Beit She'an

Coordinates: 32°30′N 35°30′E / 32.500°N 35.500°E / 32.500; 35.500
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
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Beit She'an National Park
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Beit She'an
בֵּית שְׁאָן
Hebrew transcription(s)
 • ISO 259Beit Šˀan
 • Translit.Bet Šəʼan
 • Also spelledBet She'an (official)
Beth Shean (unofficial)
Beit She'an
Beit She'an
Official logo of Beit She'an
Beit She'an is located in Jezreel Valley region of Israel
Beit She'an
Beit She'an
Beit She'an is located in Israel
Beit She'an
Beit She'an
Coordinates: 32°30′N 35°30′E / 32.500°N 35.500°E / 32.500; 35.500
Country Israel
DistrictNorthern
Founded6th–5th millennia BCE (Earliest settlement)
Bronze Age (Canaanite town)
Government
 • MayorJackie Levy
Area
 • Total7,330 dunams (7.33 km2 or 2.83 sq mi)
Population
 (2022)[1]
 • Total19,073
 • Density2,600/km2 (6,700/sq mi)
Name meaningHouse of Tranquillity[2]
Websitehttp://www.bet-shean.org.il
Archaeological excavation at Tell Beth Shean in 1937. The town is seen at the top half of the picture

Beit She'an (

Arabic: بيسان Bisān),[2] is a town in the Northern District of Israel. The town lies at the Beit She'an Valley
about 120 m (394 feet) below sea level.

Beit She'an is believed to be one of the oldest cities in the region. It has played an important role in history due to its geographical location at the junction of the Jordan River Valley and the Jezreel Valley. Beth She'an's ancient tell contains remains beginning in the Chalcolithic period. When Canaan came under Imperial Egyptian rule in the Late Bronze Age, Beth She'an served as a major Egyptian administrative center.[3]

During the Hellenistic period, the settlement was known as Scythopolis (Ancient Greek: Σκυθόπολις). After the region came under Roman rule, Scythopolis gained imperial free status and was the leading city of the Decapolis. A multi-cultural metropolis under Byzantine rule, it served as the capital of the province of Palaestina Secunda, and had a mixed population of Christians, pagans, Jews and Samaritans. After the Arab conquest of the Levant, and following a series of devastating earthquakes (most notably in 749), the city lost its prominence, and became a medium-sized country town.[3][4]

The population of the town was completely changed from 1948 to 1950. It had been entirely Muslim and Christian, designated to be part of the Jewish state in the 1947 United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine, and was captured by the Haganah in May 1948. The battle over the town during Operation Gideon caused most of its inhabitants to flee, and the remainder were expelled.[5] The town was then resettled by Jewish immigrants.[5] Today, Beit She'an serves as a regional centre for the towns in the Beit She'an Valley. The ancient city ruins are now protected within the Beit She'an National Park. The town is located near the Jordan River Crossing, one of three crossing points between Israel and Jordan.

Geography

Ancient ruins of Beit She'an

Beit She'an's location has always been strategically significant, due to its position at the junction of the Jordan River Valley and the Jezreel Valley, essentially controlling access from Jordan and the inland to the coast, as well as from Jerusalem and Jericho to the Galilee.

Beit She'an is situated on Highway 90, the north–south road which runs the length of the eastern edge of Israel and the West Bank. The city stretches over an area of 7 square kilometers with a substantial national park in the north of the city. Beit She'an has a population of 20,000.[6]

Today the town is under the administration of the Emek HaMa'ayanot Regional Council.

History

Prehistory (Neolithic and Chalcolithic periods)

In 1933, archaeologist G.M. FitzGerald, under the auspices of the

Early Chalcolithic periods (sixth to fifth millennia BC.)[7] Occupation continued intermittently throughout the Late Neolithic and Chalcolithic periods, with a likely gap during the Late Chalcolithic period (ca. 4000–3300 BC).[8]

Early Bronze Age

House of the Egyptian governor on Tell el-Husn

Settlement seems to have resumed at the beginning of the

Early Bronze Age I (3200–3000) and continues throughout this period, is then missing during the Early Bronze Age II, and then resumes in the Early Bronze Age III.[8]

Middle Bronze Age

A large cemetery on the northern mound was in use from the Bronze Age to

Byzantine times.[9] Canaanite graves dating from 2000 to 1600 BC were discovered there in 1926.[10]

Late Bronze Age

Egyptian period

After the

Hebrew University excavations determined that this temple was built on the site of an earlier one.[15]

Lion and Lioness, 14th century BC

One of the most important finds near the temple is the Lion and Lioness (or a dog[16]) stela, currently in the Israel Museum in Jerusalem, which depicts the two playing.[17]

During the three hundred years of rule by the

20th Dynasty saw the construction of large administrative buildings in Beit She'an, including "Building 1500", a small palace for the Egyptian governor.[23] During the 20th Dynasty, invasions of the "Sea Peoples" upset Egypt's control over the Eastern Mediterranean
. Though the exact circumstances are unclear, the entire site of Beit She'an was destroyed by fire around 1150 BC. The Egyptians did not attempt to rebuild their administrative center and finally lost control of the region.

Over 50 clay anthropoid coffins were found at the site mainly from the 13th and 12th centuries BC. Most are in the typical Egyptian style but some are of a "grotesque" type linked to the Aegean which caused earlier archaeologists to suggest they were of the "sea peoples" which pharaoh Ramses III claimed to have resettled in the region.[24]

Iron Age

Terracotta sarcophagus Beth Shean northern cemetery tomb 202A Iron IA 1200–1150 BCE Penn Museum 02

An

1 Kings (1 Kings 4:12) refers to Beit She'an as part of the kingdom of Solomon, though the historical accuracy of this list is debated.[26] Nevertheless, recent archaeomagnetic dates suggest that the first Israelite urban settlement was established either during the Solomonic period or in the pre-Omride phase of the early kingdom of Israel at the latest, and that it was probably destroyed around 935–900 BC.[27]

The Assyrian conquest of the northern kingdom of Israel under Tiglath-Pileser III (732 BC) brought about the destruction of Beit She'an by fire.[21]

Minimal reoccupation occurred until the Hellenistic period.[21]

Biblical narrative

The

1 Chronicles, 1 Samuel 31; 1 Chronicles 10). 1 Samuel 31:10 states that "the victorious Philistines hung the body of King Saul on the walls of Beit She'an". Later, the people of Jabesh-Gilead took the remnants, carried them into their city, and burned them. No archeological evidence was found of a Philistine occupation of Beit She'an, but it is possible the force only passed there.[16]

Hellenistic period

Map of the Decapolis showing the location of Beit She'an, here called by its Greek name, Scythopolis

The Hellenistic period saw the reoccupation of the site of Beit She'an under the new name "Scythopolis" (Ancient Greek: Σκυθόπολις),[31] meaning "City of the Scythians", possibly named after the Scythian mercenaries who settled there as veterans.[32]

Little is known about the Hellenistic city, but during the 3rd century BCE a large temple was constructed on the tell.

Seleucid
dynasties. In 198 BCE the Seleucids finally conquered the region.

Roman period

In 63 BCE, Pompey made Judea a part of the Roman Republic. Beit She'an was refounded and rebuilt by Gabinius.[35] The town center shifted from the summit of the mound, or tell, to its slopes. Scythopolis prospered and became the leading city of the Decapolis, the only one west of the Jordan River.[36]

The city flourished under the "

University of Pennsylvania Museum.[37]

  • The Roman theatre
    The Roman theatre
  • Roman cardo
    Roman cardo
  • Roman baths
    Roman baths

Byzantine period

Mosaic from 5th–7th century synagogue in northern Beit Shean, possibly Samaritan (Israel Museum)[38]

Copious archaeological remains were found dating to the

archdiocese
of the province.

Dedicatory inscriptions indicate a preference for donations to religious buildings, and many colourful mosaics, such as that featuring the zodiac in the Monastery of Lady Mary, or the one picturing a menorah and shalom in the House of Leontius' Jewish synagogue, were preserved. A Samaritan synagogue's mosaic was unique in abstaining from human or animal images, instead utilising floral and geometrical motifs. Elaborate decorations were also found in the settlement's many luxurious villas, and in the 6th century especially, the city reached its maximum size of 40,000 and spread beyond its period city walls.[40]

The Byzantine period portion of the northern cemetery was excavated in 1926. The tombs from this period consisted of small rock-cut halls with vaulted graves on three sides.

Virgin and Child, many terracotta lamps, glass mirrors, bells, tools, knives, finger rings, iron keys, glass beads, bone hairpins, and many other items.[41]

Important Christian personalities who lived or passed through Byzantine Scythopolis are St Procopius of Scythopolis (died July 7, 303 AD), Cyril of Scythopolis (ca. 525–559), St Epiphanius of Salamis (c. 310/320 – 403) and Joseph of Tiberias (c. 285 – c. 356) who met there around the year 355.

Early Muslim period

In 634, Byzantine forces were defeated by the

alleyways, and makeshift shops were opened among the colonnades. The city reached a low point by the 8th century, witnessed by the removal of marble for producing lime, the blocking off of the main street, and the conversion of a main plaza into a cemetery.[42] However, some recently discovered counter-evidence may be offered to this picture of decline. In common with state-directed building work carried out in other towns and cities in the region during the 720s,[43] Baysan's commercial infrastructure was refurbished: its main colonnaded market street, once thought to date to the sixth century, is now known—on the basis of a mosaic inscription—to be a redesign dating from the time of the Umayyad caliph Hisham (r. 724–43).[44] Abu Ubayd al-Andalusi noted that the wine produced there was delicious.[2]

On January 18, 749, Umayyad Baysan was completely devastated by a catastrophic earthquake. A few residential neighborhoods grew up on the ruins, probably established by the survivors, but the city never recovered its magnificence. The city center moved to the southern hill where later the Crusaders built their castle.[45]

Jerusalemite historian

al-Muqaddasi visited Baysan in 985, during Abbasid rule and wrote that it was "on the river, with plentiful palm trees, and water, though somewhat heavy (brackish.)" He further noted that Baysan was notable for its indigo, rice, dates and grape syrup known as dibs.[46] The town formed one of the districts (kurah) of Jund al-Urdunn during this period.[47] Its principal mosque was situated in the center of its marketplace.[48]

Crusader period

Crusader castle with moat and inner tower.

In the

House of Bethune
. His descendants were known by the family name de Bessan.

It occasionally passed back under royal control until new lords were created. The town became part of the Belvoir fiefdom.[49]

A small Crusader fortress surrounded by a moat was built in the area southeast of the Roman theatre, where the diminished town had relocated after the 749 earthquake.[45] The fortress was destroyed by Saladin in 1183.[50]

During the 1260 Battle of Ain Jalut, retreating Mongol forces passed in the vicinity but did not enter the town itself.

Mamluk period

Plan of Beisan-Scythopolis from the 1871–1877 PEF Survey of Palestine

Under

sugar cane processing for the region. Jisr al-Maqtu'a, "the truncated/cut-off bridge", a bridge consisting of a single arch spanning 25 ft (7.6 m) and hung 50 ft (15 m) above a stream, was built during that period.[51]

Ottoman period

Ottoman Saraya

During this period the inhabitants of Beit She'an were mainly Muslim. There were however some Jews. For example, the 14th century

topographer Ishtori Haparchi settled there and completed his work Kaftor Vaferach in 1322, the first Hebrew book on the geography of Palestine.[52]

During the 400 years of Ottoman rule, Baysan lost its regional importance. During the reign of Sultan Abdul Hamid II when the Jezreel Valley railway, which was part of the Haifa-Damascus extension of the Hejaz railway was constructed, a limited revival took place. The local peasant population was largely impoverished by the Ottoman feudal land system which leased tracts of land to tenants and collected taxes from them for their use.[2]

The Swiss–German traveler Johann Ludwig Burckhardt described Beisan in 1812: "The present village of Bysan contains seventy or eighty houses; its inhabitants are in a miserable condition, from being exposed to the depredations of the Bedouins of the Ghor, to whom they also pay a heavy tribute."[53]

In 1870/1871 (1288

AH), an Ottoman census listed the village in the nahiya (sub-district) of Shafa al-Shamali.[54]

In the early 20th century, though still a small and obscure village, Beisan was known for its plentiful water supply, fertile soil, and its production of olives, grapes, figs, almonds, apricots, and apples.[2]

British Mandate period

Detailed map of the town in the 1930s from the Survey of Palestine

Under the Mandate, the city was the center of the

District of Baysan. According to a census conducted in 1922 by the British Mandate authorities, Beit She'an (Baisan) had a population of 1,941, consisting of 1,687 Muslims, 41 Jews and 213 Christians.[55]

In 1934,

Lawrence of Arabia noted that "Bisan is now a purely Arab village," where "very fine views of the river can be had from the housetops." He further noted that "many nomad and Bedouin encampments, distinguished by their black tents, were scattered about the riverine plain, their flocks and herds grazing round them."[2] Beisan was home to a mainly Mizrahi Jewish community of 95 until 1936, when the 1936–1939 Arab revolt saw Beisan serve as a center of Arab attacks on Jews in Palestine.[52][56][57] In 1938, after learning of the murder of his close friend and Jewish leader Haim Sturmann, Orde Wingate led his men on an offensive in the Arab section of Baysan, the rebels’ suspected base.[58]

According to population surveys conducted in

1947 UN Partition Plan allocated Beisan and most of its district to the proposed Jewish state.[2][60][61]

Jewish forces and local Bedouins first clashed during the

Joseph Weitz, a leading Yishuv figure, wrote in his diary on May 4, 1948, that, "The Beit Shean Valley is the gate for our state in the Galilee...[I]ts clearing is the need of the hour."[2]

Beisan, then an Arab village, fell to the Jewish militias three days before the end of the Mandate.

  • Beisan in 1936
    Beisan in 1936
  • Beit She’an 1939
    Beit She’an 1939
  • Pioneers of Kibbutz Ein Hanatziv settle in Bet She'an, 1946
    Pioneers of
    Ein Hanatziv
    settle in Bet She'an, 1946

State of Israel

Al Mansfeld
, 1960

After

Arab Christians relocated to Nazareth. A ma'abarah (refugee camp) inhabited mainly by North African Jewish refugees[64] was erected in Beit She'an, and it later became a development town
.

From 1969, Beit She'an was a target for Katyusha rockets and mortar attacks from Jordan.[65] In the 1974 Beit She'an attack, militants of the Popular Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine, took over an apartment building and murdered a family of four.[56]

In 1999, Beit She'an was incorporated as a city.[66] Geographically, it lies in the middle of the Emek HaMaayanot Regional Council, formerly the Beit She'an Valley Regional Council.[67]

Beit She'an was the hometown and political power base of David Levy, an Israeli politician.

During the Second Intifada, in the 2002 Beit She'an attack, six Israelis were killed and over 30 were injured by two Palestinian militants, who opened fire and threw grenades at a polling station in the center of Bet She'an where party members were voting in the Likud primary.

Archaeology and tourism

Rehov inscription

The

University of Pennsylvania Museum in Philadelphia.[68] Excavations at the site were resumed by the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in 1983 and then again from 1989 to 1996 under the direction of Amihai Mazar.[69] The excavations have revealed no less than 18 successive ancient towns.[70][71] Ancient Beit She'an, one of the most spectacular Roman and Byzantine sites in Israel, is a major tourist attraction.[72] The seventh century Mosaic of Rehob was discovered by farmers of Kibbutz Ein HaNetziv. Part of a mosaic floor, it contains details of Jewish religious laws concerning tithes and the Sabbatical Year.[73]

Earthquakes

Beit She'an is located above the

Golan earthquake of 749
.

Demographics

According to the

Population groups in Israel. The population breakdown by gender was 8,200 males and 8,100 females.[75]

The age distribution was as follows:

Age 0–4 5–9 10–14 15–19 20–29 30–44 45–59 60–64 65–74 75+
Percentage 9.9 9.4 9.4 9.4 17.6 17.7 16.7 2.7 4.4 2.8
Source: Israel Central Bureau of Statistics[75]

Economy

Beit She'an municipality
Beit She'an park

Beit She'an is a center of cotton-growing, and many of residents are employed in the cotton fields of the surrounding kibbutzim. Other local industries include a textile mill and clothing factory.[52]

When the ancient city of Beit She'an was opened to the public in the 1990s and turned into a national park, tourism became a major sector of the economy.[76]

Transportation

New railway station, Beit She'an

Beit She'an had a railway station that opened in 1904 on the Jezreel Valley railway which was an extension of the Hejaz railway. This station closed together with the rest of the Jezreel Valley railway in 1948. In 2011–2016 the valley railway was rebuilt and the new Beit She'an railway station, located at the same site as the historical station was opened. Passenger service offered at the station connects the city to Afula, Haifa and destinations in between. In addition to passenger service, the station also includes a freight rail terminal.

Sports

The local football club, Hapoel Beit She'an spent several seasons in the top division in the 1990s, but folded in 2006 after several relegations. Maccabi Beit She'an currently plays in Liga Bet.[citation needed]

Notable people

Twin towns – sister cities

Beit She'an is

twinned
with:

Historic images

  • Historic railway station, 1930s
    Historic railway station, 1930s
  • Beit She'an after conquest, 1948
    Beit She'an after conquest, 1948
  • Ottoman Saray building used by Yiftach Brigade as company barracks, 1948
    Ottoman Saray building used by Yiftach Brigade as company barracks, 1948
  • Beit Shean ruins
    Beit Shean ruins
  • Lions playing sculpture, roundabout in Beit Shean
    Lions playing sculpture, roundabout in Beit Shean

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Regional Statistics". Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
  2. ^ .
  3. ^ a b c "Bet Sheʾan | Israel | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2022-06-29.
  4. ^ אבני, גדעון (2014). "התעצמות ודעיכה: תהליכי שינוי בערי ארץ ישראל בתקופה המוסלמית הקדומה" [Intensification and abatement: processes of change in the cities of Palestine during the early Muslim period]. קתדרה (in Hebrew) (153): 42–43.
  5. ^ a b Arnon Golan (2002) Jewish Settlement of Former Arab Towns and Their Incorporation into the Israeli Urban System (1948-50), Israel Affairs, 9:1-2, 149-164, DOI: 10.1080/714003467 "The former Arab town of Beisan... Jewish troops took over the town and its environs in fighting in April and May 1948. Most of the Arab population fled at that time, while the handful of remaining residents were expelled following the town's surrender on 13 May, after which it was placed under military government. As early as June 1948 the Israeli authorities initiated a new settlement venture in the Beit Shean valley, which established three new kibbutzim by March 1949. To block any possible return of former Arab residents, the local military government began the demolition of the town's built-up area; this was halted only by the intervention of the Israeli agriculture minister, Aaron Ziesling, who opposed the demolition policy on ideological grounds... The government decided to build 1,000 new apartments in Beisan and to restore 600 former Arab dwelling units for immigrants. In April 1950 the Jewish population of Beisan, renamed in Hebrew "Beit Shean", numbered 2,000, all of them newly arrived immigrants."
  6. ^ Nefesh B'Nefesh Profiles: Beit She'an
  7. ^ Braun, Eliot. Early Beth Shean (Strata XIX-XIII): G.M. FitzGerald's Deep Cut on the Tell, p. 28
  8. ^ a b Braun, p.61-64
  9. ^ Rowe, Alan. The Topography and History of Beth Shean. Philadelphia: 1930, p. v
  10. ^ Rowe, p. 2
  11. ^ No. 110: bt š'ir. Mazar, Amihai. "Tel Beth-Shean: History and Archaeology." In One God, One Cult, One Nation. Ed. R.G. Kratz and H. Spieckermann. New York: 2010, P. 239
  12. ^ Mazar 242
  13. ^ Rowe, 10; http://www.rehov.org/project/tel_beth_shean.htm Archived 2012-02-06 at the Wayback Machine
  14. ^ Rowe 11
  15. ^ Mazar 247
  16. ^ a b "Tel Beth Shean: An Account of the Hebrew University Excavations". www.rehov.org. Archived from the original on 2012-02-06.
  17. ^ Lion and Lioness playing, Israel Museum
  18. ^ Mazar 250
  19. ^ Rowe 23–32
  20. ^ Albright W. The smaller Beth-Shean stele of Sethos I (1309-1290 B. C.), Bulletin of the American schools of Oriental research, feb 1952, p. 24-32.
  21. ^ a b c "Tel Beth Shean: An Account of the Hebrew University's Excavations". Rehov.org. Archived from the original on 2012-02-06. Retrieved 2012-03-04.
  22. ^ Mazar 256
  23. ^ Mazar 253
  24. ^ Emanuel, Jeffrey P. “‘SEA PEOPLES’ IN EGYPTIAN GARRISONS IN LIGHT OF BETH-SHEAN, (RE-)RECONSIDERED.” Mediterranean Archaeology, vol. 28/29, 2015, pp. 1–22
  25. ^ "The Beth-Shean Valley Archaeological Project". Rehov.org. Archived from the original on 2012-02-04. Retrieved 2012-03-04.
  26. ^ Mazar 263
  27. .
  28. ^ 1 Samuel 31:10–12
  29. ^ "Was King Saul Impaled on the Wall of Beth Shean?". The BAS Library. August 31, 2015.
  30. ^ "Beit She'an, Archaeology in Israel". www.jewishmag.co.il.
  31. ^ Meyers & Chancey 13
  32. JSTOR 27924894
    . Retrieved 2023-04-15.
  33. ^ Rowe 44
  34. ^ a b c Rowe 49
  35. ^ a b Rowe 46
  36. ^ "Tel Aviv University Institute of Archaeology". en-humanities.tau.ac.il.
  37. ^ Rowe 53
  38. ^ Synagogue floor: Beth Shean synagogue, ay IMJ website, accessed 16 July 2019
  39. ^ a b Rowe 50
  40. ^ a b Rowe 45
  41. ^ a b Rowe 52
  42. ^ "Beit She'an". Jewish Virtual Library.
  43. ^ A. Walmsley, "Economic Developments and the Nature of Settlement in the Towns and Countryside of Syria-Palestine, ca. 565–800", Dumbarton Oaks Papers 61 (2007), especially pp. 344–45.
  44. ^ E. Khamis, "Two wall mosaic inscriptions from the Umayyad market place in Bet Shean/Baysan", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 64 (2001), pp. 159–76.
  45. ^ a b "Israel Antiquities Authority, Death of a City". Antiquities.org.il. Archived from the original on 2013-09-15. Retrieved 2012-12-30.
  46. ^ le Strange, 1890, pp. 18–19.
  47. ^ le Strange, 1890, p. 30
  48. ^ le Strange, 1890, p. 411
  49. ^ גן לאומי בית שאן (in Hebrew). Israel National Parks Authority. Archived from the original on 2012-04-25.
  50. .
  51. ^ Shahin, 2005, p. 164
  52. ^ a b c "Bet She'an". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
  53. .
  54. ^ Grossman, David (2004). Arab Demography and Early Jewish Settlement in Palestine. Jerusalem: Magnes Press. p. 256.
  55. ^ Barron, 1923, p. 6
  56. ^ a b Ashkenazi, Eli (2007-05-11). "The other Beit She'an". Haaretz. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
  57. ^ "Virtual Israel Experience:Bet She'an". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
  58. ^ Michael B. Oren (Winter 2001). "Orde Wingate: Friend Under Fire". Azure: Ideas for the Jewish Nation. Retrieved 2007-05-15.
  59. ^ "Settled Population Of Palestine". United Nations. Archived from the original on March 19, 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-01.
  60. .
  61. ^ Land Ownership of Palestine—Map prepared by the government of the British Mandate of Palestine on the instructions of the UN Ad Hoc Committee on the Palestine Question (Map). United Nations. Archived from the original on 29 October 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
  62. JSTOR 2537591
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  63. ^ WPN Tyler, State lands and rural development in mandatory Palestine, 1920–1948, p. 79
  64. .
  65. ^ "Jordanian katusha, bazuka and mortar attack on Beit She'an", Maariv, 22 Jun 1969, scan source: Historical Jewish press
  66. ^ הסראיה – בית שאן. 7wonders.co.il (in Hebrew). Archived from the original on 5 March 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-08.
  67. ^ "Beit Shean" (PDF). Friends of the Earth Middle East (FoEME). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 February 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-04.
  68. ^ Ousterhout, Robert; Boomer, Megan; Chalmers, Matthew; Fleck, Victoria; Kopta, Joseph R.; Shackelford, James; Vandewalle, Rebecca; Winnik, Arielle. "Beth Shean After Antiquity". Beth Shean After Antiquity.
  69. ^ "Archaeowiki.org". www.archaeowiki.org. Archived from the original on 16 March 2018. Retrieved 15 March 2018.
  70. ^ "Beth Shean (Israel)". University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved 2009-02-04.
  71. ^ Heiser, Lauren (2000-03-10). "Beth Shean" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2004-12-28. Retrieved 2009-02-04.
  72. ^ "Beit She'an". Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 25 March 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-08.
  73. JSTOR 27925724
    – via JSTOR.
  74. ^ Experts Warn: Major Earthquake Could Hit Israel Any Time By Rachel Avraham, staff writer for United With Israel Date: Oct 22, 2013
  75. ^ a b "Local Authorities in Israel 2005, Publication #1295 – Municipality Profiles — Beit She'an" (PDF) (in Hebrew). Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 2008-07-05.
  76. ^ Greenberg, Joel (18 August 1992). "Israeli archaeologists unearthing treasures of a long lost city". The New York Times.
  77. ^ מפתיעת הסקרים. Mishpacha (in Hebrew). No. 1354. April 26, 2018. p. 24.
  78. ^ "Cleveland Sister City Partnerships". Encyclopedia of Cleveland History (Case Western Reserve University). Retrieved 2019-05-27.

Bibliography

Further reading

  • Bet She’an, Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel.

University of Pennsylvania excavations

  • Braun, Eliot [2004], Early Beth Shan (Strata XIX-XIII) – G.M. FitzGerald's Deep Cut on the Tell, [University Museum Monograph 121], Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum, 2004.
  • Fisher, C. [1923], Beth-Shan Excavations of the University Museum Expedition, 1921–1923", Museum Journal 14 (1923), pp. 229–231.
  • FitzGerald, G .M. [1931], Beth-shan Excavations 1921–23: the Arab and Byzantine Levels, Beth-shan III, University Museum: Philadelphia, 1931.
  • FitzGerald, G. M. [1932], "Excavations at Beth-Shan in 1931", PEFQS 63 (1932), pp. 142–145.
  • Rowe, A., [1930], The Topography and History of Beth-Shan, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1930.
  • Rowe, A., [1940], The Four Canaanite Temples of Beth-shan, Beth-shan II:1, University Museum: Philadelphia, 1940.
  • James, Frances W. & McGovern, Patrick E. [1993], The Late Bronze Egyptian Garrison at Beth Shan: a Study of Levels VII and VIII, 2 volumes, [University Museum Monograph 85], Philadelphia: University Museum, University of Pennsylvania & University of Mississippi, 1993.

Hebrew University Jerusalem excavations

  • Mazar, Amihai [2006], Excavations at Tel Beth Shean 1989–1996, Volume I: From the Late Bronze Age IIB to the Medieval Period, Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society / Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 2006.
  • Mazar, A. and Mullins, Robert (eds) [2007], Excavations at Tel Beth Shean 1989–1996, Volume II: The Middle and Late Bronze Age Strata in Area R, Jerusalem: IES / HUJ, 2007.

General

External links