Belém
Belém | |
---|---|
Peace Theater View of the city from Guajará Bay | |
UTC−3 (BRT) | |
Postal code | 66000-001 to 66999-999 |
Area code | +55 91 |
HDI (2010) | 0.746 – high[3] |
Website | www |
Belém (
Founded in 1616 by the Kingdom of Portugal, Belém was the first European colony on the Amazon but did not become part of Brazil until 1775. The newer part of the city has modern buildings and skyscrapers. The colonial portion retains the charm of tree-filled squares, churches and traditional blue tiles. The city has a rich history and architecture from colonial times. Recently it witnessed a skyscraper boom.
Belém is also known as the Metropolis of the Brazilian Amazon region or the Cidade das Mangueiras (City of
Belém is served by
Etymology
Belém is the Portuguese name for Bethlehem, and has its origin in Hebrew which means "the house of bread". Initially the city was called "St. Mary of Belém of Pará" (Portuguese: Santa Maria de Belém do Pará) or "Our Lady of Belém of Grão-Pará" (Portuguese: Nossa Senhora de Belém do Grão Pará),[6][7] eventually shortened to Belém do Pará (name given by Philip III of Spain),[8] in reference to Christmas; the day when captain Francisco Caldeira Castelo Branco left from the city of São Luís in 1615 to conquer the lands of Pará.[7][9][10]
History
Portuguese Empire 1616–1815
United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves 1815–1823
Empire of Brazil 1823–1889
Republic of Brazil 1889–present
In 1615, Portuguese captain-general Francisco Caldeira Castelo Branco of the captaincy of Bahia commanded a military expedition sent by the Governor General of Brazil to check the trading excursions of foreigners (French, Dutch, English) up the river (Amazon) from the Cabo do Norte in Grão Pará.
On January 12, 1616, he anchored in what is now known as Guajará Bay, formed by the confluence of the Para and Guamá Rivers, called by the Tupinambás, "Guaçu Paraná". Caldeira mistook the bay for the main channel, and thirty leagues (178 km) upstream, he built a wooden fort, covered with straw, which he called "Presépio" (nativity scene), now known as "Forte do Castelo". The colony formed by the fort was given the name Feliz Lusitânia, "Fortunate Lusitania". It was the embryo of the future city of Belém. The fort failed to suppress Dutch and French trading, but did ward off colonization.
Feliz Lusitânia was later called Nossa Senhora de Belém do Grão Pará (Our Lady of Bethlehem of Grao-Para) and Santa Maria de Belém (St. Mary of Bethlehem). Belém was given city status in 1655 and was made capital of the State when Pará state was split off from Maranhão in 1772. The early decades of the 19th century were marked by political instability. Uprisings and internecine strife finally ended in 1836, after considerable loss of life.[11]
The
Geography
The municipality includes the islands of
Climate
Belém has a
Climate data for Belém (1991-2020) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 31.4 (88.5) |
31.0 (87.8) |
31.1 (88.0) |
31.5 (88.7) |
32.2 (90.0) |
32.5 (90.5) |
32.6 (90.7) |
33.0 (91.4) |
33.2 (91.8) |
33.1 (91.6) |
33.1 (91.6) |
32.5 (90.5) |
32.3 (90.1) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 26.3 (79.3) |
26.1 (79.0) |
26.3 (79.3) |
26.5 (79.7) |
26.8 (80.2) |
26.9 (80.4) |
26.8 (80.2) |
27.1 (80.8) |
27.3 (81.1) |
27.3 (81.1) |
27.4 (81.3) |
27.0 (80.6) |
26.8 (80.3) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 23.0 (73.4) |
23.1 (73.6) |
23.3 (73.9) |
23.4 (74.1) |
23.4 (74.1) |
23.1 (73.6) |
22.8 (73.0) |
22.9 (73.2) |
22.9 (73.2) |
22.9 (73.2) |
23.1 (73.6) |
23.1 (73.6) |
23.1 (73.5) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 393.8 (15.50) |
437.8 (17.24) |
506.3 (19.93) |
465.5 (18.33) |
323.6 (12.74) |
205.8 (8.10) |
156.0 (6.14) |
128.7 (5.07) |
120.1 (4.73) |
135.8 (5.35) |
151.4 (5.96) |
283.5 (11.16) |
3,308.3 (130.25) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 24.5 | 24.5 | 26 | 24.5 | 22.9 | 16.8 | 14.1 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 13.4 | 12.8 | 19.4 | 222.5 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
88.1 | 89.5 | 89.7 | 88.9 | 86.3 | 82.8 | 81.5 | 80.2 | 79.3 | 79.3 | 79.6 | 83.7 | 84.1 |
Average dew point °C (°F) | 24.5 (76.1) |
24.5 (76.1) |
24.6 (76.3) |
24.8 (76.6) |
24.9 (76.8) |
24.5 (76.1) |
24.2 (75.6) |
24.2 (75.6) |
24.2 (75.6) |
24.3 (75.7) |
24.4 (75.9) |
24.6 (76.3) |
24.5 (76.1) |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 132.9 | 104.7 | 117.2 | 138.7 | 187.3 | 230.3 | 250.1 | 264.9 | 247.1 | 240.6 | 205.1 | 168.1 | 2,287 |
Mean daily daylight hours | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12 | 12 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.1 |
Average ultraviolet index | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 |
Source 1: INMET(Temperatures[15]), (Precipitation[16]), (Humidity[17]), (Dew Point[18]), (Sun[19]) | |||||||||||||
Source 2: NOAA[20] Weather atlas(sun-Daylight-UV)[21] |
Climate data for Belém (Curió-Utinga), elevation: 10 m or 33 ft, 1981–2010 normals and extremes | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 34.7 (94.5) |
34.6 (94.3) |
37.3 (99.1) |
34.9 (94.8) |
34.9 (94.8) |
34.7 (94.5) |
34.5 (94.1) |
36.7 (98.1) |
35.3 (95.5) |
35.4 (95.7) |
36.4 (97.5) |
37.3 (99.1) |
37.3 (99.1) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 31.1 (88.0) |
30.8 (87.4) |
30.7 (87.3) |
31.1 (88.0) |
31.7 (89.1) |
31.9 (89.4) |
32.0 (89.6) |
32.5 (90.5) |
32.6 (90.7) |
32.6 (90.7) |
32.7 (90.9) |
32.2 (90.0) |
31.8 (89.3) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 26.1 (79.0) |
25.8 (78.4) |
26.0 (78.8) |
26.2 (79.2) |
26.5 (79.7) |
26.5 (79.7) |
26.3 (79.3) |
26.7 (80.1) |
26.8 (80.2) |
26.9 (80.4) |
27.1 (80.8) |
26.7 (80.1) |
26.5 (79.6) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 22.7 (72.9) |
22.8 (73.0) |
23.0 (73.4) |
23.2 (73.8) |
23.1 (73.6) |
22.8 (73.0) |
22.5 (72.5) |
22.5 (72.5) |
22.4 (72.3) |
22.4 (72.3) |
22.7 (72.9) |
22.8 (73.0) |
22.7 (72.9) |
Record low °C (°F) | 19.4 (66.9) |
18.8 (65.8) |
19.8 (67.6) |
19.2 (66.6) |
19.8 (67.6) |
19.8 (67.6) |
14.0 (57.2) |
18.5 (65.3) |
18.8 (65.8) |
18.9 (66.0) |
18.6 (65.5) |
19.0 (66.2) |
14.0 (57.2) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 384.5 (15.14) |
399.5 (15.73) |
450.3 (17.73) |
424.3 (16.70) |
298.4 (11.75) |
185.3 (7.30) |
153.8 (6.06) |
134.8 (5.31) |
128.2 (5.05) |
129.2 (5.09) |
127.4 (5.02) |
268.3 (10.56) |
3,084 (121.44) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) | 24 | 24 | 25 | 25 | 23 | 16 | 15 | 12 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 19 | 222 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
88.3 | 89.9 | 89.8 | 89.8 | 87.1 | 83.7 | 82.5 | 81.4 | 80.8 | 80.1 | 80.7 | 84.2 | 84.9 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 130.3 | 103.1 | 111.1 | 132.8 | 186.7 | 228.7 | 250.8 | 266.4 | 242.4 | 231.8 | 191.7 | 159.1 | 2,234.9 |
Source: |
Climate data for Belém (São Brás), elevation: 10 m or 33 ft, 1961-1990 normals | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 30.9 (87.6) |
30.5 (86.9) |
30.4 (86.7) |
30.8 (87.4) |
31.3 (88.3) |
31.7 (89.1) |
31.7 (89.1) |
32.1 (89.8) |
32.1 (89.8) |
32.2 (90.0) |
32.3 (90.1) |
31.9 (89.4) |
31.5 (88.7) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 26.6 (79.9) |
24.5 (76.1) |
25.5 (77.9) |
26.7 (80.1) |
25.9 (78.6) |
25.9 (78.6) |
25.8 (78.4) |
26.0 (78.8) |
26.1 (79.0) |
26.4 (79.5) |
26.4 (79.5) |
26.1 (79.0) |
26.0 (78.8) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 22.1 (71.8) |
22.2 (72.0) |
22.4 (72.3) |
21.8 (71.2) |
22.6 (72.7) |
22.1 (71.8) |
21.7 (71.1) |
21.7 (71.1) |
21.7 (71.1) |
21.6 (70.9) |
21.9 (71.4) |
22.0 (71.6) |
22.0 (71.6) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 366.5 (14.43) |
417.5 (16.44) |
436.2 (17.17) |
360.0 (14.17) |
304.4 (11.98) |
140.2 (5.52) |
152.1 (5.99) |
131.1 (5.16) |
140.8 (5.54) |
116.1 (4.57) |
111.8 (4.40) |
216.4 (8.52) |
2,893.1 (113.89) |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
86.0 | 91.0 | 91.0 | 91.0 | 88.0 | 86.0 | 85.0 | 84.0 | 84.0 | 83.0 | 83.0 | 86.0 | 86.5 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 135.5 | 99.0 | 103.7 | 121.8 | 186.9 | 225.4 | 252.8 | 255.8 | 228.3 | 228.3 | 203.3 | 179.0 | 2,219.8 |
Source: NOAA[31] |
Vegetation
The Amazon represents more than half the planet's remaining rainforests and comprises the largest and most species-rich tract of tropical rainforest in the world. Wet tropical forests are the most species-rich biome, and tropical forests in the Americas are consistently more species rich than the wet forests in Africa and Asia.[32] As the largest tract of tropical rainforest in the Americas, the Amazonian rainforests have unparalleled biodiversity. More than one-third of all species in the world live in the Amazon Rainforest.[33]
Economy
Many valuable products now exported from the Amazon by way of Belém are
Demographics
According to the
According to an autosomal DNA genetic study from 2011, the ancestral composition of the population of Belém is: 68.6% European ancestry, followed by 20.9% Amerindian ancestry and 10.6% African ancestry.[39]
Education
Portuguese is the official national language, and thus the primary language taught in schools. But English and Spanish are part of the official high school curriculum.
Education institutions
- Universidade Federal do Pará(UFPA);
- Universidade do Estado do Pará(UEPA);
- Federal Rural University of Amazonia (UFRA);
- Universidade da Amazônia (UNAMA);
- Centro de Instrução Almirante Brás de Aguiar (CIABA);
- Centro Universitário do Estado do Pará (Cesupa);
- Amazon Valley Academy International School (AVA);
- Escola Superior da Amazônia (UNIESAMAZ);
- Centro Universitário Metropolitano da Amazônia (UNIFAMAZ)
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará (IFPA)
Culture
Círio de Nazaré
On the second Sunday in October, Pará celebrates the largest religious event in Brazil: the procession of the Círio of Nazaré. This tradition started when a farmer and lumberman called Plácido José de Souza found an image of the Virgin and Child on the edge of the Murucutu creek, where the Basilica of Our Lady of Nazareth of Exile stands today. He decided to take the image home. However, the image would mysteriously go back to the place where it was initially found every time he took it home. So Plácido decided to build a small chapel on the edge of the creek. This episode was regarded as miraculous throughout the region. It attracted hundreds of believers to see the image and pay homage to it.
Since then, the Círio has been celebrated as a long procession lasting around five hours, in which thousands of people follow the statue through the streets of Belém. The Círio festival is regarded as the "Christmas of the Amazon" because everyone is involved in the arrangements to receive the saint. In early September, minor celebrations take place as a spiritual preparation for the Círio, with thousands of images scattered all over the capital and neighboring cities.
In time it became necessary to incorporate new elements into the tradition due to the people's desire to honor their patron saint. On the Saturday morning prior to the Círio procession the statue is taken to the square of
During the procession, there is a
The festivities last 15 days, with religious celebrations, like the Children's Círio, and its procession, held two Sundays after the Círio. The Re-Círio marks the end of the celebrations, with a shorter course back to the Gentil Bittencourt chapel.
Convention and Fair Centre of the Amazon
Built in a 23,000-square-metre area, the Hangar Convention and Fair Center of the Amazon has 12 rooms, ticket offices, baggage keeping, press room, and a food court, distributed in two big buildings with a parking lot for 800 vehicles. Genuine Amazonian trees will soon be planted in the outdoor area. With Hangar, Belém joins the market for national conventions that take place in a different city each time, such as the Brazilian Computer Society Congress. National conventions had not been held in the Northern region previously.
Hangar, whose auditorium has room for 2,160 participants, has some of the best technologies available in the world and is the most modern and functional space for events in the country. According to the Brazilian Association of Convention and Fair Centers (ABRACCEF), there are 17,500 events happening on average throughout the 53 main convention and exhibition centres of Brazil. These activities bring together approximately 28 million participants. Belém has great potential for this type of tourism.
Architecture
In many ways, Belém's colonial architecture reflects the seventeenth-century architecture of Lisbon in Portugal which served as the inspiration for the main housing projects of the time, with the frequent use of tile-hung façades. Neoclassical architecture is also present in buildings such as the Theatro da Paz, built in 1874. Many of the buildings at the end of the nineteenth century and early twentieth century also echo French architecture.
Cuisine
The local
Belém has been part of the UNESCO Creative Cities Network in the category of gastronomy since 2015.[40]
World Social Forum
The World Social Forum 2009 took place from January 27 to February 1 in Belém.
Sports
The three main football teams in
The
União Esportiva used to be a relatively successful club based in the city but was disbanded in 1965.
Tourism
Belém has a modern appearance with tree-lined streets, several plazas and public gardens, and many noteworthy buildings. The north's leading educational and cultural centre, it is the seat of a
Utinga State Park
The municipality of Belém contains 99% of the Utinga State Park, created in 1993 to protect the metropolitan area's water supply.[41] The park provides a space for healthy activities in contact with nature by local people, visitors or tourists.[42] It is just a few kilometers from the city center. There are eight trails, all providing direct contact with various species of flora and fauna. The most popular is the monkey trail, which takes about 40 minutes and goes from Bolonha lake to the visitor center, where other activities are available. Visitors can also learn about the water treatment plant that supplies Belém.[43]
Amazon Biopark Zoo
Located less than 15 kilometres (9.3 miles) from the center of Belém, in the Tenoné neighborhood, the Bioparque Amazônia Safari - Crocodilo Safari Zoo, is surrounded by forests, rivers and streams. Summary of the Amazon landscape with lush flora and fauna, the zoo has about 14 miles (23 kilometres) of trails in an area composed of four interconnected ecosystems.
The Museum of Paleontology and Malacology had a collection of three thousand pieces of exposed shells and mollusks collected from all continents.
Bioparque The Amazon is a private investment, owner Jorge Arthur Aarão Monteiro, authorized and licensed by IBAMA to function as C class zoo, the only category of Pará There are four different species of alligators in a population of thousands of individuals, highlighting açu for alligator, monkeys, anteaters, and the otters, hyacinth macaw, papagaios, tucannos, pacaranas, harpy eagle, among other animals.[44] Also see the city turistic website here.[45]
Rodrigues Alves Wood–Botanical Garden
Inspired by the
The Estação das Docas Complex
The Estação das Docas Complex reopened the windows of Belém to Guajará Bay. The restoration project covers the area of old warehouses of the Pará Docks Company. Constructed from prefabricated metal structures in England and that were built at the beginning of the 20th century in Belém.[46]
There are eighteen thousand square metres (193,750 square feet) of urbanised area, with coffee bar services, various restaurants, stores, travel agencies, banks, in addition to an auditorium and two memorials: The Porto Memorial and the Fortaleza de São Pedro Nolasco Memorial There is also a fluvial station and extensive external area.
Ver-o-Peso Market
Created in 1688, as a result of the Portuguese deciding to levy a tax for everything entering and leaving Amazonia. Despite resembling a large retailer, the mixture of colours, fragrances and objects is very interesting as well as folkloric.
Medicinal herbs, various regional fruits, arts and crafts, domestic utilities, meats, fish and seasonings and spices can be found there. The Market brings together two thousand stalls and traders in every part and is located near to the old Mercado de Ferro (Iron market), on the
Mosqueiro
The river island of Mosqueiro, 67 km (42 mi) north of the heart of the city, attracts beach tourists in the dry season.[47]
Infrastructure
Airports
The architect Sérgio Parada used adopted multiple-use totems integrated with light projectors, a sound system, air conditioning, and public telephones. Currently Belém International Airport serves 2.7 million passengers a year, in a constructed area of 33,255.17 square metres (357,955.67 square feet).[48]
Traditionally called Belém Airport, it is responsible for increasing tourism in the Amazon region, as well as for the outflow of products and attracting new investments. The passenger terminal is fully air conditioned on two levels and has "futuristic" architecture, designed to take advantage of natural lighting. People with special needs have individualized service with own equipment at specific locations to facilitate their access. The terminal's interior is decorated with plants native to the Amazon region and is enclosed by a source able to imitate the sound of the rains that fall every day in the region.
There also used to exist a smaller Brig. Protásio de Oliveira Airport (Júlio César), also administrated by Infraero, which was used for general aviation, in January, 1st, 2022 it was taken out of service and the area it occupied is going to be turned into a park, its functions were transferred to the main Belém Airport.[49]
Belém Air Force Base - ALA9, one of their most important bases of the Brazilian Air Force, is located in Belém.
Highways
Waterways
Belém can be reached by the
Railways
The EF-151 railway, known as "Ferrovia Norte-Sul", literally meaning "North-South Railway", is being extended to run until the city of Barcarena, that is about 111 km away by road.[50][51] When construction is finished, Barcarena will be linked with important cities, like Imperatriz, Porto Nacional, Anápolis and Panorama.[52]
Distances
- São Paulo: 2,933 km (1,822 mi)
- Rio de Janeiro: 3,250 km (2,020 mi)
- Brasília: 2,132 km (1,325 mi)
- Manaus: 1,489 km (925 mi)
- Teresina: 923 km (574 mi)
- São Luís: 806 km (501 mi)
- Santarém, Pará: 807 km (501 mi)
- Rio Branco: 2,135 km (1,327 mi)
- Florianópolis: 3,577 km (2,223 mi)
- Cuiabá: 2,970 km (1,850 mi)
- Belo Horizonte: 2,824 km (1,755 mi)
Notable people
- Hélio Gracie – martial artist
- Guilherme Paraense — Olympic medalist
- Rogério Ferreira – beach volleyball player, World Champion
- Myke Carvalho — brazilian boxer
- Marcos Gueiros — Brazilian racing driver, three-time champion of the Formula 3
- Beto Gonçalves — footballer
- Dira Paes — actress
- Fafá de Belém — singer
- Yago Pikachu — Brazilian football player
- Giovanni Silva de Oliveira– footballer
- Giuseppe Antonio Landi — architect
- Ismael Nery — painter
- Charles Guerreiro — Brazilian football player
- João Clemente Baena Soares— diplomat
- Larissa Pacheco — mixed martial artist
- Lyoto Machida — mixed martial artist
- Paulo Henrique Chagas de Lima— footballer
- Priscilla Meirelles — beauty queen
- Paulo Vítor — Brazilian football player
- Carlos Gracie — Brazilian martial artist
- Waldemar Henrique — composer
- Rosamaria Murtinho — actress
- Rossevelt Bala— heavy metal singer
- Victória Pitts – mezzo-soprano
Government
Subdivisions
Based on Municipal Law nº 8.655 of 30 July 2008, the municipality is divided in 8 Administrative Districts and 71 Neightborhoods:[53]
Administrative Districts | Number of Neighborhoods | Neighborhoods | |
---|---|---|---|
Center (DABEL) | 8 | Batista Campos • Campina • Cidade Velha • Marco • Nazaré • Reduto • São Brás • Umarizal | |
Benguí (DABEN) | 8 | Benguí • Cabanagem • Coqueiro • Parque Verde • Pratinha • São Clemente • Tapanã • Una | |
Entroncamento (DAENT) | 10 | Águas Lindas • Aurá • Castanheira • Curió-Utinga • Guanabara • Mangueirão • Marambaia • Souza • Universitário • Val-de-Cans | |
Guamá (DAGUA) | 6 | Canudos • Condor • Cremação • Guamá • Jurunas • Montese (Terra Firme) | |
Icoaraci (DAICO) | 9 | Águas Negras • Agulha • Campina de Icoaraci • Cruzeiro • Maracacueira • Paracuri • Parque Guajará • Ponta Grossa • Tenoné | |
Mosqueiro (DAMOS) | 19 | Aeroporto • Ariramba • Baía do Sol • Bomfim • Carananduba • Caruará • Chapéu Virado • Farol • Mangueiras • Maracajá • Marahú • Murubira • Natal do Murubira • Paraíso • Porto Arthur • Praia Grande • São Francisco • Sucurijuquara • Vila | |
Outeiro (DAOUT) | 4 | Água Boa • Brasília • Itaiteua • São João do Outeiro | |
Sacramenta (DASAC) | 7 | Barreiro • Fátima • Maracangalha • Miramar • Pedreira • Sacramenta • Telegráfo | |
TOTAL | 71 |
International Relations
Belem has the following partnership cities:
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External links
- Media related to Belém at Wikimedia Commons
- Belém travel guide from Wikivoyage
- Website with information, guides and tourist information about Belém (English)
- Website of festivals, events and cultural agenda of the City of Belém (English)