779 CE.
Siege of Nargund
The first Siege of Nargund occurred when Hyder Ali, the sultan of Kingdom of Mysore, besieged Nargund. In 1778, and ended with a victory for Mysore.[25]
Second siege of Nargund
The Second siege of Nargund occurred when Mysore sent Burhanuddin to besiege Nargund in 1785. It ended with a victory for Mysore.[25]
Siege of Adoni
The siege of Adoni occurred between the forces of Tipu Sultan of the Kingdom of Mysore and the Maratha Empire allied with the Nizam of Hyderabad. Tipu Sultan surprised Haripant when he decided to advance for Adoni. In 1786, Adoni was besieged for one month and then captured by Tipu Sultan.[26]
Battle of Savanur
The Battle of Savanur concluded in October, 1786, with the victory of Tipu Sultan over the Marathas. Tipu strategically lured the Marathas out of their position on a height near Savanur and unleashed a barrage of heavy fire on them. This devastated the Maratha army, making them retreat and Tipu Sultan conquered Savanur soon after.
Siege of Bahadur Benda
The siege of Bahadur Benda happened between the forces of
Treaty of Gajendragad
The
First Anglo Maratha War (1775 - 1783)
Battle of Wadgaon
The
Battle of Patan
The Battle of Patan was fought on June 20, 1790 between the Maratha Empire and the Rajputs of Jaipur and their Mughal allies. Many Rajput kingdoms like those of Jaipur and Malwa were threatened by the Marathas. In early 1790, hoping to completely rid the Rajputana of Maratha interference, Rajput nobility allied with Mughal general Ismail Beg. The European armed and trained battalion of Benoît de Boigne defeated the Jaipur army at battle of Patan. Marathas managed to gain Ajmer and Malwa from the Rajputs.[citation needed]
Battle of Merta, 1790
The forces of Mahadji Shinde under de Boigne routed the Marwar army.
Capture of Shimoga
Battle of Kharda
The Battle of Kharda took place in February 1795 between the Nizam of Hyderabad, Asaf Jah II and Peshwa Madhavrao II, in which Nizam was badly defeated. Governor General John Shore followed the policy of non-intervention despite that Nizam was under his protection. So this led to the loss of trust with British and rout of the Hyderabad army. This was the last battle fought together by all Maratha chieftains together.
Battle of Malpura
Combined force of
Second Anglo Maratha War (1803 - 1805)
Battle of Delhi, 1803
Battle of Bharatpur
Third Anglo-Maratha War
The
Conflict with Rajputs (1715-1813)
Battle of Pilsud
Battle of Mandsaur
This battle was fought by Malhar Rao Holkar during northern expansion of Baji Rao where marathas crushed rajput forces
Battle of Kakkor
In November, the Rajputs came out with a force of roughly 4000, led by Jai Singh Nathawat, to attack the Marathas. With his superior numbers and artillery, Malhar enveloped the Kachhwahas at Lakhori and completely crushed them, slaying 20 of their captains. Malhar next laid siege to Barwara, defended by Vikaramjit Rajawat, and some Shekhawat captains. Calling up his troops from Rampura, he forced the garrison to capitulate[31]
Siege of forts of Barwara and Tonk
Marathas and Rajputs fought bravely but resulted in stalemate
Battle of Mangrol
Madho Singh of Jaipur fought Malhar Rao Holkar. The Jaipur army had 10,000 men while the Holkar army had 6,000 men from Indore and 3,000 men supplied by the Rao of Kota. After a 2-day battle the Jaipur army was completely destroyed. However Malhar Rao was not able to plunder Dhundhar for long as he was recalled to Bundelkhand because of rebellions and threats of invasion by Shuja-Ud-Daula of Awadh[32]
Battle of Lalsot
Marathas were defeated by Vijay Singh this was a big victory for Rajput as they were able to make Mahadaji shinde retreat but couldn't achieve a needed victory many historians consider this battle indecisive
Battle of Patan
Mahadji Shinde destroyed forces under Vijay Singh
Battle of Merta
Maratha delecsively defeated rajputs under Vijay Singh
Battle of Fatehpur
Marathas were defeated by rajput in a one month siege
Battle of Malpura
Marathas defeated combined armies of Jaipur and Jodhpur.
Maratha invasion of Rajputana
A series of conflict happened between
Conflict with Jats
The Jat raja
Madho Singh with help of Marathas and bundi state defeated ishvari Singh and Suraj Mal
Marathas defeated and beheaded Rana Bhim Singh as well as captured Gwalior in 1755
See also
References
- ISBN 978-0-313-33536-5. Archived from the originalon 26 June 2015. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
- ISBN 9780521033169.
- ^ Medieval India
- ^ Northan expansion up to Peshawar
- ISBN 978-0-313-33536-5. Archived from the originalon 26 June 2015. Retrieved 27 March 2015.
- ^ Kolarkar, S. G. (1995). History of Marathas. Nagpur: Mangesh Publishers. p. 332.
- ^ The Concise History of Warfare, Field Marshal Bernard Law Montgomery, p.132
- ISBN 978-81-89093-06-8.
- ^ Sardesai, Govind Sakharam (1946). New History of the Marathas: The expansion of the Maratha power, 1707–1772. Phoenix Publications. pp. 106–108.
- ^ P. K. Sethi, S. K. Bhatt, R. Holkar., A study of Holkar state coinage, page 32
- ISBN 9788189093068. Archivedfrom the original on 6 December 2022. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
- ^ a b Lobato 1965, p. 126.
- ^ Panduronga Pissurlencar: Portuguese-Maratha Relations, Maharashtra State Board for Literature and Culture, Bombay, 1983 p. 118-165
- ISBN 9780313335372. Retrieved 12 November 2017 – via Google Books.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-313-33536-5.
- ISBN 978-0-313-33536-5.
- ^ Orme, Robert (1780). History of the Military Transaction of the British nation in Indostan from the MDCCXLV (3rd ed.). Vol-001. London. p. 289.
- ISBN 978-0-313-33536-5.
- ^ "History - Maratha Period". Nasik District Gazetteer. Retrieved 4 September 2010.
- ISBN 978-0-313-33536-5.
- ^ The Great Maratha Mahadaji Scindia p.9
- ISBN 9781932705546
- ISBN 9781932705546
- ISBN 978-0-313-33536-5.
- ^ ISBN 978-81-7154-789-0.
- ISBN 9788171547890
- ISBN 9788187879572
- ISBN 978-81-313-0034-3.
- ^ Eaton, Richard M. The Marathas - Cambridge History of India (Vol. 2, Part 4). p. 164.
- ISBN 978-81-7625-841-8.
- ^ Sarkar, Jadunath (1934). Fall Of The Mughal Empire Vol.2.
- JSTOR 596636.
- ^ Sarkar, Jadunath (2007). Fall of the Mughal Empire:vol one. Orient Black Swan. p. 326.
the siege of Kumher dragged on for four months. At last in the middle of may, peace was made, Rupram, on behalf of his master, gave a written bond to pay the Marathas 30 lakhs by installments in three years. In addition to this, the two krores which had been previously imposed by Imad as peshkash due from the Jat rajah to the emperor, was now agreed to be paid to Imad and the Marathas instead. So the siege ended, Imad left the place on 18th May and Raghunath Rao on the 22nd, and both came to Mathura.
Sources
- Lobato, Alexandre (1965). Relações luso-maratas, 1658-1737 (in Portuguese). Centro de Estudos Históricos Ultramarinos.
Further reading
- "The Anglo-Maratha Campaigns and the Contest for India : The Struggle for Control of the South Asian Military Economy" by Randolf G. S. Cooper, Publisher: Cambridge University, ISBN 978-0521036467
- Samant, S. D. - Vedh Mahamanavacha
- Parulekar, Shyamrao - Yashogatha Vijaya durg, Vijay Durg (1982)
- Kasar, D.B. - Rigveda to Raigarh making of Shivaji the great, Mumbai: Manudevi Prakashan (2005)