Beechcraft Model 18
Model 18 | |
---|---|
A Model 18 over Little Gransden Airfield in 2019 | |
Role | Trainer, transport aircraft and utility aircraft
|
National origin | United States |
Manufacturer | Beech Aircraft Corporation |
First flight | January 15, 1937 |
Introduction | 1937 |
Primary users | United States Army Air Forces United States Navy Royal Air Force Royal Canadian Air Force |
Produced | 1937–1970 |
Number built | 9,000+ |
The Beechcraft Model 18 (or "Twin Beech", as it is also known) is a 6- to 11-seat,
During and after
In the early postwar era, the Beech 18 was the pre-eminent "business aircraft" and "feeder airliner". Besides carrying passengers, its civilian uses have included
Design and development
By the late 1930s, Beechcraft management speculated that a demand would exist for a new design dubbed the Model 18, which would have a military application, and increased the main production facilities. The design was mainly conventional for the time, including twin
The aircraft has used a variety of engines and has had a number of airframe modifications to increase gross weight and speed. At least one aircraft was modified to a 600-hp (447-kW) Pratt & Whitney R-1340 powerplant configuration. With the added weight of about 200 lb (91 kg) per engine, the concept of a Model 18 fitted with R-1340 engines was deemed unsatisfactory due to the weakest structural area of the aircraft being the engine mounts. Nearly every airframe component has been modified.
In 1955, deliveries of the Model E18S commenced; the E18S featured a
Construction of the Beechcraft Model 18 ended in 1970 with a final Model H18 going to Japan Airlines.[citation needed] Through the years, 32 variations of the basic design had flown, over 200 improvement modification kits were developed, and almost 8,000 aircraft were built. In one case, the aircraft was modified to a triple tail, trigear, humpbacked configuration and appeared similar to a miniature Lockheed Constellation. Another distinctive conversion was carried out by Pacific Airmotive as the PacAero Tradewind. This featured a lengthened nose to accommodate the tricycle nosewheel, and the Model 18's twin tailfins were replaced by a single fin.[10]
Operational history
Production got an early boost when
After the war, the USAAF became the United States Air Force (USAF), and the USAF Strategic Air Command had Model 18 variants (AT-11 Kansans, C-45 Expeditors, F-2 Expeditors, and UC-45 Expeditors) from 1946 until 1951. In 1950, the Navy still had around 1,200 JRB and SNB aircraft in inventory.[16] From 1951 to 1955, the USAF had many of its aircraft remanufactured with new fuselages, wing center sections, and undercarriages to take advantage of the improvements to the civil models since the end of World War II. Eventually, 900 aircraft were remanufactured to be similar to the then-current Model D18S and given new designations, constructor's numbers, and Air Force serial numbers.[19] The USN had many of its surviving aircraft remanufactured as well, resulting in the JRB-6, the SNB-5, and SNB-5P.[20] The Coast Guard retired its JRBs in 1956 and sold most of them as surplus in 1959, but one was retained by the United States Coast Guard Reserve until at least 1972.[17][18] With the adoption of the 1962 United States Tri-Service aircraft designation system, the Navy's SNB-5 and SNB-5P became the TC-45J and RC-45J respectively, later becoming the UC-45J as their primary mission shifted from aircrew training to utility transport work.[21] The C-45 flew in USAF service until 1963, the USN retired its last UC-45J in 1972, while the U.S. Army flew its C-45s until 1976. In later years, the military called these aircraft "bug smashers" in reference to their extensive use supplying mandatory flight hours for desk-bound aviators in the Pentagon.[22]
Beech 18s were used extensively by
Spar problems
The
Variants
Manufacturer models
Unless otherwise noted, the engines fitted are
- Model 18A
- First production model with seating for two pilots and seven or eight passengers, fitted with
- Model S18A
- Version of Model 18A capable of being fitted with skis or Edo 55-7170 floats; MTOW: 7,200 lb (3,300 kg)[30]
- Model A18A
- Version fitted with Wright R-760E-2 engines, MTOW: 7,500 lb (3,400 kg)[32]
- Model SA18A
- Seaplane version of Model A18A, MTOW: 7,170 lb (3,250 kg)[32]
- Model 18B
- Version powered with 285 hp (213 kW) Jacobs L-5 engines. Four built.[33][31]
- Model S18B
- Version of Model 18B capable of being fitted with skis or floats.
- Model 18D
- Variant with seating for two pilots and nine passengers, fitted with Jacobs L-6 engines of 330 horsepower (250 kW), MTOW: 7,200 lb (3,300 kg).[32] Twelve aircraft built.[31]
- Model S18D
- Version of Model 18D capable of being fitted with skis or Edo 55-7170 floats[citation needed], MTOW: 7,170 lb (3,250 kg)[12][failed verification][32]
- Model A18D
- Variant of 18D with MTOW increased by 300 lb (140 kg) to 7,500 lb (3,400 kg).[32]
- Model SA18D
- Seaplane version of Model A18D, but same MTOW as S18D.[32]
- Model 18R
- Model with
- Model 18S
- Nine-passenger pre-World War II civil variant, powered by 450 hp (340 kW) served as basis for USAAF C-45C[1]
- Model B18S
- Nine-passenger pre-World War II civil variant, served as basis for USAAF F-2[1]
- Model C18S
- Variant of B18S with seating for eight passengers, and equipment and minor structural changes[34]
- Model D18S
- First post-World War II variant introduced in 1945, with seating for eight passengers and MTOW of 8,750 lb (3,970 kg), 1,035 built[35][36]
- Model D18C
- Variant with
- Model E18S
- Variant with redesigned wing and MTOW of 9,300 lb (4,200 kg); 403 built[35]
- Model E18S-9700
- Variant of E18S with MTOW of 9,700 lb (4,400 kg); 57 built[35]
- Model G18S
- Model H18
- Last production version, fitted with optional tricycle undercarriage developed by Volpar and MTOW of 9,900 lb (4,500 kg); 149 built, of which 109 were manufactured with tricycle undercarriage[8][35][36]
Military versions
USAAC/USAAF designations
- RC-45A
- Redesignation of all surviving F-2, F-2A, and F-2B aircraft by the USAFin 1948
- C-45B
- Based on C18S, but with modified internal layout; 223 ordered, redesignated UC-45B in 1943[34][39] Equipped with a hatch in the cabin door for aerial photography.[40]
- C-45C
- Two Model 18S aircraft impressed into the USAAF, redesignated UC-45C in January 1943[1][29][41]
- C-45D
- Designation given to two AT-7 aircraft converted as passenger transports during manufacture, redesignated UC-45D in January 1943[41][42]
- C-45E
- Designation given to two AT-7 and four AT-7B aircraft converted as passenger transports during manufacture, redesignated UC-45E in January 1943[41][42]
- C-45F
- Standardized seven-seat version based on C18S, with longer nose than preceding models;[34] 1,137 ordered, redesignated UC-45F[39]
- C-45G
- AT-7s and AT-11s remanufactured in the early 1950s for the USAF to similar standard as civil D18S with autopilot and R-985-AN-3 engines; 372 aircraft rebuilt[19][43]
- TC-45G
- Multiengine crew trainer variant of C-45G; AT-7s and AT-11s remanufactured in the early 1950s for the USAF to similar standard as civil D18S, 96 aircraft rebuilt[19][43]
- C-45H
- AT-7s and AT-11s remanufactured in the early 1950s for the USAF to similar standard as civil D18S, with no autopilot and R-985-AN-14B engines; 432 aircraft rebuilt[19][44]
- TC-45H [35]
- AT-7 Navigator
- Navigation trainer based on C18S,
- AT-7A
- Floatplane version of AT-7; six built[38]
- AT-7B
- Winterised AT-7; nine built[38]
- AT-11 Kansan
- Bombing and gunnery trainer for USAAF derived from AT-7, fuselage had small, circular cabin windows, bombardier position in nose, and bomb bay; gunnery trainers were also fitted with two or three .30-caliber machine guns, early models (the first 150 built) had a single .30-cal AN-M2 in a Beechcraft-manufactured top turret, later models used a Crocker Wheeler twin .30-cal top turret, a bottom tunnel gun was used for tail gunner training, 1,582 built for USAAF orders, with 24 ordered by Netherlands repossessed by USAAF and used by the Royal Netherlands Military Flying School at Jackson, Mississippi.[45][46]
- AT-11A
- Conversion of AT-11 as navigation trainer; 36 converted[46]
- CQ-3
- Conversion of UC-45F, modified to act as drone control aircraft, redesignated as DC-45F in June 1948[citation needed]
- F-2
- Photo-reconnaissance version based on B18[1]
- F-2A
- Improved version
- F-2B
- JRB-1
- Photographic aircraft, based on the C18S,[34] fitted with fairing over cockpit for improved visibility, 11 obtained,[47] at least one conversion from impressed civil B18S[14]
- JRB-2
- Light transport, based on the C18S;[34] 15 obtained,[47] at least one conversion from JRB-1,[48] some transferred from USAAF C-45A stocks[49]
- JRB-3
- Photographic version, similar to C-45B; 23 obtained,[47] some transferred from USAAF C-45B stocks[50]
- JRB-6
- Remanufactured JRB[21]
- SNB-2H
- Ambulance conversion[16]
- SNB-2P
- Photo-reconnaissance trainer conversion[16]
- SNB-3Q
- Electronic countermeasures trainer conversion[16]
RAF/RCAF Lend-lease designations
- Expeditor I
- C-45Bs supplied to the RAF under Lend-Lease
- Expeditor II
- C-45Fs supplied to the RAF and Royal Navy under Lend-Lease
- Expeditor III
- C-45Fs supplied to the RCAF under Lend-Lease
Post-war RCAF designations
C-45Ds delivered between 1951 and 1952[55]
- Expeditor 3N
- navigation trainer - 88 built[56]
- Expeditor 3NM
- navigational trainer that could be converted to a transport - 59 built[57]
- Expeditor 3NMT
- 3NM converted to a transport aircraft - 67 built[58]
- Expeditor 3NMT(Special)
- navigation trainer/personnel transport - 19 built[59]
- Expeditor 3TM
- transport with fittings so it could be converted to a navigation trainer - 44 built[56]
- Expeditor 3TM(Special)
- modified RCAF Expeditors used overseas in conjunction with Project WPB6 - three built[60]
Canadian Armed Forces
- CT-128 Expeditor
- 1968 redesignation of existing RCAF aircraft upon unification of the Canadian Armed Forces
Conversions
- Conrad 9800
- Modification increasing the gross weight to 9,800 pounds with a single piece windshield [61]
- Dumod I
- Executive conversion with Volpar tricycle landing gear, new wing tips, enlarged fight deck and refurbished 6–7 seat cabin with larger windows. Originally named Infinité I. 37 converted by 1966.[62]
- Dumod Liner
- Stretched airliner conversion. Similar to Dumod I but with forward fuselage stretched by 6 feet 3 inches (1.91 m), allowing up to 15 passengers to be carried. Originally named Infinité II.[62]
- Hamilton HA-1
- conversion of a TC-45J aircraft
- Hamilton Little Liner
- Modification of D18S with aerodynamic improvements and new, retractable tailwheel, capable of carrying 11 seats[63]
- Hamilton Westwind
- Turboprop conversions with various engines
- Hamilton Westwind II STD
- Stretched conversion powered by two 840-hp PT6As, and with accommodation for up to 17 passengers[64]
- Hamilton Westwind III
- two 579-hp PT6A-27s or 630-hp Lycoming LTS101s.
- Hamilton Westwind IV
- two 570-hp PT6A-45s
- PacAero Tradewind
- Conversion of Beech D18S/C-45 to five- to 11-seat executive transport with single fin by Pacific Airmotive
- Rausch Star 250
- Built as C-45F 44-47231, this aircraft was re-manufactured at Wichita by Beech in 1952, to become TC-45G 51-11544. From 1959 Rausch Engineering Inc. of South San Francisco, California, converted N8186H to tricycle undercarriage, using forward retracting main gear from a P-51 and rearward-retracting nose-leg from a T-28, adding a 3 ft (0.91 m) nose extension, 4 ft (1.22 m) rear fuselage extension, re-roofed fuselage for increased headroom and enlarged cabin windows. The modifications did not obtain FAA certification despite 58 hours of flight testing, with the aircraft eventually being broken up at Antioch, CA, in 1978.[65]
- SFERMA-Beechcraft PD.18S
- Modification of Beech 18S powered by two Turboméca Bastan turboprops[66]
- Volpar (Beechcraft) Model 18
- Conversion of Model 18 with nosewheel undercarriage[67][68]
- Volpar (Beechcraft) Super 18
- Volpar (Beechcraft) Turbo 18
- Beech Model 18s fitted with the Volpar MkIV tricycle undercarriage and powered by two 705-hp Garrett TPE331-1-101B turboprop engines, flat-rated to 605 hp (451 kW), driving Hartzell HC-B3TN-5 three-bladed, reversible-pitch, constant-speed feathering propellers[68]
- Volpar (Beechcraft) Super Turbo 18
- 2x 705 hp (526 kW) Garrett TPE331
- Volpar (Beechcraft) C-45G
- C-45G aircraft modified with tricycle undercarriage
- Volpar (Beechcraft) Turboliner
- 15-passenger version of the Turbo 18 with extended fuselage, powered by 2 705-hp Garrett TPE331-1-101Bs[69]
- Volpar (Beechcraft) Turboliner II
- Turboliners modified to meet SFAR 23[69]
Operators
Civil
As of 2012[update], the Beechcraft Model 18 remains popular with air charter companies and small feeder airlines worldwide.
Military
- Royal Canadian Air Force 394 examples from 1941 to 1972[73]
- Royal Canadian Navy 10 examples from 1952 to 1960[74]
- VX-10 Squadron[citation needed]
- VU-32 Squadron[75]
- Canadian Armed Forces
- Colombian Air Force[77]
- Cuban Air Force - received two AT-7s, two AT-11s, a F-2B and a UC-45F in 1947[80]
- Air Force of El Salvador[82]
- French Air Force[78]
- French Naval Aviation[78]
- Haiti Air Corps[83]
- Honduras
- Italian Air Force operated 125 aircraft from 1949 until the 1970s[85]
- Royal Netherlands Air Force[79]
- Dutch Naval Aviation Service[79]
- Niger Air Force[79]
- Paraguayan Air Force[87]
- Somali Air Force[88] – Withdrawn in 1991
- Republic of Vietnam Air Force[89]
- Tongan Maritime Force Air Force
- Royal Air Force[78]
- Royal Navy – Fleet Air Arm[78] 76 Lend-Lease[93]
- United States Army
- United States Air Force
- United States Coast Guard[17][18]
- United States Marine Corps
- United States Navy
- Venezuelan Air Force[95]
Accidents and incidents
The Beechcraft Model 18 family has been involved in the following notable accidents and incidents:
- April 25, 1951: bureau number 39939, on a practice instrument approach to Naval Air Station Key West. The collision and ensuing crashes killed all 34 passengers and five crew aboard the DC-4 and all five crew aboard the SNB. The accident occurred at midday, weather was clear with unlimited visibility, and both flight crews had been cleared to fly under visual flight rules, being expected to "see and avoid" other aircraft; the student flying the SNB was wearing view-limiting goggles, but the other SNB crew were not, and were expected to keep watch. Ground witnesses said that neither aircraft took evasive action prior to the collision, and the Civil Aeronautics Board attributed the accident to the failure of both flight crews to see and avoid conflicting air traffic.[96]
- 1967: Mohammed bin Awad bin Laden was killed in the crash of a Beechcraft 18 in Saudi Arabia.[97]
- December 10, 1967: American soul music singer Otis Redding, four members of his backing band the Bar-Kays, the pilot, and another member of Redding's entourage were killed in the crash of Redding's H18, registration N390R, into Lake Monona on approach to Truax Field in Wisconsin. The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) was unable to determine the cause of the crash, noting that the left engine and propeller were not recovered.[98][99] Trumpet player Ben Cauley, the sole survivor of the crash, subsequently revived the Bar-Kays together with another band member who was aboard a different aircraft.[100]
- September 20, 1973: American folk music singer-songwriter Jim Croce, four members of his entourage, and the pilot were killed when their chartered E18S, registration N50JR, crashed into a tree on takeoff from Natchitoches Regional Airport in Louisiana.[101][102][103] The NTSB attributed the accident to reduced visibility due to fog, and to physical impairment of the pilot, who had severe coronary artery disease and had run 3 mi (4.8 km) to the airport.[103] An investigation conducted for a lawsuit against the charter company attributed the accident solely to pilot error, citing his downwind takeoff into a "black hole" of severe darkness, causing him to experience spatial disorientation.[104]
- September 26, 1978: Lockheed L-1011 that was overtaking the flight, but the pilot did not turn, and the D18S passed underneath and very close to the L-1011. Both the NTSB and a U.S. District Court ruling attributed the crash to the D18S pilot's failure to correctly follow visual flight rules and air traffic control instructions to maintain separation from the much larger L-1011, causing a loss of aircraft control due to wake turbulence.[105][106] A contributing factor was the pilot's difficulties in communication with controllers.[105]
- July 4, 1987: Ten people, including all then-current members of The Montana Band, were killed when the pilot of their chartered D18S, N132E,[107] failed to clear a hillside near Lakeside, Montana, while performing a flypast of the venue where the band had performed earlier.[108][109] The pilot performed an "abrupt" climb and performed a "hammerhead stall" maneuver, reversing direction and entering a dive. The accident was attributed to the pilot's poor judgment and failure to maintain altitude during unauthorized attempted aerobatics.[107]
Aircraft on display
Argentina
- AT-11A 3495 – at the Museo Nacional de Aeronáutica de Argentina in Buenos Aires.[110]
- C-45H 5621 – at the Museo Nacional de Aeronáutica de Argentina in Buenos Aires.[111]
- C-45H AF-555 – at the Museo Nacional de Aeronáutica de Argentina in Buenos Aires.[112]
- H18S c/no. BA-752 (former LV-JFH) – at the Museo Nacional de Aeronáutica de Argentina in Buenos Aires.[113]
Australia
- E18S c/no. BA-81 (former N3781B) - at the Queensland Air Museum in Caloundra, Queensland.[114]
Belgium
- 3NM floatplane c/no CA-191 (former C-FGNR) – at better source needed]
Brazil
Canada
- C-45H 459 – at the Canadian Bushplane Heritage Centre in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario. Tail code CF-MJY[120][121]
- 3TM 8034 – at the Canadian Bushplane Heritage Centre in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario.[122]
- D18S c/no. A-141 (former CF-MPH) – at the RCMP Academy, Depot Division in Regina, Saskatchewan.[123]
- D18S c/no. A-142 (former CF-MPI) – at the Bomber Command Museum of Canada in Nanton, Alberta.[123][124]
- D18S c/no. A-156 – at the Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum in Hamilton, Ontario.[125]
- 3N c/no. A-652 (former RCAF 1477) – at the
- 3NMT c/no. A-700 – at the Toronto/Markham Airport in Markham, Ontario.[123]
- 3NM c/no. A-710 – at the North Atlantic Aviation Museum in Gander, Newfoundland and Labrador.[123][127]
- 3NMT c/no. A-782 (former CF-CKT) – at the Canadian Museum of Flight in Langley, British Columbia.[128][129]
- 3NMT c/no. A-872 – at the
- 3NM c/no. A-895 – at the Alberta Aviation Museum in Edmonton, Alberta.[123][131]
- 3NM c/no. 92-074 - at The Hangar Flight Museum in Calgary, Alberta. [132]
Chile
- D18S c/no. A-1024 (former FACh 465) – at the
India
- D18S VT-CNY former aircraft of the Raja of Mayurbhanj and later sold to Coal India Limited- at the Hotel Mayfair Lagoon in Bhubaneswar, Orissa.[135]
Italy
- C-45F 6668 – suspended inside the Olbia, Sardinia.[136] This was the first aircraft owned by Alisarda Airlines and was used in the filming of the movie The Last Emperor.[137]
Malta
- C-45H 8304 – under restoration at the
Mexico
- UC-45J Expeditor "ETL-1320" (S/N): 18 - at the Museo Militar de Aviación.[citation needed]
Netherlands
- C-45G 51-11665 – at the Lelystad, Netherlands.[140]
New Zealand
- AT-11 3691 - at the better source needed]
Portugal
- AT-11 2504 - at the Sintra, Portugal.[136]
Spain
- C-45H AF-752– at Madrid, Spain.[142]
Turkey
- AT-11 Kansan 6390/9-930 – at Istanbul Aviation Museum.[143]
United Kingdom
- E18S G-ASUG c/no. BA-111 – at the National Museum of Flight in East Lothian, Scotland.[144][145]
United States
- AT-11 41‐27561 – at the National Museum of the USAF in Dayton, Ohio.[146][147] or 42-37493[136]
- AT-11B 41-27616 – at the
- AT-11 42-36887 – at the Barksdale Global Power Museum in Bossier City, Louisiana.[149]
- AT-11 42-37240 – at the Lone Star Flight Museum in Galveston, Texas.[150][151]
- UC-45 42-37496 – at the Denver, Colorado. This aircraft was originally an AT-11 before being remanufactured.[152]
- UC-45F 44-47342 – at the
- C-45G 51-11467 – at the EAA Chapter 1241 Air Museum at the Florida Keys Marathon Airport in Marathon, Florida.[155]
- TC-45H 51-11529 – at the Tri-State Warbird Museum in Batavia, Ohio.[156]
- C-45H 51-11696 – at the Seattle, Washington.[157]
- C-45G 51-11795 – at the Air Mobility Command Museum in Dover, Delaware.[158]
- C-45G 51-11897 – at the Castle Air Museum in Atwater, California.[159][160]
- C-45H 52-10539 – at the
- C-45H 52-10865 – at the Travis Air Force Base Heritage Center at Travis AFB, California.[163][164]
- C-45H 52-10893 – at the National Museum of the USAF in Dayton, Ohio.[165]
- UC-45J 09771 – at the National Museum of Naval Aviation in Pensacola, Florida. This aircraft was converted from the last civil Beech 18 built prior to WWII.[14]
- UC-45J 51225 - gate guard at Commemorative Air Force Lone Star Wing, Harrison County Airport (Texas).[166]
- UC-45J 23774 – at Laughlin AFB in Del Rio, Texas.[136]
- RC-45J 51233 – at the Tennessee Museum of Aviation in Sevierville, Tennessee.[167][168]
- UC-45J 51242 – at the CAF Central Texas Wing in San Marcos, Texas.[169]
- UC-45J 51291 – at the Aerospace Museum of California in Sacramento, California.[170]
- UC-45J 51338 – at the St. Paul, Minnesota.[171]
- S18D c/no. 178 – at the Beechcraft Heritage Museum in Tullahoma, Tennessee.[172]
- D18S c/no. A-935 – at the Beechcraft Heritage Museum at Tullahoma Regional Airport in Tullahoma, Tennessee.[172]
- C-45H AF-824 – at the Beechcraft Heritage Museum in Tullahoma, Tennessee.[172]
- E18S c/no. BA-453 – at the Beechcraft Heritage Museum in Tullahoma, Tennessee.[172]
- H18 c/no. BA-670 – at the Lone Star Flight Museum in Galveston, Texas.[173]
Specifications (UC-45 Expeditor)
Data from Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War II.[174]
General characteristics
- Crew: 2 pilots
- Capacity: 6 passengers
- Length: 34 ft 3 in (10.44 m)
- Wingspan: 47 ft 8 in (14.53 m)
- Height: 9 ft 9 in (2.97 m)
- Wing area: 349 sq ft (32.4 m2)
- Empty weight: 5,420 lb (2,458 kg)
- Gross weight: 7,500 lb (3,402 kg)
- Powerplant: 2 × Pratt & Whitney R-985-AN-1 "Wasp Junior" radial engines, 450 hp (340 kW) each
Performance
- Maximum speed: 225 mph (362 km/h, 196 kn)
- Range: 1,200 mi (1,900 km, 1,000 nmi) at 160 mph (260 km/h; 140 kn) and 5,000 ft (1,500 m)
- Service ceiling: 26,000 ft (7,900 m)
- Rate of climb: 1,850 ft/min (9.4 m/s)
See also
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era
- Airspeed Oxford
- Avro Anson
- Barkley-Grow T8P-1
- Cessna AT-17 Bobcat
- De Havilland Dove
- Evangel 4500
- Fairchild AT-21 Gunner
- Lockheed Model 10 Electra
- Lockheed Model 12 Electra Junior
- Siebel Si 204
Related lists
- List of aircraft of World War II
- List of military aircraft of the United States
References
Notes
- ^ a b c d e "Type Certification Data Sheet No. 710: 18S, B18S, Rev 3" (PDF). Federal Aviation Administration. October 12, 2016. Retrieved September 9, 2022.
- ^ a b c "Beechcraft D18S Twin Beech." Archived June 30, 2016, at the Wayback Machine National Air and Space Museum of the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Retrieved: December 17, 2014.
- ^ a b "Fact Sheet: Beech C-45H Expeditor." National Museum of the U.S. Air Force, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio. Retrieved: August 5, 2017.
- ^ a b "Twin Beech: The 1930s airplane that set Beech Aircraft Corporation on a course towards 50 years of success" Flying Magazine, February 1982, pp. 26-30, Retrieved: August 5, 2017
- ^ "Fact Sheet: Beech AT-11 Kansan." National Museum of the U.S. Air Force, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio. Retrieved: August 5, 2017.
- ^ Bauschspies, James S. and William E. Simpson, "Research and Technology Program Perspectives for General Aviation and Commuter Aircraft", NASA Contract NASW-3554 for NASA, Sept. 1982, N83-17454#. Retrieved: Dec. 18, 2014. (In particular, see: Table 2.4 "COMMUTER CARGO FLEET IN 1981 - TOP TEN AIRCRAFT MODELS - NUMBER IN FLEET," which notes Beech 18 units are more than the next two aircraft combined (Convair 500/680 and Douglas DC-3), and more than the next three general aviation aircraft combined.
- ^ "Beech 18" FAA Aircraft Registry. Archived July 3, 2018, at the Wayback Machine Federal Aviation Administration. Retrieved: August 5, 2017.
- ^ a b c "Model 18 Specifications." Archived May 1, 2008, at the Wayback Machine Beechcraft Heritage Museum. Retrieved: August 24, 2008.
- ^ "Some of the Differences Between the Models and Modifications of the Beech 18". twinbeech.com. September 30, 2006. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
- ^ "Beechcraft 3NMT Expeditor." Canadian Museum of Flight. Retrieved: August 13, 2012.
- ^ a b "Beechcraft page." Aerofiles. Retrieved: August 12, 2008.
- ^ a b "S18D." Archived May 24, 2008, at the Wayback Machine Beechcraft Heritage Museum. Retrieved: August 12, 2008.
- ^ a b Swanborough & Bowers 1976, p. 41.
- ^ a b c Baugher, Joe (August 16, 2022). "US Navy and US Marine Corps BuNos, Third Series (00001 to 10316)". joebaugher.com. Retrieved August 23, 2022.
- ^ Swanborough & Bowers 1976, pp. 41–42.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Swanborough & Bowers 1976, p. 42.
- ^ a b c "Beech JRB-4/5 "Expeditor"". www.history.uscg.mil. United States Coast Guard. Retrieved August 23, 2022.
- ^ a b c d Baugher, Joe (June 25, 2022). "US Coast Guard Aircraft Serials". joebaugher.com. Retrieved August 23, 2022.
- ^ a b c d "C-45H." Beechcraft Heritage Museum. Retrieved: August 24, 2008.
- ^ Swanborough & Bowers 1976, pp. 42–43.
- ^ a b c d e f g Swanborough & Bowers 1976, p. 43.
- ^ O'Rourke, G.G, CAPT USN. "Of Hosenoses, Stoofs, and Lefthanded Spads." United States Naval Institute Proceedings, July 1968.
- ^ a b "Air America: Beech/Volpar Turbo Beech 18". University of Texas at Dallas, 2006. Retrieved: August 5, 2017.
- ^ Deakin, John. "Pelican's Perch #75:Those Dreadful POHs (Part 1)". AVweb, November 9, 2003. Retrieved: August 12, 2008.
- ^ Ramey, Taigh. "Spar concerns." Twinbeech.com. Retrieved: December 17, 2014.
- ^ Ramey, Taigh. "Vintage Aircraft: Things to Consider when Buying a Twin Beech Project." Twinbeech.com, Stockton, California. Retrieved: August 24, 2008.
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