Bayreuth
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Bayreuth | |
---|---|
Urban district | |
Government | |
• Lord mayor (2020–26) | Thomas Ebersberger[1] (CSU) |
Area | |
• Total | 66.92 km2 (25.84 sq mi) |
Elevation | 340 m (1,120 ft) |
Population (2022-12-31)[2] | |
• Total | 74,506 |
• Density | 1,100/km2 (2,900/sq mi) |
Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
Postal codes | 95401–95448 |
Dialling codes | 0921, 09201, 09209 |
Vehicle registration | BT |
Website | www.bayreuth.de |
Bayreuth (German: [baɪˈʁɔʏt] ⓘ, Upper Franconian: [ba(ː)ˈɾaɪ̯t]; Bareid) is a town in northern Bavaria, Germany, on the Red Main river in a valley between the Franconian Jura and the Fichtel Mountains. The town's roots date back to 1194. In the 21st century, it is the capital of Upper Franconia and has a population of 72,148 (2015). It hosts the annual Bayreuth Festival, at which performances of operas by the 19th-century German composer Richard Wagner are presented.
History
Middle Ages and Early Modern Period
The town is believed to have been founded by the counts of
Already documented earlier, were villages later merged into Bayreuth: Seulbitz (in 1035 as the royal Salian estate of Silewize in a document by Emperor Conrad II) and St. Johannis (possibly 1149 as Altentrebgast). Even the district of Altstadt (formerly Altenstadt) west of the town centre must be older than the town of Bayreuth itself. Even older traces of human presence were found in the hamlets of Meyernberg: pieces of pottery and wooden crockery were dated to the 9th century based on their decoration.[4]
While Bayreuth was previously (1199) referred to as a villa ("village"), the term civitas ("town") appeared for the first time in a document published in 1231. One can therefore assume that Bayreuth was awarded its
As early as 1361 Emperor
In 1398 Bayreuth was partitioned from Nuremberg, becoming the Principality of Bayreuth (German: Fürstentum Bayreuth). Until 1604, however, the princely residence and the centre of the territory was the castle of Plassenburg in Kulmbach and as such the territory was officially known as the Principality of Kulmbach. The town of Bayreuth developed slowly and was affected time and again by disasters.
Bayreuth was first published on a map in 1421.
In February 1430, the
By 1528, less than ten years after the start of
In 1605 a great fire, caused by negligence, destroyed 137 of the town's 251 houses. In 1620
A turning point in the town's history came in 1603 when Margrave
18th century
Christian Ernest's successor, the Crown Prince and later Margrave,
The first 'castle' in the park of the Hermitage was built at this time by Margrave George William (1715–1719).
In 1721, the town council acquired the palace of Baroness Sponheim (today's Old Town Hall or Altes Rathaus) as a replacement for the town hall built in 1440 in the middle of the market place and destroyed by fire.
In 1735, a nursing home, the so-called Gravenreuth Stift, was founded by a private foundation in St. Georgen. The cost of the building exceeded the funds of the foundation, but Margrave Frederick came to their aid.
Bayreuth experienced its Golden Age during the reign (1735–1763) of Margrave
The old, sombre gatehouses were demolished because they impeded transport and were an outmoded form of defence. The walls were built over in places. Margrave Frederick successfully kept his principality out of the wars being waged by his brother-in-law, Frederick the Great, at this time, and, as a result, brought a time of peace to the Frankish kingdom.
1742 saw the founding of the
Roman Catholics were given the right to set up a prayer room and Jewish families settled here again. In 1760 the synagogue was opened and in 1787 the Jewish cemetery was dedicated.
Countess Wilhelmina died in 1758, and although Margrave Frederick married again, the marriage was short-lived and without issue. After his death in 1763, many artists and craftsmen migrated to Berlin and Potsdam, to work for King Frederick the Great, because Frederick's successor, Margrave
In 1769, Margrave
In 1775, the Brandenburg Pond (Brandenburger Weiher) in St.Georgen was drained.
Following the abdication of the last Margrave, Charles Alexander, from the principalities of Ansbach and Bayreuth on 2 December 1791 its territories became part of a Prussian province. The Prussian Minister Karl August von Hardenberg took over its administration at the beginning of 1792.
The town centre still possesses the typical structure of a Bavarian street market: the settlement is grouped around a road widening into a square; the Town Hall was located in the middle. The church stood apart from it and on a small hill stood the castle. Some sixty years later the town (at that time a tiny village) became subordinate to the
19th century
In 1804, the author Jean Paul Richter moved from Coburg to Bayreuth, where he lived until his death in 1825.
The rule of the Hohenzollerns over the
As Bavaria was opened up by the railways, the main line from Nuremberg to Hof went past Bayreuth, running via Lichtenfels, Kulmbach and Neuenmarkt-Wirsberg to Hof. Bayreuth was first given a railway connexion in 1853, when the Bayreuth–Neuenmarkt-Wirsberg railway was built at the town's expense. It was followed in 1863 by the line to Weiden, in 1877 by the railway to Schnabelwaid, in 1896 by the branch line to Warmensteinach, in 1904 by the branch to Hollfeld and in 1909 by the branch via Thurnau to Kulmbach, known as the Thurnauer Bockala (which means something like "Thurnau Goat").
On 17 April 1870
In 1886, the composer
20th century
To the end of the Weimar Republic (1900–1933)
The new century also brought several innovations of modern technology: in 1892, the first electric street lights; in 1908 a municipal electricity station, and, in the same year, the first cinema.
In 1914–15, one section of the northern arm of the Red Main was straightened and widened after areas along the river had been flooded during a period of high water in 1909.
After the
In a series of
In 1932, the provinces of Upper and Middle Franconia were merged and Ansbach was chosen as the seat of government. As a small compensation, Bayreuth was given the merged state insurance agency for Upper and Middle Franconia. Unlike the provincial merger, the merger of those institutions was never reversed.
Nazi era (1933–1945)
A stronghold of right-wing parties since the 1920s, Bayreuth became a center of
Bayreuth was to have received a so-called Gauforum, a combined government building and marching square built to symbolise the centre of power in the town. Bayreuth's first Gauleiter was Hans Schemm, who was also the head (Reichswalter) of the National Socialist Teachers League, NSLB, which was located in Bayreuth. In 1937 the town was connected to the new Reichsautobahn.
Under
During the Second World War, a
On 5, 8 and 11 April 1945 about one third of the town, including many public buildings and industrial installations were destroyed by heavy air strikes, along with 4,500 houses. 741 people were also killed. On 14 April, the U.S. Army occupied the town.
Post-war era (1945–2000)
After the war Bayreuth tried to part with its ill-fated past. It became part of the
.The housing situation was very difficult at first: there were about 53,300 inhabitants in the town, many more than before the war began. This increase was primarily due to the high number of refugees and expellees. Even in 1948 more than 11,000 refugees were counted. In addition, because many homes had been destroyed due to the war, thousands of people were living in temporary shelters, even the festival restaurant next to the Festival Hall housed some 500 people.[16]
In 1945, 1,400 men were conscripted by the town council for "essential work" (clean-up work on damaged buildings and the clearing of roads). A significant number of historic buildings were demolished post-war but cultural life was soon back on track: in 1947 Mozart festival weeks were held in the Opera House, from which the Franconian Festival Weeks developed. In 1949 the Festival Hall was used for the first time again and there was a gala concert with the Vienna Philharmonic led by Hans Knappertsbusch. In 1951, the first post-war Richard Wagner Festival took place under the leadership of Wieland and Wolfgang Wagner. Wieland Wagner's fresh and non-traditional stagings "restored credibility to a theater that had been totally ruined by Nazi ideology."[17]
In 1949, Bayreuth became the seat of the government of Upper Franconia again.
In 1971, the
In May 1972, a serious accident occurred at the folk festival in the town, when an overcrowded carriage derailed and several people were thrown out. Four died and five were injured, some seriously. At that time, it was the worst disaster on a roller coaster since the Second World War.
In 1979, US Army serviceman Roy Chung disappeared from the area and allegedly defected to North Korea via East Germany.
In 1999, the world gliding championship took place at Bayreuth municipal airport.
21st century
In 2006, Bayreuth chose its first
Largest groups of foreign residents[18] | |
Nationality | Population (2013) |
---|---|
Turkey | 938 |
Russia | 434 |
Italy | 364 |
China | 336 |
Poland | 291 |
Richard Wagner and Bayreuth
The town is best known for its association with the composer
Every summer, Wagner's operas are performed at the Festspielhaus during the month-long Richard Wagner Festival, commonly known as the Bayreuth Festival. The Festival draws thousands each year and has persistently been sold out since its inauguration in 1876. Currently, waiting lists for tickets can stretch for 10 years or more.
Owing to Wagner's relationship with the then unknown philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche, the first Bayreuth festival is cited as a key turning point in Nietzsche's philosophical development. Though at first an enthusiastic champion of Wagner's music, Nietzsche ultimately became hostile, viewing the festival and its revellers as symptom of cultural decay and bourgeois decadence – an event which led him to turn his eye upon the moral values esteemed by society as a whole – "Nietzsche clearly preferred to see Bayreuth fail than succeed by mirroring a society gone wrong."[19]
Geography
Location
Bayreuth lies on the
Town divisions
The borough of Bayreuth is divided into 39 districts:
- 1: Westliche Innenstadt (Western town centre)
- 2: Östliche Innenstadt/Obere Röth (Eastern town centre)
- 3: Cosima-Wagner-Straße/ Nürnberger Straße/Universitätsstraße
- 4: Südöstliche Innenstadt (Southeastern town centre)
- 5: Südwestliche Innenstadt (Southwestern town centre)
- 6: Birken
- 7: Justus-Liebig-Straße/Quellhöfe/Rückertweg
- 8: Leuschnerstraße/Ludwig-Thoma-Straße
- 9: Saas, originated from the parish village Saas, which was mentioned as early as 1528 in connection with the Baptists[20]
- 10: Bismarckstraße/Friedrichstraße/Moritzhöfen
- 11: Freiheitsplatz/Malerviertel
- 12. Erlanger Straße/Wolfsgasse
- 13: Jakobshof
- 14: Hetzennest/Braunhof/Fantaisiestraße
- 15: Meyernberg
- 16: Nördlicher Roter Hügel
- 17: Grüner Hügel/Wendelhöfen
- 18: Kreuz
- 19: Herzoghöhe/Am Bauhof
- 20: Nördliche Innenstadt
- 21: Carl-Schüller-Straße/Bürgerreuther Straße/Gutenbergstraße
- 22: Gartenstadt
- 23: Bürgerreuth/Gravenreutherstraße
- 24: Sankt Georgen (Bayreuth)/Grüner Baum/Burg
- 25: Östliche Hammerstatt
- 26: Westliche Hammerstatt
- 27: Bernecker Straße/Insel/Riedelsberg
- 28: Industriegebiete St. Georgen
- 29: St. Johannis
- 30: Neue Heimat
- 31: Oberkonnersreuth
- 32: Laineck
- 33: Westlicher Roter Hügel
- 34: Eubener Straße/Furtwänglerstraße/Schupfenschlag/Hohe Warte
- 35: Seulbitz
- 36: Aichig/Grunau
- 37: Thiergarten/Destuben
- 38: Oberpreuschwitz
- 39: Wolfsbach
Climate
Climate in this area has mild differences between highs and lows, and there is adequate rainfall year-round. The
Climate data for Bayreuth | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 1 (34) |
3 (38) |
8 (46) |
13 (55) |
19 (67) |
23 (73) |
25 (77) |
24 (76) |
21 (69) |
14 (57) |
6 (42) |
2 (36) |
12 (54) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −4 (24) |
−4 (25) |
−1 (30) |
2 (35) |
6 (43) |
9 (49) |
11 (52) |
11 (52) |
8 (46) |
4 (39) |
0 (32) |
−3 (27) |
3 (38) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 46 (1.8) |
33 (1.3) |
36 (1.4) |
43 (1.7) |
56 (2.2) |
61 (2.4) |
71 (2.8) |
69 (2.7) |
46 (1.8) |
46 (1.8) |
43 (1.7) |
48 (1.9) |
590 (23.4) |
Source: Weatherbase[21] |
Politics
The current Member of the German Bundestag for Bayreuth is Silke Launert from the Christian Social Union in Bavaria.
Town council
The results of the 2020 local elections in Bavaria were as follows (in brackets the change from the 2014 elections):
- CSU: 24.1% (−5.8), 10 seats (−3)
- Alliance 90/The Greens: 18.0% (+6.3), 8 seats (+3)
- SPD: 17.7% (−3.5), 8 seats (−1)
- BG – FW: 15,3% (−1.9), 7 seats (−1)
- Young Bayreuth: 6.5% (−0,4), 3 seats (=)
- FDP: 5.3% (−0.5), 2 seats (−1)
- The Independents: 5.0% (+0.2), 2 seats (=)
- AfD: 3.9% (+3.9), 2 seats (+2)
- Women's Party: 2.4% (+2.4), 1 seat (+1)
- The Left: 1.7% (+1.7), 1 seat (+1)
(Lord) Mayors of Bayreuth since 1818
- 1818–1848: Erhard Christian Hagen von Hagenfels (First legally trained mayor)
- 1851–1863: Friedrich Karl Dilchert (civic mayor)
- 1863–1900: Theodor von Muncker (legally trained mayor)
- 1900–1918: Leopold von Casselmann (legally trained mayor, lord mayor from 1907)
- 1919–30 April 1933: Albert Preu (lord mayor)
- 1 May 1933 – June 1937: Karl Schlumprecht (lord mayor; NSDAP)
- 21 July 1937 – April 1938: Otto Schmidt (lord mayor; NSDAP)
- 3 May 1938 – 30 June 1938: Fritz Wächtler (Gauleiter, self-proclaimed commissarial lord mayor; NSDAP)
- 1 July 1938 – April 1945: Fritz Kempfler (lord mayor; NSDAP)
- 24 April 1945 – November 1945: Joseph Kauper (lord mayor)
- November 1945–30 June 1948: Oscar Meyer (lord mayor)
- 1 July 1948 – 30 April 1958: Hans Rollwagen (lord mayor; SPD)
- 1 May 1958 – 30 April 1988: Hans Walter Wild (lord mayor; SPD)
- 1 May 1988 – 30 April 2006: Dieter Mronz (lord mayor; SPD)
- 1 May 2006 – 30 April 2012: Michael Hohl (lord mayor; CSU)
- 1 May 2012 – 30 April 2020: Brigitte Merk-Erbe (lord mayor; BG)
- since 1 May 2020: Thomas Ebersberger (lord mayor; CSU)
Sponsorship
In 1955 Bayreuth took on sponsorship for displaced
Coat of arms
Margrave Albert Achilles, who was also Elector of
Culture and places of interest
Theatre
The Margravial Opera House was opened in 1748 and is one of the finest Baroque theatres in Europe. The UNESCO World Heritage Site is both a museum and the oldest working tableau in Bayreuth.
The Festival Hall dates to the 19th century and is now used solely for the Bayreuth Festival. Only works by Richard Wagner are performed.
The former Stadthalle (lit.: city hall) did not have its own ensemble but was regularly used by the Theater Hof as well as various travelling theatres. It has been under reconstruction since 2017 and is supposed to be re-opened under the new name Friedrichsforum in 2023.[23]
The only two theatres with their own ensemble are the Studiobühne Bayreuth and amateur dramatic society, Brandenburg Kulturstadt. The venues of the Studiobühne are the domicile of the theatre in the Röntgenstraße, the artificial ruins of the Hermitage and the courtyard of piano manufacturer Steingraeber & Söhne.
Museums
- The Richard Wagner Museum at Wahnfried House was the residence of Richard Wagner and his family's home until 1966. Since 1976 it has been a museum with attached national archives and a research centre for the Richard Wagner Foundation in Bayreuth.
- The Jean Paul Museum in the former residence of Richard Wagner's daughter, Eva Chamberlain, with autographs, first editions of works, portraits and other pictorial material.
- The Franz Liszt Museum in the house where Franz Liszt died, with about 300 photographs, scripts and printed papers from the collection of the Munich pianist, Ernst Burger, which were bought by the town of Bayreuth. In addition there is a Stummklavier, made by the Ibach company of Haus Wahnfried, letters and first editions of Franz Liszt. Biographic information boards, a mould of the font from Liszt's birthplace Raiding, Austria and Liszt busts by Antonio Galli enhance the collection. Visits are accompanied by the music of Franz Liszt.
- The Historical Museum in the Old Latin School on Kirchplatz. On the ground floor it portrays the history and development of Bayreuth from the late Middle Ages to the 20th century with a model of the town in the year 1763. On the first floor are divisions covering the art and cultural history of Bayreuth's margravial period (17th and 18th centuries). Another division portrays arts and crafts in Bayreuth and the surrounding area with examples of faience pottery, glass products from the Fichtelgebirge and stone pottery from Creußen. Painting, crafts, and early industrial artefacts from the Biedermeier period and the late 19th century round off a visit to the museum.
- The Museum of Art in the Old Town Hall which contains the Helmut and Constanze Meyer Art Foundation, the Georg Tappert collection and the archives and collection of Caspar Walter Rauh. The collections contain key works from the 20th century. They also include the Little Poster Museum (formerly a museum on its own, the collection was integrated into the Museum of Art in 2012[24]) and the British American Tobacco's Historical Collection.
- The German Typewriter Museum with a collection of over 400 historic typewriters from the Research and Training Centre for Shorthand and Word Processing in Bayreuth.
- A branch of the Bavarian State Painting Collection was opened in the New Palace in August 2007. 80 works from Dutch and German painters of the late 17th century and 18th century are displayed.
- The Archaeological Museum in the Italian Building of the New Palace was founded in 1827 by the Historic Society. Its eight exhibition rooms include artefacts such as Old Stone Age to the Middle Ages. In the experimental field there is a reconstructed loom, a rock drill and an original Schiebemühle.
- not least due to its collection of over 5,500 beer glasses and mugs.
- The Upper Franconia Prehistory Museum portrays the history of life in Upper Franconia since the beginning of the world. Exhibitions are constantly changing; currently the life-size dinosaurs attract especial interest.
- Bayreuth Football Museum (Altstadt-Kult-Museum of SpVgg Bayreuth)
- The Bayreuth of Wilhelmina Museum in the New Castle
- Fire Brigade Museum
- Iwalewa House, the Africa Centre of the University of Bayreuth
- Johann Baptist Graser School Museum
- Catacombs of the Bayreuth Aktien Brewery
- Margravial state rooms and collection of Bayreuth faiences in the New Castle
- Museum of Agricultural Tools and Equipment
- Lindenhof Natural History Museum
- Richard Wagner Gymnasium School Museum
- Wilhelm Leuschner Memorial
- Wo Sarazen Art
Buildings
- The Hermitage (Eremitage)
- Thiergarten Hunting Lodge (Jagdschloss Thiergarten)
- New Palace (Neues Schloss) and court garden, seat of the margraves from 1753
- St. Georgen Castle (Ordensschloss St. Georgen)
- St. Georgen Church (Ordenskirche St. Georgen)
- St. John's Parish Church (St. Johannis)
- Colmdorf Castle
- Rollwenzelei with Jean Paul's study (Dichterstube)
- Old Palace and castle chapel of Our Dear Lady (Altes Schloss)
- Victory Tower (Siegesturm)
- Spital Church (Spitalkirche)
- Church of the Holy Spirit (Stadtkirche Heilig Dreifaltigkeit)
- Stift church (Stiftskirche)
- Birken Castle
- The Goldener Anker hotel
- Baroque parks:
- Hermitage Park, former seat of the margraves, outside the inner town
- Castle and park of Fantaisie, in Eckersdorf (vicinity of Bayreuth. 7 km (4 mi) west)
- Sanspareil Park, about 30 kilometres (19 miles) west of Bayreuth
- University Botanical Gardens
- Old building of the Klinikum Bayreuth, now used as the "load-balancing" branch of the Bundesarchiv („Lastenausgleichsarchiv Bayreuth“) mainly dealing with post-World War II Lastenausgleich compensation records
Public parks and cemeteries
In the town centre is the Court Garden (Hofgarten) of the New Palace. Near the Festival Hall is the Festival Park. On the southern edge of the town lie the Ecological-Botanical Garden of the University of Bayreuth. On the Königsallee, east of the town centre, is the relatively small Miedel Garden.
The best known park in Bayreuth is that of the Eremitage (Hermitage) in the district of St. Johannis. With a total area of almost 50 hectares, it is the largest park in Bayreuth.
Bayreuth has been chosen to host the Bavarian Country Garden Show in 2016.[27][28] For this reason another park called Wilhelminenaue was built on the Main water meadows between the Volksfestplatz and the A9 motorway.[29][30]
The oldest surviving cemetery is the Town Cemetery (Stadtfriedhof) with a large number of gravestones of famous people. On the southern edge of the town is the Southern Cemetery (Südfriedhof) and crematorium. The districts of St. Johannis and St. Georgen have their own cemeteries. On Nürnberger Straße, in the east of the town, is a Jewish cemetery.
Sport
Over 60 clubs offer just under one hundred sports. The most successful club in the town presently is the Bayreuth Air Sports Community with its gliding team: in 2002 and 2015 the pilots won the Federal Gliding League, and they also won the IGC-World League in 2015.[31] The street hockey team of the Hurricans Bayreuth have been German runners-up three times (1998/2004/2006) and champions five times (1996/1997/2001/2005/2007). The basketball team of Medi Bayreuth plays in the Basketball Bundesliga (division 1), the HaSpo Bayreuth handball team, the footballers of SpVgg Bayreuth and the volleyball players of BSV Bayreuth each play in their respective Bavarian League. The ice hockey team, EHC Bayreuth, plays in the DEL2, the second highest ice hockey league in Germany.
Bayreuth had its sporting heyday in the late 1980s and early 90s. The basketball team,
In 1999 the World Glider Championships took place in Bayreuth.
Regular events
- In January, May, June, July, November and December: Young master pianists (concert series for young pianists from various music academies in the rooms of piano makers, Steingraeber & Söhne)
- April: Bayreuth Easter Festival (charity concerts for children with cancer)
- May: Musica Bayreuth
- June: Uniopenair
- June: Time for New Music
- June: Bayreuth Folk Festival
- July: Bayreuth Town Festival (on the first weekend in July)
- July: Bayreuth Piano Festival
- July–August: Bayreuth Festival, Midsummer Night Festival
- September: Rock in Bayreuth
- September: Bayreuth Baroque (opera performances in the Margravial Opera House)
- October: Bayreuth Kneipen Festival
- October: Bayreuth Museum Night (the day before the clocks go back)
- October: Since 2008 the town had awarded annually the Margravine Wilhelmina Prize of the Town of Bayreuth as part of the Bayreuth Future Forum symposium of the University of Bayreuth
Economy and infrastructure
Transport
Long-distance roads
Motorways (Autobahnen):
- A 9: Berlin–Leipzig–Bayreuth–Nuremberg–Ingolstadt–Munich
- A 70: Schweinfurt–Bamberg–Bayreuth
Federal roads (Bundesstraßen):
- Cham
Railways
From Bayreuth Central Station (Hauptbahnhof) railway lines run north to Neuenmarkt-Wirsberg, and from there to Bamberg and over the Schiefe Ebene to Hof, east to Weidenberg, southeast to Weiden and south to Schnabelwaid with connections to Nuremberg on the Pegnitz Valley Railway. The lines around Bayreuth are all single-tracked and non-electrified.
Since 23 May 1992
Since a 2006/2007 timetable change, Bayreuth has no longer been connected to the DB's long-distance network. However, the
Local public transport
The town bus routes are operated by Bayreuth Transport and Public Baths (BVB) (Bayreuther Verkehrs- und Bäder GmbH). Sometimes private bus operators run services on behalf of the transport companies. The 15 routes (lines 301–315) operate from Monday to Friday at 20 or 30-minute intervals; on Saturday and Sunday the interval is extended to 30 minutes. Late evening services (from about 20 to 12 pm during the week and to 1 am at weekends), on Sunday mornings a simplified network of six lines (lines 321–326) runs buses at 30-minute intervals. Some lines then operate like an on-call taxi service. The network is star-shaped. Originally, the central station was at the market square in Maximilianstrasse. Since 27 October 2007 the Central Bus Station (ZOH) has been at Hohenzollernplatz at the junction of Kanalstraße on the Hohenzollernring. At this stop there are also bus stops for local buses to facilitate transfers.
Regional rail is operated by the Omnibusverkehr Franken. From 1 January 2010 public transport from the town and district of Bayreuth was integrated into the Nuremberg Regional Transport Network (Verkehrsverbund Großraum Nürnberg).
Cycling
In most places there is a signed
Air transport
The local airport supports Bayreuth's commercial aviation traffic, individual business travel, general aviation and air sports. There is no commercial service any more: In 2001, the service which used to operate three times a day from Frankfurt via Bayreuth to Hof, stopped service.
The airfield at Bindlacher Berg is also one of the most important bases for gliding in Germany. For example, the World Championships took place here in 1999. For the air sports community in Bayreuth, the airport is a departure point for glider flights taking part in the national Bundesliga competition league. The local gliding club also provides instruction in flying gliders and light aircraft.
Important firms
- BasellBayreuth Chemie (Producer of polyolefins)
- Brauerei Gebrüder Maisel (wheat beer specialist)
- British American Tobacco (Germany) GmbH (cigarette production)
- Cherry(Data entry devices, switches and sensors, car motifs)
- Cybex
- Grundig Business Systems (world market leader for professional dictaphone systems)
- W. Markgraf (construction)
- medi(medical aids)
- Stäubli (textile machines, technical couplings and robot arms)
- Steingraeber & Söhne piano manufacturers
- TenneT TSOsystem operator
- Zapf (manufacturer of ready-made garages and houses)
- Trans Space Travels (Private space plane development firm)
Former important firms
- F. C. Bayerlein 1809–1979 (textile company: weaving, spinning, cotton-spinning and dying)
Media
- Nordbayerischer Kurier (daily paper)
- Fränkische Zeitung (FZ); formerly the Bayreuther Anzeiger, renamed in October 2008 (advertising paper)
- Bayreuther Sonntag (advertising paper)
- Bayreuth4U (town magazine)
- wattsusing a 60-metre high transmission mast.
- Campus TV (University of Bayreuth media project in media science)
- Der Tip (University of Bayreuth student paper)
- Oberfränkische Wirtschaft, (trade magazine for Upper Franconia)
- Radio Galaxy (local radio station for the Bavaria-wide youth radio)
- Radio Mainwelle (local radio)
- Schalltwerk (University of Bayreuth internet radio)
Garrison
For centuries Bayreuth was also a
Twin towns – sister cities
- Annecy, France (1966)
- Rudolstadt, Germany (1990)
- La Spezia, Italy (1999)
- Prague 6, Czech Republic (2008)
- Tekirdağ, Turkey (2012)
Since 1990, there is also a cultural partnership with the state of
Notable people
1600–1700
- Anna Maria von Eggenberg, née Brandenburg-Bayreuth (1609–1680), Princess of Brandenburg-Bayreuth
- Erdmann August of Brandenburg-Bayreuth(1615–1651), Prince of Brandenburg-Bayreuth
- Georg Albrecht, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth-Kulmbach(1619–1666), founder of the Kulmbach subline
- Christian Ernst, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth (1644–1712), Margrave of the Frankish Principality of Bayreuth
- Christian Heinrich, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth-Kulmbach, (1661–1708), nobleman
- Christiane Eberhardine of Brandenburg-Bayreuth (1671–1727), Electress of Saxony
- George William, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth (1678–1726), Margrave of the Frankish Principality of Bayreuth
1701–1800
- Princess Wilhelmine of Bayreuth(1709–1758), monarch
- Casimir Christoph Schmidel (1718–1791), physician and botanist
- Johann David Schoepf(1752–1800), surgeon, botanist, zoologist and naturalist
- Anna Heinel (1753–1808), dancer
- Johann Christian Ritter (1755–1810), first printer in South Africa
- Johann Georg Wunderlich (1755–1819), flutist, university teacher and composer
- Ludwig Abeille (1761–1838), pianist and composer
- Jean Paul (1763–1825), German romantic writer
- Ludwig Förster (1797–1863), Austrian-German architect
- Heinrich von Gagern (1799–1880), politician, first president of the Frankfurt National Assembly on 19 May 1848
- August Riedel (1799–1883), painter
1801–1900
- Karl Burger (1805–1884), Lutheran theologian
- Rudolf Wagner (1805–1864), anatomist and physiologist
- Max Stirner (1806–1856), philosopher and journalist
- Franz Liszt (1811–1886), Hungarian composer
- Eduard Riedel (1813–1885), architect
- Moritz Wagner (1813–1887), traveler, geographer and naturalist
- Richard Wagner (1813–1883), composer
- Wilhelm von Diez (1839–1907), painter and illustrator
- Oskar Panizza (1853–1921), psychiatrist, dissident author
- Franz Muncker (1855–1926), literary historian
- Max Schroeder (1862–1922), architect
- Richard Engelmann (1868–1966), sculptor
- Theodor von der Pfordten (1873–1923), High Court Judge at the Bavarian Supreme Court and participant killed in the Beer Hall Putsch
- Fritz Neuland (1889–1969), lawyer
- Wilhelm Leuschner (1890–1944), trade unionist and politician (SPD)
- Fritz Rasp (1891–1976), film and stage actor
- Hans Schemm (1891–1935), teacher, politician and Gauleiter (NSDAP)
- Field Marshal
1901–1950
- Ludwig Kirschner (1904–1945), German officer, Major-General last in World War II
- Ludwig Ruckdeschel (1907–1968), politician (NSDAP) and Gauleiter
- Wieland Wagner (1917–1966), opera director and designer
- Friedelind Wagner (1918–1991), eldest daughter of Siegfried Wagner
- Wolfgang Wagner (1919–2010), opera director and designer
- Max von der Grün (1926–2005), writer
- Wolfgang Wild (born 1930), nuclear physicist and politician
- Walter Demel (born 1935), cross country skier
- Peter Schmidt (born 1937), designer
- Udo Steiner (born 1939), Judge of the Constitutional Court
- Gottfried Wagner (born 1947), opera director, multimedia director and publicist
From 1951
- Horst Knörrer (born 1953), mathematician
- Klaus Schilling(born 1956), Professor of Robotics and Telematics
- Gudrun Brendel-Fischer (born 1959), politician (CSU)
- Stefan Rauh (born 1963), musician, composer and music publisher
- Michael Schober (born 1966), illustrator and author
- Klay Shroedel (born 1966), music producer, film producer, Oscar winner 1998 Best Music Titanic (in the team of James Horner)
- Saskia Marka (born 1975), German film title designer
- Katharina Wagner (born 1978), opera director
- Maya Karin (born 1979), Malaysian actress, television personality, and singer
- Thomas Reiser (born 1979), philologist and translator
- Anne Haug (born 1983), triathlete
- Florian Mayer (born 1983), tennis player
- Philipp Petzschner (born 1984), tennis player
Gallery
-
View of Bayreuth from the Stadtkirche
-
The Stadtkirche
-
The New Palace
-
Rollwenzelei with Jean Paul's study (Dichterstube)
-
The Mohren Apothecary on the town square
See also
- Bayreuth coffee makermanufactured by Walküre Porzellan, now by Friesland Porzellan
References
- ^ Liste der Oberbürgermeister in den kreisfreien Städten, accessed 4 October 2022.
- ^ Genesis Online-Datenbank des Bayerischen Landesamtes für Statistik Tabelle 12411-003r Fortschreibung des Bevölkerungsstandes: Gemeinden, Stichtag (Einwohnerzahlen auf Grundlage des Zensus 2011)
- ISBN 978-3-89889-147-9.
- ^ Stuhlfauth, Adam (1991). Fundberichte zur Vor- und Frühgeschichte im Gebiet der Fränkischen Alb in the Archives for History of Upper Franconia, 35th volume, 3rd section, Bayreuth 1991
- ^ Frühwald (Hg.): Fränkische Städte und Burgen um 1650 based on texts and engravings by Merian, Sennfeld 1991.
- ^ Hübschmann, E. et al. (1992). Bayreuth – umgeguckt und hinterfragt, Bumerang Verlag, Bayreuth
- ^ The Artwork of the Future (Das Kunstwerk der Zukunft)
- ^ Martin Schramm: "Deutscher Tag, Bayreuth, 30. September 1923 Archived 12 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine", in: Historisches Lexikon Bayerns
- ISBN 3-89331-208-0, p. 119 f.
- ^ A list of the victims' names is found in "Denk / Steine setzen", published by the Bayreuth History Working Group (Geschichtswerkstatt Bayreuth), Bumerang Verlag, Bayreuth 2003. Bayreuth's Jews are considered to be those people who had lived for some time in Bayreuth, were born in Bayreuth or who were deported from Bayreuth.
- ^ "O'Keefe, Christine, Concentration Camps".
- ^ "How Wieland Wagner, once Hitler's friend, lifted the Nazi shadow from Bayreuth". Deutsche Welle. 20 July 2017. Retrieved 23 August 2017.
- ^ Cleaver, Hannah (2 August 2003). "Wagner's son 'was in charge of Nazi slaves'". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 23 August 2017.
- ^ Source and details → People's Court
- ^ Maruniak, Volodymyr (1984). "Displaced persons camps". Encyclopedia of Ukraine. 1. Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies.
- ^ Bernd Mayer, Wo jeder Zehnte einen Stuhl besaß. In: Heimat-Kurier das historische Magazin des Nordbayerischen Kuriers. No. 3/2004
- ^ "How Wieland Wagner, once Hitler's friend, lifted the Nazi shadow from Bayreuth | DW | 27.07.2017". Deutsche Welle.
- ^ "Statistisches Jahrbuch der Stadt Bayreuth". Stadt Bayreuth. Archived from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 3 September 2015.
- ISBN 0-253-34061-6.
- ^ Holle, J.W. (1901). Geschichte der Stadt Bayreuth. Bayreuth
- ^ "Weatherbase.com". Weatherbase. 2013. Retrieved on 6 July 2013.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 6 December 2010. Retrieved 18 September 2010.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "Friedrichsforum: Bayreuths Großbaustelle feiert Richtfest". BR24 (in German). 4 September 2020. Archived from the original on 10 November 2020. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
- ^ "Kunstmuseum Bayreuth: 2012 – Plakatmuseum im Kunstmuseum Bayreuth". www.kunstmuseum-bayreuth.de. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
- ^ 1988 Guinness Book of Records
- ^ Museums in Bayreuth Archived 23 September 2010 at the Wayback Machine at www.bayreuth.de. Accessed on 18 September 2010.
- ^ Bayerischer Rundfunk: Bayreuth bekommt die Landesgartenschau 2016[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Landesgartenschau". Bayreuth.de (in German). Retrieved 21 May 2018.
- ^ Bayreuth Stadtnachrichten – Amtsblatt der Stadt Bayreuth, Nr. 2, 30. Januar 2009.
- ^ "Wilhelminenaue". Bayreuth.de (in German). Retrieved 21 May 2018.
- ^ "Final result IGC-World League 2015".
- ^ founded in 1970 by Horst Steiner (*1949) Zeitschrift DTS, 1989/6 dts regional/Süd p.5
- ^ Zeitschrift DTS, 1984/6 p.32
- ^ Zeitschrift DTS, 1988/5 p.12
- ^ Fahrradmitnahme Archived 6 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine, vgn.de.
- ^ "Partnerstädte, Kooperationen". bayreuth.de (in German). Bayreuth. Retrieved 7 February 2021.
External links
- Official website (in German)
- University of Bayreuth website (in German)
- Bayreuther Festspiele website
- Images from Bayreuth (in English and German)