Beersheba

Be'er-Sheva באר שבע بئر السبع
City
Hebrew transcription(s)
• Also spelled	Be'er-Sheva (official) Beer Sheva (unofficial)
From Upper left: Beersheba City Hall, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Negev Museum of Art, view of downtown, Volunteers square, Be'er Sheva at night
Flag
Be'er-Sheva Show map of Northern Negev region of Israel Be'er-Sheva Show map of Israel
Coordinates: 31°15′32″N 34°47′59″E / 31.25889°N 34.79972°E / 31.25889; 34.79972
Country	Israel
District	Southern
Government
• Mayor	Ruvik Danilovich
Area
• Total	117,500 dunams (117.5 km2 or 45.4 sq mi)
Elevation	260 m (850 ft)
Population  (2022)[1]
• Total	214,162
• Density	1,800/km2 (4,700/sq mi)
Name meaning	Well of the Oath(see also)
Website	beer-sheva.muni.il

Beersheba (

The Biblical site of Beersheba is Tel Be'er Sheva, lying some 4 km distant from the modern city, which was established at the start of the 20th century by the Ottomans.^[3] The city was captured by the British-led Australian Light Horse troops in the Battle of Beersheba during World War I.

The population of the town was completely changed in 1948–49. Bir Seb'a (

Beersheba is home to Ben-Gurion University of the Negev. This city also serves as a center for Israel's high-tech and developing technology industry.^[6]

The city has constructed over 250 roundabouts, earning its moniker as the "Roundabouts Capital of Israel" and the largest number of roundabouts in the world.^{[7][8][failed verification]}

Etymology

The

During the Ottoman administration, the city was referred as بلدية بئرالسبع (Belediye Birüsseb).[13]

Hebrew Bible

Beersheba^{[dubious – discuss]} is mainly dealt with in the Hebrew Bible in connection with the Patriarchs Abraham and Isaac, who both dug a well and close peace treaties with King Abimelech of Gerar at the site. Hence it receives its name twice, first after Abraham's dealings with Abimelech (Genesis 21:22–34), and again from Isaac who closes his own covenant with Abimelech of Gerar and whose servants also dig a well there (Genesis 26:23–33). The place is thus connected to two of the three Wife–sister narratives in the Book of Genesis.

According to the Hebrew Bible, Beersheba was founded when Abraham and Abimelech settled their differences over a well of water and made a covenant (see Genesis 21:22–34). Abimelech's men had taken the well from Abraham after he had previously dug it so Abraham brought sheep and cattle to Abimelech to get the well back. He set aside seven lambs to swear that it was he that had dug the well and no one else. Abimelech conceded that the well belonged to Abraham and, in the Bible, Beersheba means "Well of Seven" or "Well of the Oath".^[14]

Beersheba is further mentioned in the following Bible passages: Isaac built an altar in Beersheba (Genesis 26:23–33).

Zibiah, the consort of King Ahaziah of Judah and the mother of King Jehoash of Judah,^[16] was from Beersheba.

History

The city has been destroyed and rebuilt many times. Considered unimportant for centuries, Be’er Sheva regained notoriety under Byzantine rule (in the 4th–7th century), when it was a key point on the Limes Palestinae, a defense line built against the desert tribes; however, it fell to the Arabs in the 7th century and to the Turks in the 16th century.

It long remained a watering place and small trade centre for the nomadic Bedouin tribes of the Negev, despite Turkish efforts at town planning and development around 1900. Its capture in 1917 by the British Army opened the way for their conquest of Palestine and Syria. After being taken by Israeli troops in October 1948, Beersheba was rapidly settled by new immigrants and has since developed as the administrative, cultural, and industrial centre of the Negev. It is one of the largest cities in Israel outside of metropolitan Tel Aviv, Jerusalem, and Haifa.

Chalcolithic

Human settlement in the area dates from the Copper Age. The inhabitants lived in caves, crafting metal tools and raising cattle.^[17] Findings unearthed at Tel Be'er Sheva, an archaeological site east of modern-day Beersheba, suggest the region has been inhabited since the 4th millennium BC (between 5000 and 6,000 years ago).^[18]

Iron Age Israelite town

Tel Be'er Sheva, an archaeological site containing the ruins of an ancient town believed to have been the Biblical Beersheba, lies a few kilometers east of the modern city. The town dates to the early Israelite period, around the 10th century BCE. The site was possibly chosen due to the abundance of water, as evidenced by the numerous wells in the area. According to the Hebrew Bible, the wells were dug by Abraham and Isaac when they arrived there. The streets were laid out in a grid, with separate areas for administrative, commercial, military, and residential use. It is believed to have been the first planned settlement in the region, and is also noteworthy for its elaborate water system; in particular, a huge cistern carved out of the rock beneath the town.

Persian period

During the Persian rule 539 BC–c. 332 BC Beersheba^{[dubious – discuss]} was at the south of Yehud Medinata autonomous province of the Persian Achaemenid Empire. During that era the city was rebuilt^[19] and a citadel had been constructed.^[20] Archeological finds from between 359 and 338 BC have been made, finding pottery and an ostracon.^[20]

Hellenistic period

During the

During the early Muslim period, some of the Byzantine buildings continued to be used, but there was a slow decline of the city, which was manifested in the demolition of the public buildings and their transformation into a source of raw material for secondary construction. In the second half of the 8th century, the city was apparently abandoned.^[27]

Mamluk period

In 1483, during the late

The present-day city was built to serve as an administrative center by the Ottoman administration for the benefit of the Bedouin at the outset of the 20th century and was given the name of Bir al-Sabi (well of the seven). Until World War I, it was an overwhelmingly Muslim township with some 1,000 residents.^[29] Ben-David and Kressel have argued that the Bedouin traditional market was the cornerstone for the founding of Beersheba as capital of the Negev during this period,^[30]: 3 and Negev Bedouin. Anthropologist and educationalist Aref Abu-Rabia, who worked for the Israeli Ministry of Education and Culture, described it as "the first Bedouin city".^[31]: ix

In June 1899, the Ottoman government ordered the creation of the Beersheba sub-district (kaza) of the district (mutasarrıflık) of Jerusalem, with Beersheba to be developed as its capital.^[32] Implementation was entrusted to a special bureau of the Ministry of the Interior.^[32] The British incorporation of Sinai into Egypt led to a need for the Ottomans to consolidate their hold on southern Palestine.^[32] There was also a desire to encourage the Bedouin to become sedentary, with a predicted increase of tranquility and tax revenue.^[32] The first governor (kaymakam), Isma'il Kamal Bey, lived in a tent lent by the local sheikh until the government house (Saraya) was built.^[33] Kamal was replaced by Muhammed Carullah Efendi in 1901, who in turn was replaced by Hamdi Bey in 1903.^[32] The governor in 1908 was promoted to 'adjoint' (mutassarrıf muavin) to the governor of the Jerusalem district, which placed him above the other sub-district governors.^[32]

A visitor to Beersheba in May 1900 found only a ruin, a two-storey stone

Bir es-Seba grows from day to day; This year, instead of the tents, we found stately houses along a beautiful road from the Sarayah to the bed of the wadi. In the government building a garden has been laid out, and all sorts of trees have been planted which are sure to prosper, for the few shrubs planted two years ago by the steam mill at the south-east end of the road have grown considerably. The lively construction activity is also causing a lively exploitation of the ruins.[37]

By 1907, there was a large village, military post, a residence for the kaymakam and a large mosque.^[38] The population increased from 300 to 800 between 1902 and 1911, and by 1914 there were 1,000 people living in 200 houses.^[32]

A plan for the town in the form of a

During

• 
  Beersheba, 1948
• 
  Beersheba police station. 1948. Original building Ottoman with British Mandate addition.
• 
  Beersheba mosque, 1948
• 
  A mosque in Be'ersheva photographed during Operation Yoav, 1948
• 
  Harel Brigade assembling in Beersheba prior to Operation Horev, 25 December 1948
• 
  Nahal Beersheba in flood, 1948

State of Israel

1947–1949 war

In 1947, the United Nations Special Committee on Palestine (UNSCOP) proposed that Beersheba be included within the Jewish state in their partition plan for Palestine.^[53] However, when the UN's Ad Hoc Committee revised the plan, they moved Beersheva to the Arab state on account of it being primarily Arab.^[53][54] Egyptian forces had been stationed at Beersheva since May 1948.

After the Arab states rejected the partition plan for Palestine and declared war on the partition plan's Jewish state of Israel,

After a few months, the town's war-damaged houses were repaired. As a post-independence wave of Jewish immigration to Israel began, Beersheba experienced a population boom as thousands of immigrants moved in. The city rapidly expanded beyond its core, which became known as the "Old City", as new neighborhoods were built around it, complete with various housing projects such as apartment buildings and houses with auxiliary farms, as well as shopping centers and schools. The Old City was turned into a city center, with shops, restaurants, and government and utility offices. An industrial area and one of the largest cinemas in Israel were also built in the city. By 1956, Beersheba was a booming city of 22,000.[62]^[63] In 1959, during the Wadi Salib riots, riots spread quickly to other parts of the country, including Beersheba.^[64]

As part of its Blueprint Negev project, the Jewish National Fund funded major redevelopment projects in Beersheba. One project was the Beersheba River Walk, a 900-acre (3.6-square-kilometre) riverfront district with green spaces, hiking trails, a 3,000-seat sports hall, a 15-acre (6.1-hectare) boating lake filled with recycled wastewater, promenades, restaurants, cafés, galleries, boat rentals, a 12,000-seat amphitheater, playgrounds, and a bridge along the route of the city's Mekorot water pipes.^[66] At the official entrance to the river park is the Beit Eshel Park, which consists of a park built around a courtyard with historic remains from the settlement of Beit Eshel.^[67]

Four new shopping malls were also built. Among them is Kanyon Beersheba, a 115,000-square-metre (1,240,000-square-foot) ecologically planned mall with pools for collecting rainwater and lighting generated by solar panels on the roof. It will be situated next to an 8,000-meter park with bicycle paths.^[67][68][69] In addition, the first ever farmer's market in Israel was established as an enclosed, circular complex with 400 spaces for vendors surrounded by parks and greenery.^[67]

A new central bus station was built in the city. The station has a glass-enclosed complex also containing shops and cafés.^[67]

Some $10.5  million was also invested in renovating Beersheba's Old City, preserving historical buildings and upgrading infrastructure.^[70] The Turkish Quarter was also redeveloped with newly cobbled streets, widened sidewalks, and the restoration of Turkish homes into areas for dining and shopping.^[66]

In 2011, city hall announced plans to turn Beersheba into the "water city" of Israel.^[71] One of the projects, "Beersheva beach", is a 7-dunam fountain opposite city hall.^[72][73] Other projects included fountains near the Soroka Medical Center and in front of the Shamoon College of Engineering.

In the 1990s, as skyscrapers began to appear in Israel, the construction of high-rise buildings began in Beersheba.^[74] Today, downtown Beersheba has been described as a "clean, compact, and somewhat sterile-looking collection of high-rise office and residential towers."^[75] The city's tallest building is Rambam Square 2, a 32-story apartment building.^[76] Many additional high-rise buildings are planned or are under construction, including skyscrapers.^[77][78][79] There are further plans to build luxury residential towers in the city.^[80]

In December 2012, a plan to build 16,000 new housing units in the Ramot Gimel neighborhood was scrapped in favor of creating a new urban forest, which spans 1,360 acres (550 ha) and serves as the area's "green lung", as part of the plans to develop a "green band" around the city. The forest includes designated picnic areas, biking trails, and walking trails. According to Mayor Ruvik Danilovich, Beersheba still has an abundance of open, underdeveloped spaces that can be used for urban development.^[81]

In 2017, a new urban building plan was approved for the city, designed to raise the city's population to 340,000 by 2030. Under the plan, 13,000 more housing units will be built, along with industrial and business developments occupying a total of four million square meters. A second public hospital is also planned.^[82] Planning for the Beersheba Light Rail also began.^[83] In 2019, the construction of a new public hospital, which will be named after Shimon Peres, was approved. The hospital will be a 345-acre (140 ha) complex that will feature 1,900 beds, commerce, hotel, alternative medicine, and paramedical services, and research centers, with the possibility of apartment units for medical faculty employees, students, and senior housing. It will be linked to the rest of the city by a light rail system.^[84]

In 2021, an outline plan was approved for the construction of 34,000 housing units in the city, the plan will lead to an increase in the number of residents living in the city to 400,000.^[85]

Security incidents in the city

On October 19, 1998, sixty-four people were wounded in a grenade attack.^[86] On August 31, 2004, sixteen people were killed in

In 2010, an Arab attacked and injured two people with an axe.[92]^[93][94] In 2012, a Palestinian from Jenin was stopped before a stabbing attack in a "safe house".^[95][96] On October 18, 2015, a lone gunman shot and killed a soldier guarding the Beersheva bus station before being gunned down by police.^[97] In September 2016, the Shin Bet thwarted a Palestinian Islamic Jihad terror attack at a wedding hall in Beersheba.^[98][99]

On March 22, 2022, a convicted Islamic State supporter carried out a stabbing and vehicle-ramming attack, killing four people and injuring two others.^[100]

During the

Since 1950, Beersheba has changed its municipal emblem several times. The 1950 emblem, designed by Abraham Khalili, featured a

Beersheba is located on the northern edge of the Negev desert 115 kilometres (71 mi) south-east of

Climate

Beersheba has a hot semi arid (Köppen climate classification BSh) with Mediterranean influences. The city has both characteristics of Mediterranean and desert climates. Summers are hot and dry, and winters are mild. Rainfall is highly concentrated in the winter season. In summer, the temperatures are high in daytime and nighttime with an average high of 34.7 °C (94 °F) and an average low of 21.4 °C (71 °F). Winters have an average high of 17.7 °C (64 °F) and average low of 7.1 °C (45 °F). Snow is very rare; a snowfall on February 20, 2015, was the first such occurrence in the city since 2000.^[105][106]

Precipitation in summer is rare, most rainfalls come in winter between September and May, but the annual amount is low, averaging 195.1 millimeters (7.7 in) per year. There are sandstorms in summer. Haze and fog are common in winter, as a result of high humidity.

Demography

Beersheba is one of the fastest-growing cities in Israel. Though it has a population of about 200,000, the city is larger in area than Tel Aviv, and its urban plan calls for an eventual population of 450,000–500,000.^[112] It is planned to have a population of 340,000 by 2030.^[82] The population of Beersheba is predominantly Jewish. Jews and others represent 97.3% of the population, of whom Jews are 86.5%. Arabs constitute around 2.69% of city population.^[113][114] The Israel Central Bureau of Statistics divides the Beersheba metropolitan area into two areas:

Economy

The largest employers in Beersheba are

Teva Pharmaceutical Industries

, are located in and around the city.

Beersheba is emerging as a high-tech center, with an emphasis on cyber security.

Ness Technologies, WeWork and RAD Data Communications have opened facilities there, as has a cyberincubator run by Jerusalem Venture Partners.^[118] A Science park funded by the RASHI-SACTA Foundation, Beersheba Municipality and private donors was completed in 2008.^[117] Another high-tech park is located north of the city near Omer

.

An additional three industrial zones are located on the southeastern side of the city – Makhteshim, Emek Sara and Kiryat Yehudit – and a light industry zone between Kiryat Yehudit and the Old City.

Local government

The mayor of Beersheba is Ruvik Danilovich,^[119] who was deputy mayor under Yaakov Turner.^[120]

Mayors of Beersheba

	Name	Political party	Took office	Left office	Years in office
1	David Tuviyahu	Mapai	1950	1961	11
2	Ze'ev Zrizi	Mapam	1961	1963	2
3	Eliyahu Nawi	Mapai	1963	1986	23
4	Moshe Zilberman [he]	Independent	1986	1989	3
5	Yitzhak Rager	Likud	1989	1997	8
6	David Bunfeld [he]	Likud	1997	1998	1
7	Yaakov Terner	Labor	1998	2008	10
8	Ruvik Danilovich	Labor, New Way	2008

Educational institutions

Ben Gurion University of the Negev

According to the

Bagrut matriculation certificate in 2022. The city also has several private schools and yeshivot

in the religious sector with 3,000 or more students.

Beersheba is home to one of Israel's major universities,

Techni Be'er sheva ).^[122]

Neighborhoods

Main article: Neighborhoods of Beersheba

After Israeli independence, Beersheba became a "laboratory" for Israeli architecture.^[123] Mishol Girit, a neighborhood built in the late 1950s, was the first attempt to create an alternative to the standard public housing projects in Israel. Hashatiah (literally, "the carpet"), also known as Hashekhuna ledugma (the model neighborhood), was hailed by architects around the world.^[123] Today, Beersheba is divided into seventeen residential neighborhoods in addition to the Old City and Ramot, an umbrella neighborhood of four sub-districts. Many of the neighbourhoods are named after letters of the Hebrew alphabet, which also have numerical value, but descriptive place names have been given to some of the newer neighborhoods.

Art and cultural institutions

In 1953, Cinema Keren, the Negev's first movie theater, opened in Beersheba. It was built by the Histadrut and had seating for 1,200 people.^[124] Beersheba is the home base of the Israel Sinfonietta, founded in 1973. Over the years, the Sinfonietta has developed a broad repertoire of symphonic works, concerti for solo instruments and large choral productions, among them

Vivaldi's "Gloria". World-famous artists have appeared as soloists with the Sinfonietta, including Pinchas Zukerman, Jean-Pierre Rampal, Shlomo Mintz, Gary Karr, and Paul Tortelier.^[125] In the 1970s, a memorial commemorating fallen Israeli soldiers designed by the sculptor Danny Karavan was erected on a hill north-east of the city.^[126] The Beersheba Theater opened in 1973. The Light Opera Group of the Negev, established in 1980, performs musicals in English every year.^[127]

Landmarks in the city include "

Abraham's well", a well dating to at least the 12th century CE (now inside a visitors center), and the old Turkish railway station, now the focus of development plans.^[128] The Artists House of the Negev, in a Mandate-era building, showcases artwork connected in some way to the Negev.^[129]

The Negev Museum of Art reopened in 2004 in the Ottoman Governor's House, and an art and media center for young people was established in the Old City.

In 2009, a new tourist and information center, Gateway to the Negev, was built.^[130]

Great Mosque of Beersheba

In 1906, during the

Ottoman era, the Great Mosque of Beersheba was built with donations collected from the Bedouin residents in the Negev. It was used actively as a mosque until the city fell to Israeli forces in 1948.^[131] The mosque was used until 1953 as the city's courthouse. From then until the 1990s, when it was closed for renovations, the building housed an archeological museum, which the city intended to turn into the archeological branch of the Negev Museum.^[132] In 2011, however, the Supreme Court of Israel, sitting as the High Court of Justice, ordered the property to be turned into a museum of Islam without reverting to a place of worship.^[133]

Transportation

Main article: Transport in Beersheba

Beersheba is the central transport hub of southern Israel, served by roads, railways and air. Beersheba is connected to

ring road

surrounds the city from the north and east, and Road 406 (Rager Blvd.) goes through the city center from north to south.

Dan BaDarom and Metropoline.^[135] The intercity bus service was transferred to Dan Be'er Sheva in 25'th of November 2016 and Metrodan Beersheva had been shut down. With the change to Dan Be'er Sheva the company introduced electronic payment stopping pay at the driver which was common in Beersheba.^[136]

Be'er Sheva Central station, adjacent to the central bus station. Between the two stations, the railway splits into two, and also continues to Dimona and the Dead Sea factories. An extension is planned to Eilat^[137] and Arad

.

The Be'er Sheva North University station is the terminus of the line to Dimona. All stations of Israel Railways can be accessed from Beersheba using

high-speed railway system.^[139]

The Beersheba Light Rail is currently planned as a light rail system for the city of Beersheba and outlying communities. There have been plans for a light rail system in Beersheba for many years, and a light rail system appears in the master plan for the city.^[140] An agreement was signed for the construction of a light rail system in 1998, but was not implemented. In 2008, the Israeli Finance Ministry contemplated freezing the Tel Aviv Light Rail project and building a light rail system in Beersheba instead, but that did not happen. In 2014, mayor Ruvik Danilovich announced that the light rail system will be built in the city.^{[141][142][143]} In 2017, the Ministry of Transport gave the Beersheba municipality approval to proceed with preliminary planning on a light rail system.^[144] In August 2023, the light rail was officially approved. It is expected to be completed by 2033.^[145]

Roundabouts

In Be'er Sheva there are over 250 roundabouts, giving the city its nickname of "Roundabout Capital of Israel". Many roundabouts, part of Be'er-Sheva's urban oasis project, include fountains, landscaping and sculptures by well-known artists (such as Menashe Kadishman's The Horse Circle and Jeremy Langford's The Drip Circle). Some commemorate famous people and international and local organizations, or mark important events. Some are named after the twin cities of Beer Sheva.^[146]

Well-known roundabouts are:

Freemasons Circle, Shofarot Circle, Twin Towers

Circle.

Hiking

Beersheba is linked to Hilvan by the Abraham Path.^{[citation needed]}

Sports

F.C. Be'er Sheva (based in the north of Dalet), a continuation of the defunct Beitar Avraham Be'er Sheva. Hapoel play at the Turner Stadium

.

Beersheba has a basketball club, Hapoel Be'er Sheva. The team plays at The Conch Arena, which seats 3,000.

Beersheba has become Israel's national chess center; thanks to Soviet immigration, it is home to the largest number of chess grandmasters of any city in the world.^[147] The city hosted the World Team Chess Championship in 2005, and chess is taught in the city's kindergartens.^[148] The Israeli chess team won the silver medal at the 2008 Chess Olympiad^[149] and the bronze at the 2010 Olympiad. The chess club was founded in 1973 by Eliyahu Levant, who is still the driving spirit behind it.^[150]

The city has the second largest wrestling center (AMI wrestling school) in Israel. ^{[citation needed]} The center is run by Leonid Shulman and has approximately 2,000 students, most of whom are from Russian immigrant families since the origins of the club are in the Nahal Beka immigrant absorption center. Maccabi Be'er Sheva has a freestyle wrestling team, whilst Hapoel Be'er Sheva has a Greco-Roman wrestling team. In the 2010 World Wrestling Championships, AMI students won five medals.^[151] Cricket is played under the auspices of Israel Cricket Association. Beersheba is also home to a rugby team, whose senior and youth squads have won several national titles (including the recent Senior National League 2004–2005 championship).^[152] Beersheba's tennis center, which opened in 1991, features eight lighted courts, and the Beersheba (Teyman) airfield is used for gliding.

Environmental awards

In 2012, the Beersheba "ring trail", a 42-kilometer hiking trail around the city, won third place in the annual environmental competition of the European Travelers Association.^[153]

Notable people

• Orna Banai (born 1966), actress, comedian, and entertainer
• Elyaniv Barda (born 1981), footballer
• Zehava Ben (born 1968), singer
• Avishay Braverman (born 1948), professor and politician, president of the Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
• Almog Cohen (born 1988), footballer
• Ruvik Danilovich (born 1971), 8th mayor of Be'er Sheva
• Anat Draigor (born 1960), basketball player
• Eli Alaluf (born 1945), politician
• Ronit Elkabetz (1964–2016), actress
• Velvl Greene (1928–2011), Canadian–American–Israeli scientist and academic
• Zvika Hadar (born 1966), comedian and show host
• Boaz Huss (born 1959), professor of Kabbalah at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
• Ron Kaplan (born 1970), Olympic gymnast
• Victor Mikhalevski (born 1972), chess grandmaster
• David Naccache (born 1967), cryptologist, professor at France's Ecole normale supérieure
• David Newman (born 1956), professor and Dean of Social Science and Humanities, BGU
• Ilan Ramon (1954–2003), Israel's first astronaut; died in the Columbia disaster
• Yehudit Ravitz (born 1956), singer
• Yogev Glossman (born 1990), singer
• Max Steinberg (1989–2014), American-Israeli IDF lone soldier killed in the 2014 Gaza War
• Idan Tal (born 1975), footballer
• Eli Zizov (born 1991), footballer
• Ze'ev Zrizi (1916–2011), second mayor of Beersheba

Twin towns – sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Israel

Beersheba is twinned with:^[154]

• Adana, Turkey
• Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
• Cluj-Napoca, Romania
• Lyon, France
• Niš, Serbia
• Oni, Georgia
• Parramatta, Australia
• La Plata, Argentina
• Seattle, United States
• Montreal, Canada
• Winnipeg, Canada
• Wuppertal, Germany
• Munich, Germany

See also

• Battle of Beersheba (First World War)
• Beer Sheva Park, Seattle
• Map of Beersheba and surrounds in the 1940s and 1950s
• Beersheba Settlement

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Bibliography

• Fabri, Felix (1893). Felix Fabri (circa 1480–1483 A.D.) vol II, part II. Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society.
• Thareani-Sussely, Yifat (2007). "The 'Archaeology of the Days of Manasseh' Reconsidered in the Light of Evidence From The Beersheba Valley". Palestine Exploration Quarterly. 139 (2): 69–77.
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External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Beersheba.

Beer Sheva travel guide from Wikivoyage

• Be'er Sheva Municipal Website Archived August 7, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
• My Be'er-Sheva
• Beersheba City Council Archived September 24, 2004, at the Wayback Machine
• Selection of photos from Beer Sheva from flickr
• Ben-Gurion University
• The city of Beersheba: a tourist's guide
• Beer-Sheva – Historical article from the Catholic Encyclopaedia
• Light Horse charges again Article written by Martin Chulov, published in The Australian, November 1, 2007, the descendants of the Australian light-horsemen rode into the centre of Beersheva, re-enacting the gallant gallop of October 31, 1917
• Israel Builds Expansion and architecture of Beersheva in the 1960s and 1970s
• Blueprint for Beersheba
• Goodchild, Philip; Talbert, Andrew (2010). "Beersheba & Abraham". Bibledex in Israel. Brady Haran for the University of Nottingham.
• Tsagai Asamain, Be'er Sheva-Compound C:Conservation measures during the excavation, Israel Antiquities Authority Site – Conservation Department
• Yardena Etgar and Ofer Cohen, Tel Be’er Sheva: The Underground Water Reservoir System, Israel Antiquities Authority Site – Conservation Department
• Shauli Sela and Fuad Abu-Taa, The Turkish Mosque and the Governor's House: Conservation of the stone and plaster, Israel Antiquities Authority Site – Conservation Department
• Survey of Western Palestine, Map 24: IAA, Wikimedia commons
• BeerSheva.city, the first French portal of the city