Beat 'em up

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For the related genre for one-on-one combat, see fighting game. For the Iggy Pop album, see Beat 'Em Up.
"Brawler" and "Brawlers" redirect here. For other uses, see Brawler (disambiguation).

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A beat 'em up (also known as brawler and, in some markets, beat 'em all

action games. Two-player cooperative gameplay and multiple player characters
are also hallmarks of the genre. Most of these games take place in urban settings and feature crime-fighting and revenge-based plots, though some games may employ historical, science fiction or fantasy themes.

The first beat 'em up was 1984's

fighting games. Games such as Streets of Rage, Final Fight, Golden Axe and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
are other classics to emerge from this period. In the late 1990s, the genre lost popularity with the emergence of 3D-polygon technology.

In the 2000s, a sub-genre of 3D

hack-and-slash games emerged (also known as "character action games"), adapting the beat 'em up formula to utilize large-scale 3D environments, with popular franchises including God Hand, Devil May Cry, Dynasty Warriors, God of War and Bayonetta. Since the 2010s, traditional 2D beat 'em ups have seen a resurgence, with popular titles such as Dungeon Fighter Online, Dragon's Crown, Streets of Rage 4 and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Shredder's Revenge
.

Definition

A beat 'em up (also called a "brawler")

boss fight normally occurs at the end of each level.[9] Arcade versions of these games are often quite difficult to win, causing players to spend more money.[10]

Beat 'em ups are related to but distinct from fighting games, which are based around one-on-one matches rather than scrolling levels and multiple enemies.[11] Such terminology is loosely applied, however,[11] as some commentators prefer to conflate the two terms.[12] At times, both one-on-one fighting games and scrolling beat 'em ups have influenced each other in terms of graphics and style and can appeal to fans of either genre.[11] Occasionally, a game will feature both kinds of gameplay.[13]

In the United Kingdom,

Computer & Video Games (C+VG) for example, referred to all games which had a combat motif as beat 'em ups, including fighting games.[14] However, they were differentiated by a specific prefix; games like Double Dragon or Final Fight were called "scrolling beat 'em ups"[15] and games such as Street Fighter II or Mortal Kombat were referred to as "one on one beat 'em ups".[16] Fighting games were still being called "beat 'em up" games in the UK gaming press up until the end of the 1990s.[17]

Game design

Beat 'em up games usually employ vigilante crime fighting and revenge plots with the action taking place on city streets,

health.[5]

As players walk through the level, they are stopped by groups of enemies who must be defeated before they're able to continue.

boss—an enemy much stronger than the other enemies—at the end of each level.[5][27]

Beat 'em ups often allow the player to choose between a selection of protagonists—each with their own strengths, weaknesses, and set of moves.

combos, as well as jumping and grappling attacks.[5][28] Since the release of Double Dragon, many beat 'em ups have allowed two players to play the game cooperatively—a central aspect to the appeal of these games.[5][18][20][28][31] Beat 'em ups are more likely to feature cooperative play than other game genres.[32]

Sub-genres

The beat 'em up or brawler genre includes several sub-genres:

History

Beat 'em up games have origins in

Heavyweight Champ (1976),[11] which is viewed from a side-view perspective like later fighting games.[56] However, it was Data East's fighting game Karate Champ (1984) which popularized martial arts themed games.[11]

Earliest beat 'em ups (mid-1980s)

health meters, for both the player character and each boss.[29] Another 1984 release, Bruce Lee, combined multi-player, multi-character combat with traditional collecting, platform and puzzle gameplay.[60][61] Later that year, Karateka combined the one-on-one fight sequences of Karate Champ with the freedom of movement in Kung-Fu Master, and it successfully experimented with adding plot to its fighting action. It was also among the first martial arts games to be successfully developed for and ported across different home systems.[11] Sega's My Hero (1985) adopted the gameplay format of Kung-Fu Master, but changing the more traditional martial arts setting to a more contemporary urban city environment with street gangs.[33][62]

combo attacks; in contrast to earlier games, the opponents in Renegade and Double Dragon could take much more punishment, requiring a succession of punches, with the first hit temporarily immobilizing the enemy, making him unable to defend himself against successive punches.[64] Rather than one-hit kills, the player needed to hit enemies multiple times, "beating them up," in order to defeat them. Compared to earlier side-scrollers, the environment was expanded to a scrolling arena-like space, while the combat system was more highly developed, with the player able to punch, kick, grab, charge, throw and stomp enemies.[29]

Mainstream success (late 1980s to early 1990s)

In 1987, the release of

cut scenes to give it a cinematic look and feel.[55][29] Like Kunio-kun, the game's combat system drew inspiration from the Bruce Lee film Enter the Dragon, while Double Dragon added a new disaster-ridden city setting inspired by the Mad Max films and Fist of the North Star manga and anime series.[55] Double Dragon became Japan's third highest-grossing table arcade game of 1987,[66] before becoming America's overall highest-grossing dedicated arcade game for two years in a row, in 1988[67] and 1989.[68]

Double Dragon's success resulted in a flood of beat 'em ups in the late 1980s,[65] where acclaimed titles such as Golden Axe and Final Fight (both 1989) distinguished themselves from the others.[18] Final Fight was Capcom's intended sequel to Street Fighter (provisionally titled Street Fighter '89),[69] but the company ultimately gave it a new title.[70] In contrast to the simple combo attacks in Renegade and Double Dragon, the combo attacks in Final Fight were much more dynamic, and the sprites were much larger.[64] Acclaimed as the best game in the genre,[5][71] Final Fight spawned two home sequels and was later ported to other systems.[70] Golden Axe was acclaimed for its visceral hack and slash action and cooperative mode and was influential through its selection of multiple protagonists with distinct fighting styles.[20] It is considered one of the strongest beat 'em up titles for its fantasy elements, distinguishing it from the urban settings seen in other beat 'em ups.[21] Bad Dudes Vs. DragonNinja featured platform elements, while P.O.W.: Prisoners of War took the weapon aspect a stage further, allowing the players to pick up guns. Another beat 'em up—River City Ransom (1989), named Street Gangs in Europe—featured role-playing game elements with which the player's character could be upgraded, using money stolen from defeated enemies.[72][73]

The

pseudo-3D chase view and hoverboard racing gameplay.[76][77] The "golden age" of the genre eventually came to an end during the early 1990s, following the success of Capcom's Street Fighter II (1991) which drew gamers back towards one-on-one fighting games, while the subsequent emerging popularity of 3D video games in the late 1990s diminished the popularity of 2D-based pugilistic games in general.[18][65]

Another notable game from this era is Gang Wars, released in 1989.

Transition to 3D (late 1990s to early 2000s)

Sega's

quick time events interspersed between scenes.[82] The game achieved a certain degree of success,[29] and entered the Japanese arcade earnings charts at number-two in August 1996.[83] Core Design's Fighting Force (1997) was anticipated to redefine the genre for 32-bit consoles through its use of a 3D environment. However, it was met with a lukewarm reception.[22] The beat 'em up genre declined in the late 1990s, largely disappearing from arcades by the end of the decade.[29]

In 2000,

Japanese role-playing games such as Final Fantasy, but was met with a mixed reception upon release.[84] The same year, Italian studio NAPS team released Gekido: Urban Fighters for the PlayStation console, which uses a fast-paced beat 'em up system, with many bosses and a colorful design in terms of graphics.[85]

In the early 2000s, game reviewers started to pronounce that the genre had died off.[21] By 2002, there were virtually no new beat 'em ups being released in arcades.[86]

3D hack-and-slash games (early 2000s to present)

See also: Hack and slash

After 2000, the beat 'em up genre began seeing a revival in the form of popular 3D hack and slash games in the style of Devil May Cry (2001 onwards), including Onimusha, Ninja Gaiden (2004 onwards), God of War (2005 onwards), God Hand (2006), Heavenly Sword (2007), Afro Samurai (2009),[87] and Bayonetta (2009).[88] Featuring a more fantasy themed approach, with longer campaigns and the variety seen before in multiple characters now being present in the one and only main character. Giving the player multiple weapons and movesets based on a variety of martial arts and different weapons. These games are also known as "character action" games, which represent an evolution of traditional arcade action games. The subgenre was largely defined by Hideki Kamiya, creator of Devil May Cry and Bayonetta.[45]

A best-selling Japanese series is the Dynasty Warriors series,[89] which beginning with Dynasty Warriors 2 (2000) offered beat 'em up action on large 3D battlefields with war strategy game elements, displaying dozens of characters on the screen at a time.[23][90] The series to date spans 14 games (including expansions) which players in the West view as overly similar, although the games' creators claim their large audience in Japan appreciates the subtle differences between the titles.[19][91] While critics saw Dynasty Warriors 2 as innovative and technically impressive,[19][23] they held a mixed opinion of later titles. These later games received praise for simple, enjoyable gameplay but were simultaneously derided as overly simplistic and repetitive.[19][92]

Traditional beat 'em ups (early 2000s to present)

Zeno Clash (2009) features beat 'em up gameplay from a first-person perspective.

On the urban-themed side of the genre was the

crime thriller plots and detailed interactive environments with street brawling action.[93] Rockstar Games' The Warriors (based on the 1979 movie of the same name), released in 2005, featured large scale brawling in 3D environments interspersed with other activities such as chase sequences.[94] The game also featured a more traditional side-scrolling beat 'em up Armies of the Night as bonus content, which was acclaimed along with the main game and was later released on the PlayStation Portable.[94][95]

luchadors fashioned after a Metroid
-style adventure game.

Capcom's

cel-shaded graphics and innovative gameplay features (such as the protagonist's special powers) to "reinvigorate" its traditional 2D scrolling formula.[96] Releases such as God Hand in 2006 and MadWorld in 2009 were seen as parodies of violence in popular culture, earning both games praise for not taking themselves as seriously as early beat 'em up games.[26][97] Classic beat 'em ups have been re-released on services such as the Virtual Console and Xbox Live Arcade; critics reaffirmed the appeal of some,[5][20][72] while the appeal of others has been deemed to have diminished with time.[28] Although the genre lacks the same presence it did in the late 1980s, some titles such as Viewtiful Joe and God Hand kept the traditional beat 'em up genre alive.[98]

The traditional 2D beat 'em up genre has seen a resurgence in Asia, where the South Korean online beat 'em up Dungeon Fighter Online (2004) is very popular. Dungeon Fighter Online has become one of the most-played and highest-grossing games of all time, having grossed over $10 billion.[99] Other traditional 2D scrolling beat 'em ups were released on Xbox Live Arcade and PlayStation Network including The Behemoth's Castle Crashers (2008), featuring cartoon graphics, quirky humor, and acclaimed cooperative gameplay,[100] The Dishwasher: Vampire Smile (2011), Double Dragon Neon (2012) and Scott Pilgrim vs. the World: The Game (2010).[101]

Fable Heroes (2012) is an Xbox Live Arcade only title released in 2012.[102] Saints Row IV (2013) featured a parody of Streets Of Rage entitled "Saints Of Rage", where the player rescues Johnny Gat from a virtual prison. Dragon's Crown (2013) is a 2D fantasy game with a mix of beat 'em up and ARPG elements that were specifically inspired by Golden Axe and Dungeons & Dragons: Tower of Doom.[103] Streets of Rage 4 (2020) was also released to critical acclaim and has renewed interested in both the series and genre.[104] Dragon's Crown sold over a million copies by 2017,[105] while Streets of Rage 4 has sold over 2.5 million copies as of April 2021.[106] Also other well known classic franchises gained new titles such as Battletoads (2020) and The Ninja Saviors: Return of the Warriors (2019) and River City Girls (2019).

The beat 'em up genre has also seen a resurgence within

DrinkBox Studios' 2013 indie title Guacamelee! and its 2018 sequel, which are both noted for their hybrid 2D Metroidvania-style platform brawler gameplay.[107][108] Other indie titles are The Takeover (2019), Ninjin: Clash of Carrots (2018), and the critically acclaimed Fight'N Rage (2017).[109]

See also

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External links

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