Beatrix of the Netherlands
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|
Beatrix | |
---|---|
Willem-Alexander | |
Born | Soestdijk Palace, Baarn, Netherlands | 31 January 1938
Spouse |
Claus von Amsberg (m. 1966; died 2002) |
agnatic) | |
Father | Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld |
Mother | Juliana of the Netherlands |
Religion | Protestant |
Signature |
Dutch royal family |
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* Member of the Dutch royal house |
Beatrix[1] (Beatrix Wilhelmina Armgard, Dutch pronunciation: [ˈbeːjaːtrɪks ˌʋɪlɦɛlˈminaː ˈʔɑr(ə)mɡɑrt] ⓘ; born 31 January 1938) is a member of the Dutch royal house who reigned as Queen of the Netherlands from 1980 until her abdication in 2013.
Beatrix was born during the reign of her maternal grandmother,
Beatrix's reign saw the country's
On
Early life
Princess Beatrix Wilhelmina Armgard was born on 31 January 1938 at
When Beatrix was one year old, in 1939, her younger sister Princess Irene was born.[4]
The second sister of Beatrix,
On 5 May 1945, the German troops in the Netherlands surrendered. The family returned to the Netherlands on 2 August 1945. Beatrix went to the progressive primary school De Werkplaats in
Education
In April 1950, Princess Beatrix entered the Incrementum, a part of Baarnsch Lyceum, where, in 1956, she passed her school graduation examinations in the subjects of arts and classics.[11] Her tutor from April 1951 was Gertrude Büringh Boekhoudt , who remained a close confidant until Büringh Boekhoudt's death in 1982.[12]
In 1954, Beatrix served as a bridesmaid at the wedding of Baroness van Randwijck and Mr. T Boey.[13]
On 31 January 1956, Beatrix celebrated her 18th birthday. From that date, under the Constitution of the Netherlands, she was entitled to assume the
The same year her studies at
The princess also visited various European and international organisations in Geneva, Strasbourg, Paris, and Brussels. She was also an active member of the VVSL (Female Union for Students in Leiden), now called L.S.V. Minerva, after merging with the Leidsch Studenten Corps (which before then was male-only). In the summer of 1959, she passed her preliminary examination in law, and she obtained her law degree in July 1961.[11]
Political involvement
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In 1965, Beatrix became engaged to the German aristocrat
As time went on, Prince Claus became one of the most popular members of the
On 25 November 1975, Beatrix and Prince Claus attended the independence ceremony of Suriname, held in the new nation's capital, Paramaribo, representing her mother the Queen.
As a monarch, Beatrix had weekly meetings with the prime minister. She signed all new Acts of Parliament and royal decrees, and until a constitutional change late in her reign, appointed the
Beatrix is a member of the
Marriage and children
Engagement to Claus
On 28 June 1965, the engagement of Princess Beatrix to the German diplomat Claus von Amsberg was announced. Claus and Beatrix had met at the wedding-eve party of Princess Tatjana of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg and Moritz, Landgrave of Hesse, in summer 1964. After Parliament consented to the marriage, Claus von Amsberg became a Dutch citizen, and upon his marriage became Prince Claus of the Netherlands, Jonkheer van Amsberg.
Wedding, 1966
Beatrix married Claus von Amsberg on 10 March 1966 in civil and religious ceremonies.
The royal couple travelled to the ceremony together in the gold state carriage.
Children
The royal couple had three sons:
Name | Birth | Death | Marriage | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Date | Spouse | Issue | |||
Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands | 27 April 1967 | 2 February 2002
|
Máxima Zorreguieta Cerruti
|
||
Prince Friso of Orange-Nassau | 25 September 1968 | 12 August 2013 | 24 April 2004 | Mabel Wisse Smit
|
|
Prince Constantijn of the Netherlands | 11 October 1969 | 19 May 2001 | Laurentien Brinkhorst
|
They lived at Drakensteyn Castle in Lage Vuursche with their children until Beatrix ascended the throne. In 1981, they moved into Huis ten Bosch Palace in The Hague.
Reign
From the 1970s, Beatrix began to prepare more intensively for her future position as head of state. She made many trips abroad with Prince Claus, including a controversial one to the Soviet Union.
After the Lockheed affair, Beatrix and Claus began to delve into the royal household and made plans to adapt it. In addition, they asked advisers to prepare for Beatrix's reign. On 31 January 1980, the birthday of her eldest daughter and heir presumptive, Queen Juliana announced during a live television speech that she wished to abdicate on 30 April in favor of her daughter Beatrix.
That Beatrix would succeed her mother as queen was not a matter of course when she was born. It was not until 1983 that the Constitution was amended in such a way that the eldest child of the head of state becomes the legal heir to the throne. Until then, it had been arranged that the eldest son always had priority over a daughter. Only after Juliana was biologically unable to have more children, Beatrix was certain that she was the intended successor.
On 30 April 1980, Beatrix became the monarch when her mother abdicated. She was sworn in and inaugurated as monarch during a joint session of the two chambers of the States General at a ceremony held in the Nieuwe Kerk in Amsterdam later that day.
Beatrix's constitutional duties included those typically accorded to a head of state; this includes having to sign every piece of legislation before it becomes law, formally appointing various officials, receiving and accrediting ambassadors, and awarding honours and medals, among others. Outside of these constitutional duties, her other informal roles included being the highest representative of the kingdom internationally and to be a unifying figure locally.
Beatrix was rarely quoted directly in the press during her reign, for the government information service (Rijksvoorlichtingsdienst) made it a condition of interviews that she should not be quoted. This policy was introduced shortly after her inauguration, reportedly to protect her from political complications that might arise from "off-the-cuff" remarks. It did not apply to her son
Throughout much of her reign, Beatrix had a considerable role in the
On 1 January 1986, Aruba seceded from the Netherlands Antilles and became a separate constituent country in the Dutch Kingdom.
On 6 October 2002, the Queen's husband,
On 8 February 2005, Beatrix received a rare honorary doctorate from Leiden University, an honour the Queen does not usually accept. In her acceptance speech she reflected on the monarchy and her own 25 years as Queen.[20] The speech was broadcast live.[21]
On 29 and 30 April 2005, she celebrated the
On 31 May 2006 the 6th Polish Air Assault Brigade would receive the Militaire Willemsorde der 4e klasse in The Hague. Beatrix was to tie the prestigious medal to the standard of the incumbents of the 1st Independent Polish Parachute Brigade.[22]
On 10 October 2010, the Netherlands Antilles were
Kissed by a bystander, 1988
During 1988
The reaction of the Queen was seen by people as very positive and was a boost for her reputation in the "Jordaan" region of Amsterdam. The visit was promoted as a "spontaneous visit" to boost her popularity as she was not very popular in the region. Historian and Dutch royalty watcher J. G. Kikkert said in a lecture that the kiss had been staged, based on what he called "usually very reliable sources".[24][25] He also noted that although the visit and the kiss might not have been her idea, but that of others, she certainly would have given her approval as she was known not to leave things to chance.
Attack on the royal family, 2009
On 30 April 2009, the Queen and other members of the
Abdication, 2013
In a broadcast on national media on 28 January 2013, Beatrix announced her intention to
The official program for the abdication and inauguration took place on 30 April 2013. Beatrix signed the instrument of abdication in the Vroedschapkamer (also known as Mozeszaal)
Personal wealth
In 2009, Forbes estimated her wealth at US$300 million.[31]
Post-abdication
Beatrix continues to undertake some royal duties and is a patron of many organisations. She lives in the small moated Drakensteyn Castle near the village of Lage Vuursche, and a townhouse near Noordeinde Palace.[32]
Honorific eponyms
Beatrix has given her name to a number of facilities in the Netherlands and beyond. These include:
- Streekziekenhuis Koningin Beatrix, regional hospital in Beatrixpark, Winterswijk.[33]
- Queen Beatrix International Airport in Aruba.
- Reina Beatrix School in Aruba.[34]
- Queen Beatrix Hospital Medical Center, Sint Eustatius.[35]
- Queen Beatrix Chair in Dutch Studies at UC Berkeley[36]
- Queen Beatrix Nursing Home, Albion Park Rail, NSW, Australia.[37]
A few parks in the country also bear her name:
- Beatrixpark in the Oud-Zuid neighbourhood in Amsterdam.
- Beatrixpark in Almere.
- Beatrixpark in 's-Hertogenbosch.
- Beatrixpark in Utrecht.
- Beatrixpark in Schiedam.
It has been speculated that Beatrix is De Onbekende Beeldhouwer (Unknown Sculptor), whose work has been appearing in Amsterdam since 1983. There has been no confirmation of this.[38]
Titles, styles, honours and arms
- 31 January 1938 – 30 April 1980: Her Royal Highness Princess Beatrix of the Netherlands, Princess of Orange-Nassau, Princess of Lippe-Biesterfeld[39]
- 30 April 1980 – 30 April 2013: Her Majesty The Queen of the Netherlands, Princess of Orange-Nassau, Princess of Lippe-Biesterfeld[39]
- 30 April 2013 – present: Her Royal Highness Princess Beatrix of the Netherlands, Princess of Orange-Nassau, Princess of Lippe-Biesterfeld[39]
Princess Beatrix has held titles throughout her life, as a granddaughter or daughter of a monarch, and eventually as the Sovereign. Beatrix's official title was Her Majesty the Queen of the Netherlands, Princess of Orange-Nassau, etc., etc., etc.[39] The triple etc. refers to the monarch's many dormant titles. She signed official documents with only "Beatrix". In common parlance, she was referred to as The Queen (de koningin or de vorstin) or Her Majesty (Hare Majesteit). But when in conversation with the queen the practice was to initially address her as "Your Majesty" or in Dutch as "Uwe Majesteit"[40] and thereafter as "Mevrouw" (ma'am).[41]
Beatrix has received honours and awards from countries around the world, both during her life as a princess and as a monarch. In her capacity as the Sovereign she was Grand Master of the Military Order of William (Militaire Willemsorde) and the other Dutch orders of merit. She is a Stranger Lady of the
, and she has received numerous other medals and decorations.From birth till her inauguration as queen, she had the following name and titles, to which she reverted after her abdication: Her Royal Highness Princess Beatrix of the Netherlands, Princess of Orange-Nassau, Princess of Lippe-Biesterfeld.[42]
Arms
Azure, billetty Or a lion with a coronet Or armed and langued Gules holding in his dexter paw a sword Argent hilted Or and in the sinister paw seven arrows Argent pointed and bound together Or. |
Ancestry
Ancestors of Beatrix of the Netherlands | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Prime Ministers during her reign
Polity | Prime Minister | Start year | End year |
---|---|---|---|
Aruba | Henny Eman | 1986 | 1989[43] |
Nelson O. Oduber
|
1989 | 1994 | |
Henny Eman | 1994 | 2001 | |
Nelson O. Oduber
|
2001 | 2009 | |
Mike Eman | 2009 | 2013 | |
Netherlands | Dries van Agt | 1977 | 1982 |
Ruud Lubbers | 1982 | 1994 | |
Wim Kok | 1994 | 2002 | |
Jan Peter Balkenende | 2002 | 2010 | |
Mark Rutte | 2010 | 2013 | |
Netherlands Antilles | Dominico Martina
|
1979 | 1984 |
Maria Liberia Peters | 1984 | 1986 | |
Dominico Martina
|
1986 | 1988 | |
Maria Liberia Peters | 1988 | 1993 | |
Susanne Camelia-Römer
|
1993 | ||
Alejandro Felippe Paula | |||
Miguel Arcangel Pourier | 1994 | 1998 | |
Susanne Camelia-Römer
|
1998 | 1999 | |
Miguel Arcangel Pourier | 1999 | 2002 | |
Etienne Ys | 2002 | 2003 | |
Ben Komproe | 2003 | ||
Mirna Louisa-Godett | 2003 | 2004 | |
Etienne Ys | 2004 | 2006 | |
Emily de Jongh-Elhage | 2006 | 2010 | |
Curaçao | Gerrit Schotte | 2010 | 2012 |
Stanley Betrian | 2012 | 2012 | |
Daniel Hodge | 2012 | 2013 | |
Sint Maarten | Sarah Wescot-Williams | 2010 | 2013 |
References
- ^ Members of the Royal House: Princess Beatrix of the Netherlands – official website of the Royal house of the Netherlands
- ^ de Jong, Perro (30 April 2013). "The Netherlands' love and respect for Beatrix". BBC. Retrieved 5 June 2015.
- ^ Myrtille van Bommel, "Beatrix oldest Dutch reigning monarch Archived 3 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine", Radio Netherlands Worldwide, 2011. Retrieved on 2012-05-15.
- ^ a b c d e Youth Archived 5 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine. The Dutch Royal House. Retrieved on 2008-07-11.
- ^ (in Dutch) Geschiedenis Archived 4 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Grote Kerk Den Haag. Retrieved on 2012-05-15.
- ^ De vijf peetouders van prinses Beatrix. The Memory of the Netherlands. Retrieved on 2008-07-11.
- ^ "CBC News". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 18 January 2008. Retrieved 5 March 2010.
- ^ Education Archived 5 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine. The Dutch Royal House. Retrieved on 2008-07-11.
- ^ Davison, Janet. "Abdicating Dutch queen was a wartime Ottawa schoolgirl". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
- ^ "National Capital Commission". Canadascapital.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 13 October 2009. Retrieved 5 March 2010.
- ^ a b c "Het Koninklijk Huis". Koninklijkhuis.nl. Archived from the original on 25 February 2010. Retrieved 5 March 2010.
- ^ Oltmans 1996, pp. 4–7, 9, 12–13, 18.
- ^ "Princess Beatrix Bridesmaid at Wedding". British Pathe.
- ^ "e CV Reine Beatrix". coe.int. Retrieved 20 January 2017.
- ^ "Bilderberg Meeting of 1997 Assembles". PR Newswire. 13 June 1997. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011.
- ^ "Video: Wedding of Princess Beatrix and Claus von Amsberg". YouTube. Archived from the original on 31 October 2021.
- ^ "Royal wedding Beatrix and Claus".
- ^ "Wedding of Princess Beatrix and Claus von Amsberg". Amsterdam Palace. Archived from the original on 17 April 2016.
- ^ "Queen Beatrix: marriage and family". Dutch Royal House. Archived from the original on 26 June 2012.
- ^ [1] Archived 5 April 2005 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ The complete broadcast
- ^ "Chapter 8. The process of Polish rehabilitation in 2006". Polish forces in the West. Archived from the original on 5 January 2019. Retrieved 10 January 2016.
- ^ Communicatie, FIZZ Marketing &. "Ons Amsterdam | 130 jaar koninklijk feest in de hoofdstad". onsamsterdam.nl. Archived from the original on 10 April 2021.
- ^ a b c "Special Beatrix". Issuu. 29 January 2013.
- ^ a b "Markante momenten Beatrix". nos.nl. 29 January 2013.
- ^ NO. "Koninklijke familie was doelwit (Royal family was the target) (Dutch)". Archived from the original on 3 May 2009. Retrieved 1 May 2009.
- ^ a b "Dutch Queen to abdicate in April for son". Al Jazeera. 28 January 2013. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
- ^ a b "Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands to abdicate for son". BBC. 28 January 2013. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
- ^ "Programma | Koninklijk Paleis Amsterdam". Archived from the original on 3 July 2013.
- ^ "Time and place of abdication and investiture, 28 January 2013". Royal Dutch House.
- ^ "In Pictures: The World's Richest Royals". Forbes.com. 30 August 2007. Retrieved 5 March 2010.
- ^ (Dutch) Verhuizing Prinses Beatrix, Koninklijk Huis. Retrieved 24 July 2013.
- ^ services, HPU internet. "Home | SKB Winterswijk". skbwinterswijk.nl. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
- ^ "List of Schools - VisitAruba.com". visitaruba.com. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
- ^ University of Sint Eustatius School of Medicine "The University of Sint Eustatius School of Medicine". Archived from the original on 28 December 2011. Retrieved 28 March 2016.
- ^ [2] Archived 19 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Queen Beatrix Nursing Home | Zadro Constructions". zadro.com.au. Archived from the original on 9 April 2013. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
- ^ Depictions, text in Dutch Retrieved 23 June 2017.
- ^ a b c d H.M. (koningin Beatrix) Beatrix Wilhelmina Armgard Archived 16 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine (Parlement.nl)
- ^ "The Dutch Royal House; FAQ; "How should I address members of the Royal House?"". Archived from the original on 10 June 2007. Retrieved 29 June 2008.
- ^ Van den Bor, Conny (29 April 2010). "Queen Beatrix – still impeccable after 30 years". Radio Netherlands Worldwide. Archived from the original on 11 November 2013. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
- ^ "Prins van Oranje wordt Koning Willem-Alexander" (in Dutch). Website of the Royal House. 28 January 2013. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
- ^ Aruba received status aparte in 1986.
Books
- ISBN 978-9067280846.
External links
- Official website of Princess Beatrix
- Newspaper clippings about Beatrix of the Netherlands in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW