Bayezid II

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Bayezid II
Gülbahar Hatun[2][3]
ReligionSunni Islam
TughraBayezid II's signature

Bayezid II (

Salonica
.

Early life

Bayezid II was the son of

Gülbahar Hatun, an Albanian concubine.[4][5][6]

There are sources that claim that Bayezid was the son of Sittişah Hatun, due to the two women's common middle name, Mükrime.[7] This would make Ayşe Hatun, one of Bayezid's consorts, a first cousin of Bayezid II. However, the marriage of Sittişah Hatun took place two years after Bayezid was born[8] and the whole arrangement was not to Mehmed's liking.[9]

Born in Demotika, Bayezid II was educated in Amasya and later served there as a bey for 27 years. In 1473, he fought in the Battle of Otlukbeli against the Aq Qoyunlu.

Fight for the throne

Bayezid II's younger brother Cem

Bayezid II's overriding concern was the quarrel with his brother

Knights of St. John in Rhodes. Eventually, the Knights handed Cem over to Pope Innocent VIII
(1484–1492). The Pope thought of using Cem as a tool to drive the Turks out of Europe, but as the papal crusade failed to come to fruition, Cem died in Naples.

Reign

Bayezid II ascended the Ottoman throne in 1481.

Shi'ism to undermine the authority of the Ottoman state. Ottoman authority in Anatolia was indeed seriously threatened during this period and at one point Bayezid II's vizier, Hadım Ali Pasha, was killed in battle against the Şahkulu rebellion. Hadım Ali Pasha's death prompted a power vacuum. As a result, many important statesmen secretly pledged allegiance to Kinsman Karabœcu Pasha (Turkish: "Karaböcü Kuzen Paşa") who made his reputation in conducting espionage operations during the Fall of Constantinople in his youth.[12]

Jewish and Muslim immigration

Further information: Nasrid–Ottoman relations
Crimean khan Meñli I Giray (centre) with the eldest son, Mehmed I Giray (left) and Bayezid II (right)

In July 1492, the new state of

firman to all the governors of his European provinces, ordering them not only to refrain from repelling the Spanish refugees, but to give them a friendly and welcome reception.[14] He threatened with death all those who treated the Jews harshly or refused them admission into the empire. Moses Capsali
, who probably helped to arouse the sultan's friendship for the Jews, was most energetic in his assistance to the exiles. He made a tour of the communities and was instrumental in imposing a tax upon the rich, to ransom the Jewish victims of the persecution.

Bayezid II fighting his son Selim I at Uğraşdere

The Muslims and Jews of

Talmudist and scientist Mordecai Comtino; astronomer and poet Solomon ben Elijah Sharbiṭ ha-Zahab; Shabbethai ben Malkiel Cohen, and the liturgical poet Menahem Tamar.[citation needed
]

Succession

During Bayezid II's final years, on 14 September 1509, Constantinople was

Bayezid Mosque in Istanbul
.

Legacy

Tomb of Bayezid II in Istanbul

Bayezid was praised in a ghazal of Abdürrezzak Bahşı, a scribe who came to Constantinople from Samarkand in the second half of the 15th century that worked at the courts of Mehmed II and Bayezid II, and wrote in Chagatai with the Old Uyghur alphabet:[17][18]

I had a pleasant time in your reign my Padishah.

I was without fear of all fears and dangers.

The fame of your justice and fairness reached to China and Hotan.

Thanks to God that there exist a merciful person like my Padishah.

Sultan Bayezid Khan ascended the throne.

This country had been his fate since past eternity.

Any enemy that denied the country of my master:

That enemy's neck had been in rope and gallows.

Your believing servants' faces smile like Bahşı's.

The place of those who walk unbelieving is hellfire.

Bayezid II ordered al-ʿAtufi, the librarian of Topkapı Palace, to prepare a register.[19] The library's diverse holdings reflect a cosmopolitanism that was encyclopaedic in scope.[20]

Family

Consorts

Bayezid had ten known consorts:[21][22]

Sons

Bayezid had at least eight sons:

  • Şehzade Abdullah (c. 1465 – 11 June 1583) – son of Şirin Hatun.[23] He was governor of Manisa, Trebizond and Konya. He died of unknown causes and was buried in Bursa. He married his cousin, Nergiszade Ferahşad Sultan, and had with her a son and two daughters:
    • Şehzade Fülan (1481–1489).
    • Aynışah Sultan (1482–1540); married to Ahmed Bey.
    • Şahnisa Sultan (1484–fl. 1540); married firstly in 1502 her cousin Şehzade Mehmed Şah (d. 1512, son of her father's half brother Şehzade Şehinşah), married seconldy Mirza Mehmed Pasha (d. 1517), by whom she had a son, Sultanzade Şemsi Ahmed Pasha. She was lastly married to Nuri Bey.
  • Şehzade Ahmed (c. 1466 – 24 March 1513) – son of Bülbül Hatun. Bayezid's favorite son, he was executed by his half-brother Selim I, who became sultan. He had at least seven concubines, seven sons and four daughters.
  • Şehzade Korkut (Amasya, 1469 - Manisa, 10 March 1513) - son of Nigar Hatun.[23] Rival of Selim I for the throne, he was first exiled by him and then executed. He had two children who died as infants and two daughters.
  • Selim I (Amasya, 10 October 1470 – Çorlu, 22 September 1520) – son with Gülbahar Hatun, he dethronized his father and became Sultan.
  • Şehzade Şehinşah (1465 – 2 July 1511, he was executed by his father for sedition and buried in Bursa) – son of Hüsnüşah Hatun.[21] He was governor of Manisa and Karaman. He had a consort, Mükrime Hatun, mother of his only known son:
    • Şehzade Mehmed Şah (died in 1512); who married his cousin Şahnisa Sultan, daughter of Şehzade Abdullah.[23]
  • Şehzade Mahmud (1475 – 4 November 1507) – unknown motherhood, full-brother of Gevhermülük Sultan. He was governor of Kastamonu and Manisa. He had three sons and two daughters:
    • Şehzade Musa (1490–1512, executed by Selim I).
    • Şehzade Orhan (1494–1512, executed by Selim I).
    • Şehzade Emirhan Süleyman (?–1512, executed by Selim I).
    • Ayşe Hundi Sultan (1495–fl. 1556), married in 1508 to Ferruh Bey with whom she had a daughter:
      • Mihrihan Hanımsultan.
    • Hançerli Zeynep Hanzade Fatma Sultan (1496–April 1533). It is believed that she may have educated the future Hürrem Sultan before she was introduced to Suleiman the Magnificent via Hafsa Sultan or Pargali Ibrahim). She married in 1508 to Mehmed Bey with whom she had two sons:
      • Sultanzade Kasim Bey (1511–1631).
      • Sultanzade Mahmud Bey.
  • Şehzade Alemşah (1477 – 1502) – son of Gülruh Hatun.[24] Governor of Mentese and Manisa. He died of liver cirrhosis due to the unruly life he led. He had a son and two daughters:
    • Şehzade Osman Şah (1492–1512, executed by Selim I).
    • Ayşe Sultan, married in 1521 to his cousin Sultanzade Mehmed Çelebi, son of Sofu Fatma Sultan.
    • Fatma Sultan (1493–1522).[24]
  • Şehzade Mehmed (1474 – December 1504) – son of Ferahşad Hatun. Governor of
    Ayşe Hatun, a princess of the Giray Khanate of Crimea. After his death, Ayşe married in 1511 his half-brother, Selim I
    . He had a daughter and a son by unknowns concubines:
    • Fatma Sultan (1500–1556)
    • Şehzade Mehmed (1505, born posthumously –1513, killed by Selim I).

Daughters

Bayezid II, once ascended to the throne, granted his daughters and granddaughters in the male line the title of "

Hanımsultan", which replaced the simple honorific "Hatun" in use until then. His grandsons in female line obtained instead the title of "Sultanzade". Bayezid's reform of female titles remains in effect today among the surviving members of the Ottoman dynasty
.

Bayezid had at least sixteen daughters:

  • Aynışah Sultan (c. 1463 – c. 1514) – daughter of Şirin Hatun. She married twice, she had two daughters and a son. Like her half-sister Ilaldi Sultan, she sent a congratulatory letter to her half-brother Selim when he became sultan.[25]
  • Hatice Sultan (c. 1463 – Bursa; 1500) – daughter of Bülbül Hatun. She married firstly in 1479 to Muderis Kara Mustafa Pasha and she was widowed in 1483, when her husband was executed on charges of supporting Şehzade Cem's claim to the throne against Bayezid. Hatice remarried the following year to Faik Pasha (d. 1499). She died in 1500 and was buried in her mausoleum, built by her son, in Bursa. Hatice built a mosque, school and fountain in Edirnekapi, Constantinople. She had two sons and two daughters:
    • Sultanzade Ahmed Bey - with Mustafa Pasha. Governor of Bursa. He built a mausoleum in memory of his mother.
    • Hanzade Hanımsultan - with Mustafa Pasha.
    • Sultanzade Mehmed Çelebi - with Faik Pasha.
    • Ayşe Hanımsultan - with Faik Pasha.
  • Hundi Sultan (c. 1464 – 1511) – daughter of Bülbül Hatun. In 1481 she married Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha and had two sons and four daughters:
    • Sultanzade Musa Bey.
    • Sultanzade Mustafa Bey.
    • Kamerşah Hanımsultan.
    • Hümaşah Hanımsultan.[26]
    • Aynışah Hanımsultan.
    • Mahdümzade Hanımsultan.
  • Ayşe Sultan (c. 1465 – 1515) – daughter of Nigar Hatun. She was married once and she had two sons and five daughters.[25]
  • Hümaşah Sultan (c. 1466 – before 1511). Also called Hüma Sultan, she married firstly in 1482 to Bali Pasha (d. 1495), governor of Antalya. She had a son and four daughters:
    • Sultanzade Hüseyin Şah Bey (d. 1566) - with Bali Pasha.
    • Hanî Hanımsultan - with Bali Pasha.
    • Hüma Hanımsultan - with Bali Pasha.
    • Ümmî Hanımsultan - with Bali Pasha, buried in Gebze beside her father.
    • Şahzeman Hanımsultan - with Bali Pasha.
  • İlaldı Sultan (c. 1469 – c. 1517). She married Hain Ahmed Pasha (ex. 1524), governor of Rumelia, Egypt and Second Vizier. She sent a congratulatory letter to her brother Selim when he ascended the throne. She had a son and a daughter:
    • Sultanzade Koçî Bey; who married his cousin Hanzade Hanımsultan, daughter of Selçuk Sultan, daughter of Bayezid II) and had a son:
      • Ahmed Çelebi
    • Şahzade Aynişah Hanımsultan (? – fl. 1570); who married Abdüsselâm Çelebi.[27] They had a daughter:
      • Ümmîhan Hanım
  • Gevhermüluk Sultan
    (c. 1467 – 20 January 1550) – unknown motherhood, full-sister of Şehzade Mahmud. Married once, she had a son and a daughter.
  • Kızıl Ahmed Bey), divorced; secondly in 1489 to Mustafa Pasha (son of Koca Davud Pasha
    ), widowed in 1503; thirdly in 1504 to Güzelce Hasan Bey. She had three sons and a daughter:
  • Selçuk Sultan (c. 1469 – 1508). Called also Selçukşah Sultan. She was married firstly in 1484 to Ferhad Bey (d. 1485) with whom she had a son and a daughter. Selçuk Sultan remarried Mehmed Bey in 1487 and had three daughters with him.
    • Sultanzade Gazi Husrev Bey (1484 – 18 June 1541) - with Ferhad Bey
    • Neslişah Hanımsultan (c. 1486 – c. 1550) - with Ferhad Bey. She married to Halil Pasha (executed 1540).
    • Hanzade Hanımsultan - with Mehmed Bey. She married his cousin Sultanzade Koçî Bey, son of İlaldı Sultan and had a son:
      • Ahmed Çelebi
    • Hatice Hanımsultan - with Mehmed Bey; who married a son of Halil Pasha in 1510 and had a daughter:
      • Hanzade Hanım
    • Aslıhan Hanımsultan (c. 1487 – fl. 1529) - with Mehmed Bey; who married Yunus Pasha in 1502 (ex. 1517). She was remarried in 1518 to Defterdar Mehmed Çelebi, who was governor of Egypt and later of Damascus.[30][31] From the second marriage, she had a daughter:
      • Selçuk Hanım (born on 21 February 1529)
  • Sultanzade Sultan (c. 1473 – ?) – daughter of Hüsnüşah Hatun.[32]
  • Şah Sultan, (c. 1474 – fl. 1506). Also called Şahzade Şah Sultan. She was very charitable and built a mosque in 1506. She was buried in Bursa in the mausoleum of her half-sister Hatice Sultan. She married Nasuh Bey in 1490 and had a daughter:
    • Ismihan Hanımsultan.
  • Kamerşah Sultan (c. 1476 – January 1520) - with Gülruh Hatun. Also called Kamer Sultan. She married Koca Mustafa Pasha in 1491 and widowed in 1512. After, she married Nişancı Kara Davud Pasha.[30] She had a daughter and a son:
    • Hundi Hanımsultan - with Koca Mustafa Pasha. She married to Mesih Bey.
    • Sultanzade Osman Bey - with Koca Mustafa Pasha.
  • Şahzade Sultan (died in 1520). She married Yahya Pasha iand had three sons:
    • Sultanzade Yahyapaşazade Gazi Küçük Bali Pasha (? - 1543), in 1508 he married his cousin Hanzade Hanimsultan, daughter of Aynişah Sultan, daughter of Bayezid II and Şirin Hatun)
    • Sultanzade Gazi Koca Mehmed Pasha (? - March 1548)
    • Sultanzade Gazi Ahmed Bey (? - after 1543).
  • Fülane Sultan – she was married in 1489 to Koca Davud Pasha (d. 1498) and had a son:
    • Sultanzade Mehmed Bey, who married his cousin Fatma Sultan, daughter of Şehzade Ahmed.
  • Fülane Sultan – she was married in 1498 to Gazi Yakub Pasha (d. 1502), remarried in 1504 to Mesih Bey.
  • Fülane Sultan – she was married to Karlizade Mehmed Bey.

In popular culture

See also

References

  1. ^ Gábor Ágoston (2023). The Last Muslim Conquest: The Ottoman Empire and Its Wars in Europe. p. 335.
  2. ISBN 978-9-753-29623-6
    . (The name of the real biological mother of Bayezid II is given as Meliketû'l-Melikât Gül-Bahar Valide Hâtun).
  3. ISBN 0-19-508677-5
    .
  4. ^ Babinger 1992, p. 51.
  5. ISBN 9780195086775
    .
  6. ISBN 9004050620
    .
  7. ISBN 978-9-753-29623-6
    .
  8. ^ Wedding portrait, Nauplion.net
  9. ^ Babinger 1992, p. 57–58.
  10. ^ GLHN (2022-11-27). "Bayezid II - Biyografi". Gülhan Sözlük (in Turkish). Retrieved 2023-01-27.
  11. ^ "Sultan Bajazid's (i.e., Beyazit's) Mosque, Constantinople, Turkey". World Digital Library. 1890–1900. Archived from the original on 2013-10-19. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
  12. ^ Titans, History (221). The Ottoman Empire: The History of the Turkish Empire that Lasted Over 600 Years. Creek Ridge Publishing.
  13. ISBN 978-0-13-226969-8
    .
  14. ^ a b The Jewish Encyclopedia: a descriptive record of the history, religion, literature, and customs of the Jewish people from the earliest times to the present day, Vol.2 Isidore Singer, Cyrus Adler, Funk and Wagnalls, 1912 p.460
  15. ^ The Encyclopædia Britannica, Vol.7, Edited by Hugh Chisholm, (1911), 3; Constantinople, the capital of the Turkish Empire...
  16. ^ Britannica, Istanbul Archived 2007-12-18 at the Wayback Machine:When the Republic of Turkey was founded in 1923, the capital was moved to Ankara, and Constantinople was officially renamed Istanbul in 1930.
  17. ^ Harry N. Abrams (2005). Turks: A Journey of a Thousand Years, 600-1600. p. 438.
  18. ^ Ayşe Gül Sertkaya (2002). Gyorgy Hazai (ed.). Archivum Ottomanicum 20 (2002). p. 113.
  19. ^ Gülru Necipoğlu, Cemal Kafadar, and Cornell H. Fleischer, eds. Treasures of Knowledge: an Inventory of the Ottoman Palace Library (1502/3–1503/4), 2 vols. Leiden: Brill, 2019.
  20. ^ Hirschler, Konrad. Review of Treasures of Knowledge: an Inventory of the Ottoman Palace Library (1502/3–1503/4), ed. by Gülru Necipoğlu, Cemal Kafadar, and Cornell H. Fleischer. Journal of the Ottoman and Turkish Studies Association 7, no. 1 (2020): 244-249.
  21. ^ a b Uluçay 2011, p. 44.
  22. ^ Bayezid II in The Structure of the Ottoman Dynasty, A.D. Alderson
  23. ^ a b c Uluçay 2011, p. 46.
  24. ^ a b Uluçay 2011, p. 45.
  25. ^ a b Uluçay 2011, p. 48.
  26. ISSN 2566-3429
    . Retrieved 30 April 2023.
  27. ^ Gökbilgin, M. Tayyib (1952). XV-XVI. asırlarda Edirne ve Paşa Livası: vakıflar, mülkler, mukataalar. Üçler Basımevi. p. 380.
  28. ^ Uluçay 2011, p. 49.
  29. ^ Uluçay 2011, p. 50.
  30. ^ a b Uluçay 2011, p. 51.
  31. ISBN 978-0-860-78276-6
    .
  32. ^ Uluçay 2011, p. 52.

Sources

External links
Bayezid II
House of Osman
Born: Dec 3, 1447 Died: May 26, 1512
Regnal titles
Preceded by Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
May 3, 1481 – April 25, 1512 		Succeeded by
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