Belarusian cuisine

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Part of a series on the
Culture of Belarus
History
People
Languages
Mythology
Cuisine
Festivals
Religion
Art
Literature
Music
Media
Sport
Monuments
Symbols
  • Flag
  • Coat of arms
  • National anthem
Draniki is a traditional crockery dish.
Garbuzok (Belarusian pumpkin soup) with mushrooms and sauteed onions
A meal at a cafe in Vitebsk

Belarusian cuisine (Belarusian: Беларуская кухня, romanized: Biełaruskaja kuchnia) refers to the culinary traditions native to Belarus. It shares many similarities with cuisines of other Eastern, Central and

vegetables
typical for the region.

History

Belarus cuisine has predominantly Slavic roots. Along with a Ruthenian influence, it is also linked with Lithuanian and Polish because of the long intermingling of these three peoples; first within the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (11th–16th centuries) and later within the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (16th–17th centuries). Though the Belarusian nobility, like the Polish elite, borrowed much from Italian, German, and French cuisines, this influence hardly made itself felt in the diet of the peasant majority.[citation needed] Still, some of the borrowed dishes spread throughout the society, such as lazanki (a mixture of flour dumplings and stewed meat, related to Italian lasagna) and, above all, various dishes made of grated potatoes, typical for German cuisine.

The political upheavals of the 20th century completely wiped out the former privileged classes and many traditional upper and middle class dishes went down the path of oblivion. The very idea of a separate Belarusian cuisine was treated with suspicion. Only after World War II did it occur to the communist authorities that the proclaimed ‘flourishing of national culture’ should also be evident in the cuisine. The only source permitted for such a culinary reconstruction was the heritage of the poorest peasants as of the 1880s, a time when primitive rural lifestyle was already on the wane. Chefs were instructed by the Party to create the new Belarusian cuisine from scratch. Dish names, recipes, "authentic" kitchenware – all were reinvented anew, as though ten centuries of history had never existed. Only the sudden advent of independence in 1991 brought an opportunity to restore these lost traditions, and a great deal still remains to be done here.

Modern Belarusian cuisine is still heavily influenced by its recent Soviet past, and many local restaurants feature Russian or Soviet dishes rather than true specialties of local cuisine. However,

hałubcy, fried raw pork sausage and blini
are likely to be found everywhere, as well as sour rye bread.

Meals

A traditional peasant or merchant's dinner consisted of just two dishes: soup and a main course. A special kind of pot, the sparysh, with two compartments, was used by farmers' children to bring lunch to their father working in the fields. Prior to

Fresh white cheese
and various kinds of cold meats (usually smoked) were available, however, at least on holidays.

Cereals

Since wheat does not grow well in a cold and wet climate, Belarusians were always fond of a kind of somewhat sour rye bread, and the most traditional hard drink, the local vodka or harelka (Belarusian: гарэлка), was distilled primarily from a rye malt.

Like other

bliny (pancakes) of various thickness, plain and filled, made mostly of wheat or buckwheat flour, but also using oatmeal
(tsadaviki).

Various kinds of cereal, especially barley, oatmeal and buckwheat, were common. Belarus was the likely centre of Europe's buckwheat culture, and dishes made with this healthy grain used to be very popular: various kinds of buns, cakes and dumplings which, except for the well-known "kasha", no longer exist today.

Vegetables

The main

beets, while turnips, swedes, parsnip and carrots both stewed and boiled (with the addition of a small amount of milk) were somewhat less popular. As elsewhere in Europe, legumes were the main source of protein, mainly in the form of kamy (puree of peas or beans
with melted lard).

Soups

The word

fish or mushrooms during fasts) were first boiled with spices; cereals such as barley or millet were boiled in the stock, and then flour blended with water, bread kvass, beet juice or buttermilk was added to the stock. Black poliŭka, made with goose or pork blood, is closely related to the Swedish "black soup" svartsoppa. Offering a matchmaker black poliŭka was the polite way for the bride's parents to decline a young man's proposal. Like the Ukrainians, Russians and Poles, Belarusians are fond of borscht, a thick and rich beet and cabbage soup made with grains, potato and meat. Soups are much more authentic, both hot (shchi, boršč, sorrel soup
) and especially cold sour soups which provide cooling relief during the hot summer.

The Belarusian chaladnik (

eggs, and boiled potatoes, has been a popular dish also in Polish and Lithuanian
cuisines since the late 18th century.

Meat

Wrapped palyandvitsa
Sliced palyandvitsa

Meat was in rather scarce supply for most people, and was primarily eaten only on the main

mutton and beef. Most common was raw pork sausage – a pig intestine stuffed with minced or chopped meat seasoned with salt, pepper, and garlic. Its common name – "finger-stuffed sausage" (Belarusian: каўбаса, «пальцам пханая» or in short пальцоўка) – provided a graphic description of the primitive production technology.[1] Kishkа (Belarusian: кішка), or kryvyanka (Belarusian: крывянка), was a local blood sausage (Belarusian: крывяная каўбаса) made of pig's blood and buckwheat grain. Škalondza (Belarusian: шкалондза), or kindziuk (Belarusian: кіндзюк), a particular kind of round sausage made of pig stomach filled with pork minced with spices[2] – a relative of the Lithuanian skilandis – was known throughout the country. Borrowed from Italian cuisine by nobility in the 16th century, cold meat rolls, salcesons and balerons were common to all of society by the 19th century, and are still very popular. Smoked goose breast pauguski (Belarusian
: паўгускі), a local Belarusian and Lithuanian delicacy, was once the pride of middle-class cuisine, but no longer exists today.

Veraščaka (Belarusian: верашчака), an 18th-century thick meat gravy with pieces of meat and sausage used as a dip or sauce for thick pancakes, is still one of the most popular specialties of Belarusian restaurants today, although it is now generally called mačanka (Belarusian: мачанка, a dip). Also popular are zrazy, chopped pieces of beef rolled into a sausage shape and filled with vegetable, mushroom, eggs, potato etc. Pork dishes are usually fried or stewed, garnished with cheese or mushrooms. Beef steaks are also quite frequent, but mutton, once very popular, is almost entirely limited to Caucasian or Central Asian restaurants, although still quite a few eat it today.

Dumplings

Kalduny, small boiled dumplings related to Russian pelmeni and Italian ravioli, were produced in endless combinations of dough, filling and sauce. Especially popular were kalduny Count Tyshkevich (filled with a mixture of fried local mushrooms and smoked ham). In the late 19th century kalduny began to be made with grated potato rather than with a flour-based dough and the former huge variety of fillings shrank considerably.[citation needed] Today, kalduny have to struggle vigorously to regain their former popularity, now overtaken by the Russian pelmeni.[citation needed]

Dairy foods

The main

Dzisna county was exported to Britain, where it continued to be the most expensive variety up to World War I
. Today, however, these traditions have become a thing of the past.

Beverages

fermented beverage made from black rye or rye bread

The traditional hard drink is

zubrovka, Belarusian: зуброўка). Mead and similar alcoholic drinks made of honey and spices were very common up until the 19th century and then more or less disappeared until the latest revival of the national cuisine. A notable example in this group is krambambula (Belarusian: крамбамбуля), vodka diluted with water, mixed with honey, and flavored with spices (nutmeg, cinnamon, cloves, red and black pepper). In the 18th century this drink competed with French champagne in Belarus and only wealthy people could afford it. Today it is enjoying a popular revival, as is evident from the appearance of krambambula recipes and histories on the Internet.[3][4]

Kvass traditionally was and still remains the main local non-alcoholic drink, although it is increasingly made with sugars and artificial flavorings rather than with genuine rye malt and natural flavorings. Kompot is also a relatively popular beverage, normally made of dried or fresh fruit, boiled, and then cooled. Every small town boasts a local variety of mineral water. Belarusians prefer carbonated water.

Тraditional liquid desserts that accompany a meal include

cornstarch
).

Minority cuisines

Belarusian potato babka

Belarusian cuisine owes much to

draniki
.

Another important minority ethnic group which influenced Belarusian cuisine were the Lipka Tatars, whose Tatar cuisine was especially strong in various cakes with fillings, mutton and vegetable dishes.

Potatoes

Belarus is known for farming potatoes just like Ukraine is known for farming wheat. The humble potato became so common in the 19th century that there are more than 300 potato dishes recorded in Belarus and it came to be considered the core ingredient of the national cuisine. In the Russian Empire[5] and Soviet Union, Belarusians were sometimes called bulbashi, a pejorative conjugation of the Belarusian word for potato.

Salads

Typical salads are made of a fairly short list of ingredients, combining boiled beef or

caraway seeds or cranberries
with onions seasoned with sunflower oil are common.

Fish

Historically, Belarusians had little access to seafood, and this is still evident in the cuisine. The most common sea fish (after herring, which has been the most common appetizer all along the Baltic coast and its vicinity ever since the 14th century) are hake and cod and there are relatively few dishes with such fish. Much more traditional and common are lake fish, notably zander, cooked in a wide variety of ways, and carp (especially the famous stuffed carp, the gefilte fish of Jewish cuisine). Eels, smoked or stuffed, are the specialty of the lake country in the northwestern part of Belarus, adjacent to Latvia and Lithuania.

Side dishes

mashed potatoes, buckwheat kasha, rice or pasta
. Meat dishes are frequently served with bliny or draniki stacked in round clay pots.

References

  1. ^ "Finger-stuffed" sausage Archived June 30, 2008, at the Wayback Machine: history and description
  2. ^ Kindziuk recipe and description
  3. ^ Krambambula: modern recipe (in Russian)
  4. ^ "History of krambambula". Archived from the original on 2009-02-21. Retrieved 2009-01-06.
  5. ^ b-g.by/society/pochemu-belorusov-nazyivayut-bulbashami-eto-nasmeshka-ili-kompliment/amp/
  6. ^ "Belaya Vezha" salad Archived August 26, 2011, at the Wayback Machine: recipe (in Russian)

Further reading

  • Dembińska M. Konsumcja zywnościowa w Polsce średniowiecznhej. Wrocław, 1963
  • Kuchowicz Z. Obyczaje staropolskie XVII-XVIII ww. Łódź, 1975
  • Lemnis M., Vitry H. W staropolskiej kuchni i przy polskim stole. Warsawa, 1979
  • Kowecka E. W salonie i w kuchni. Warsawa, 1989
  • Похлебкин В. Национальные кухни наших народов. М.,1991
  • Литовская кухня. Мн.,1991
  • Белорусская кухня. Мн.,1993
  • Літоўская гаспадыня. Мн.,1993
  • Зайкоўскі Э.М., Тычка Г.К. Старадаўняя беларуская кухня. Мн.,1995
  • Puronas V. Nuo mamutų iki cepelinų. Vilnius, 1999
  • Навагродскі Т. Традыцыі народнага харчавання беларусаў. Мн.,2000
  • Белы А. In laudem cerevisiae (на хвалу піва). Спадчына. 2000. No. 1
  • Bockenheim K. Przy polskim stole. Wrocław, 2003
  • Fiedoruk A. Kuchnia podlaska w rozhoworach i recepturach opisana. Białystok, 2003
  • Вялікае княства Літоўскае: Энцыклапедыя. У 2 т. Т.1. Мн.:БелЭн,2005.
    ISBN 985-11-0314-4
  • Bely, Alexander. The Belarusian Cookbook. NY, 2009.
    ISBN 0-7818-1209-7
  • Национальная кухня России

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cuisine of Belarus.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belarusian_cuisine&oldid=1215560826"