Batu Khan
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ᠪᠠᠲᠤ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ Ögedei Khagan Batu | |
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Onggirat | |
Religion | Tengrism |
Batu Khan (c. 1205–1255)[note 1] was a Mongol ruler and founder of the Golden Horde, a constituent of the Mongol Empire. Batu was a son of Jochi, thus a grandson of Genghis Khan. His ulus ruled over the Kievan Rus', Volga Bulgaria, Cumania, and the Caucasus for around 250 years.
Personality and appearance
According to Giovanni da Pian del Carpine, Batu was "kind enough to his own people, but he is greatly feared by them. He is, however, most cruel in fight; he is very shrewd and extremely crafty in warfare, for he has been waging war for a long time."[1] He received the nickname of сайн (lit. 'good'), by which he was referred to by Marco Polo.[2] William of Rubruck described him as about the height of his lord John de Beaumont and as having his entire face covered with reddish spots.[3]
Early years
After his son
In 1229,
Conquest of Kievan Rus'
At the
In November 1237 Batu Khan sent his envoys to the court of
Thereupon Batu Khan divided his army into smaller units, which ransacked fourteen Rus' cities:
When Batu drank a cup of wine before the others at the victory banquet, Büri complained of the unfairness of Batu receiving such a vast and fertile steppe, and the Mongol army, along with Güyük and others, ridiculed Batu as an "old woman with a beard". They then left the banquet. Batu sent an envoy to his uncle Ögedei to complain of his cousins' rude behavior. Ögedei got angry on hearing the news and recalled Buri and Güyük. According to some sources, Buri, who was sent to his grandfather Chagatai, never returned to join the Mongol conquest of Europe; Güyük returned to the Russian steppe after his father Ögedei harshly criticized him.
In the summer of 1238, Batu Khan devastated the
Invasion of Central Europe
The
Having devastated the various Rus' principalities, Subutai and Batu sent spies into Poland, Hungary, and as far as Austria in preparation for an attack into the heartland of Europe. With a clear picture of the European kingdoms, they brilliantly prepared an attack. Batu Khan was the overall leader, but Subutai was the actual commander in the field and as such was present in both the northern and southern campaigns against Rus'. The Mongols invaded central Europe in three groups. One group invaded and devastated Poland, defeating a combined force under Henry II the Pious, Duke of Silesia and the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order at Legnica. A second crossed the Carpathian Mountains, and a third followed the Danube. The armies swept the plains of Hungary over the summer, and in the spring of 1242 they regained impetus and extended their control into Austria and Dalmatia, as well as invading Morava.
While the northern force under Ögedei's son
The Mongol
By late 1241, Batu and
Viceroy and struggle with Güyük
Withdrawing from Hungary, Batu made his camps along the banks of the Volga. When the
During the absence of Batu, the Mongols who were left behind put to death Mstislav, the prince of
Batu had commissaries in the various towns where the dependent Russian princes and other princes held their courts. The princes from Russian states such as Vladimir Constantine, Boris, Gleb, Vasili, Constatantine, Vladimir Constantinovich, Vasil'ko and
Danylo of Halych summoned to Batu and diplomatically made obeisance to the Mongols. Batu, addressing him, said "You have for a long time refused to come, but have effaced your ill conduct by your obedience" and saluted him with a draught of
Suspicion between Batu and Güyük increased, and Güyük replaced the officials in Iran and the Caucasus with his own men, including Eljigidei. When Güyük began moving west, Sorghaghtani Beki, the widow of Tolui, warned Batu that he was actually the Great Khan's target. When Güyük summoned Batu to appear before him, Batu moved slowly. Before meeting Batu, Güyük died suddenly. According to William of Rubruck and a Muslim chronicle, one of Batu's brothers murdered or poisoned the Great Khan Güyük and Batu then killed the imperial envoy, though this account is not completely confirmed by other major sources.
Möngke and Batu
An opportunity had arrived for deposing the House of Ögedei from the overlordship of the Mongols, and Batu was determined to avail himself of it. But Batu seemed to allow Oghul Qaimish to serve as regent. He also suggested unruly princes listen to her words. When Batu was ill, Möngke Khan went to the Ulus of Jochi to greet him as his mother Sorghagtani advised. Batu was much delighted on seeing him.
At last, Batu called a kurultai on his own territory in 1250. Members of the Ögedeid and Chagataid families refused to attend the kurultai beyond the
The Grand prince Andrey II allied with the rebellious-minded princes of western
During the reign of Möngke, Batu's prestige as kingmaker and viceroy of the great khans in the west reached its height. Even so, Batu allowed Möngke's census takers to operate freely in his realm. According to a Muslim chronicle and the History of Yuan, Batu had free access to the imperial treasury.[12] Of all the grandsons of Genghis Khan, he and Möngke seemed most capable and the most dedicated to following the spirit of Mongolian law.[13]
Batu dispatched a large Jochid delegation to participate in
Batu, Möngke, and other princely lines shared rule over the area from Afghanistan to Turkey. Batu left the affairs of state to his son,
Family and legacy
Batu Khan was approximately five feet and seven inches tall (1.70 m), and had at least four children:
- Sartaq, khan of the Golden Horde from 1255 to 1256, son of Batu Khan and Boraqchin
- Toqoqan[14]
- Andewan
- Ulagchi – probably the son of Sartaq often named Ju Lai (Dzhulaibek)
Batu's mother Ukhaa ujin belonged to the Mongol
When Batu and his son
The Kipchak Khanate was known in Rus and Europe as the Golden Horde (Zolotaya Orda) some think because of the golden colour of the Khan's tent. "Horde" comes from the Mongol word "orda/ordu" or camp. "Golden" is thought to have had a similar meaning to "royal" (Royal Camp). Of all the Khanates, the Golden Horde ruled longest. Long after the expulsion of the Yuan dynasty from China to Mongolia, and the fall of Ilkhanate in Middle East, the descendants of Batu Khan continued to rule the steppes in what is now Ukraine, Russia, and Kazakhstan. Batu's line ruled the Jochid Ulus until 1360, a century after Berke's death in 1264. Descendants of his brothers, Orda and Tuqatimur, took the throne of the Golden Horde afterwards.
Ancestry
Ancestors of Batu Khan Hoelun | |||||||||||||||
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2. Jochi | |||||||||||||||
10. Dei-Sechen of the Qongirat (= 12) | |||||||||||||||
5. Börte | |||||||||||||||
11. Chotan (= 13) | |||||||||||||||
1. Batu Khan, Khan of the Golden Horde | |||||||||||||||
12. Dei-Sechen of the Qongirat (= 10) | |||||||||||||||
6. Alchi | |||||||||||||||
13. Chotan (= 11) | |||||||||||||||
3. Ukhaa Ujin | |||||||||||||||
See also
- List of Khans of the Golden Horde
Notes
References
Citations
- ^ Rockhill 1967.
- ISBN 978-90-04-11442-5.
- ^ Rockhill 1967, p. 123.
- ^ H. H. Howorth The history of the Mongols, p.II, d.II, p. 37.
- ^ Thomas T. Allsen Culture and Conquest in Mongol Eurasia, p. 45.
- ^ Michael Prawdin, Gerard (INT) Chaliand The Mongol empire, p. 262.
- ^ Curta, Florin. Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages 500-1250
- ^ Mouskes, Philippe. publie par le baron de Reiffenberg, 2. Bruxelles, 1838. с. 30747 – 30762.
- ^ Michael Prawdin, Gerard (INT) Chaliand, The Mongol empire, p. 268.
- ^ H. H. Howorth The history of the Mongols, p.II, d.II, pp. 48-50.
- ^ Albericus Trium Fontium, Monumenta, scriptores, xxiii. 943.
- ^ René Grousset The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia, p. 596.
- ^ Jack Weatherford The Secret History of the Mongol Queens: How the Daughters of Genghis Khan Rescued His Empire, p. 109.
- ^ David Morgan, The Mongols, p. 224.
- ^ Rashid al-Din Universal History, Jochids' tale
- ^ Anne F. Broadbridge, Women and the Making of the Mongol Empire (2018), pp. 118, 229.
Sources
- Books
- Grousset, René (1938). L'Empire des Steppes.
- ISBN 0-631-17563-6.
- Nicolle, David (1998). The Mongol Warlords. Brockhampton Press.
- Rockhill, William Woodville (1967), The Journey of William of Rubruck to The Eastern Parts of the World, 1253–55, As Narrated by Himself, With Two Accounts of the Earlier Journey of John of Pian de Carpine.
- Ronay, Gabriel (1978). The Tartar Khan's Englishman. Cassell. ISBN 0-304-30054-3.
- Saunders, J. J. (1971). The History of the Mongol Conquests. Routledge & Kegan Paul. ISBN 0-8122-1766-7.
- Sicker, Martin (2000). The Islamic World in Ascendancy: From the Arab Conquests to the Siege of Vienna. Praeger Publishers.
- Soucek, Svatopluk (2000). A History of Inner Asia. Cambridge.
- Yan, Vasily (2007). Baty. Azbuka Clasica.