Belgrade

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Coordinates: 44°49′04″N 20°27′25″E / 44.81778°N 20.45694°E / 44.81778; 20.45694
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Belgrade
Београд
Beograd
Capital city
Град Београд
Grad Beograd
City of Belgrade
Panorama of Belgrade
House of the National Assembly
New Palace
Avala Tower
Ušće Tower
Gardoš Tower
Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts
Church of Saint Sava
Belgrade Fortress
Monument to the Unknown Hero
BEG)
Websitebeograd.rs

Belgrade

third most populous city on the Danube river
.

Belgrade is one of the

Stefan Dragutin in 1284. Belgrade served as capital of the Serbian Despotate during the reign of Stefan Lazarević, and then his successor Đurađ Branković returned it to the Hungarian king in 1427. Noon bells in support of the Hungarian army against the Ottoman Empire during the siege in 1456 have remained a widespread church tradition to this day. In 1521, Belgrade was conquered by the Ottomans and became the seat of the Sanjak of Smederevo.[13] It frequently passed from Ottoman to Habsburg rule, which saw the destruction of most of the city during the Ottoman–Habsburg wars
.

Following the

Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes after World War I. Belgrade was the capital of Yugoslavia from its creation in 1918 to its dissolution in 2006.[note 1] In a fatally strategic position, the city has been battled over in 115 wars and razed 44 times, being bombed five times and besieged many times.[14]

Being Serbia's

largest capacities in the world; the Church of Saint Sava, one of the largest Orthodox church buildings; and the Štark Arena, one of the largest capacity indoor arenas in Europe
.

Belgrade hosted major international events such as the

Summer Universiade (2009) and EuroBasket three times (1961, 1975, 2005). On 21 June 2023, Belgrade was confirmed host of the BIE- Specialized Exhibition Expo 2027.[17]

History

Main article: History of Belgrade
For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Belgrade.

Prehistory

See also: Prehistoric sites in Serbia and Prehistory of Southeastern Europe
Vinča culture figurine, 4000–4500 BC.

Neanderthals rather than modern humans. Aurignacian and Gravettian tools have also been discovered near the area, indicating some settlement between 50,000 and 20,000 years ago.[18]
The first farming people to settle in the region are associated with the
Old European script, which dates back to around 5300 BC.[22] Within the city proper, on Cetinjska Street, a skull of a Paleolithic human dated to before 5000 BC was discovered in 1890.[23]

Antiquity

See also: Serbia in the Roman era
Belgrade Fortress, built during a long period of time from the 2nd to the 18th century, located on the confluence of the two rivers Sava and Danube

Evidence of early knowledge about Belgrade's geographical location comes from a variety of ancient myths and legends. The ridge overlooking the confluence of the

Julian the Apostate. In 395 AD, the site passed to the Eastern Roman or Byzantine Empire.[29] Across the Sava from Singidunum was the Celtic city of Taurunum (Zemun); the two were connected with a bridge throughout Roman and Byzantine times.[30]

Middle Ages

See also: Serbia in the Middle Ages

In 442, the area was ravaged by

Attila the Hun.[31] In 471, it was taken by Theodoric the Great, king of the Ostrogoths, who continued into Italy.[32] As the Ostrogoths left, another Germanic tribe, the Gepids, invaded the city. In 539, it was retaken by the Byzantines.[33] In 577, some 100,000 Slavs poured into Thrace and Illyricum
, pillaging cities and more permanently settling the region. [34]

The

Khan Omurtag was able to add Singidunum and its environs to the First Bulgarian Empire.[37][38]
The first record of the name Belograd appeared on April, 16th, 878, in a Papal missive
Boris I. This name would appear in several variants: Alba Bulgarica in Latin, Griechisch Weissenburg in High German, Nándorfehérvár in Hungarian, and Castelbianco in Venetian, among other names, all variations of 'white fortress'. For about four centuries, the city would become a battleground between the Byzantine Empire, the medieval Kingdom of Hungary, and the Bulgarian Empire.[40] Basil II (976–1025) installed a garrison in Belgrade.[41] The city hosted the armies of the First and the Second Crusade,[42] but, while passing through during the Third Crusade, Frederick Barbarossa and his 190,000 crusaders saw Belgrade in ruins.[43]

Siege of Belgrade (1456)
Conquest of Belgrade, 1521, Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent laid siege to the Belgrade Fortress

King

Kingdom of Syrmia, a vassal state to the Kingdom of Hungary. Dragutin (Hungarian: Dragutin István) is regarded as the first Serbian king to rule over Belgrade.[44]

Following the battles of Maritsa (1371) and Kosovo field (1389), Moravian Serbia, to Belgrade's south, began to fall to the Ottoman Empire.[45][46]

The northern regions of what is now Serbia persisted as the

Lazar Hrebeljanović. Lazarević built a castle with a citadel and towers, of which only the Despot's tower and the west wall remain. He also refortified the city's ancient walls, allowing the Despotate to resist Ottoman conquest for almost 70 years. During this time, Belgrade was a haven for many Balkan peoples fleeing Ottoman rule, and is thought to have had a population ranging between 40,000 and 50,000 people.[44]

In 1427, Stefan's successor

noon bell ordered by Pope Callixtus III commemorates the victory throughout the Christian world to this day.[42][50]

Ottoman rule and Austrian invasions

See also:
History of Ottoman Serbia and Ottoman–Habsburg wars

Seven decades after the initial siege, on 28 August 1521, the fort was finally captured by

Belgrade forest.[52]

Belgrade in 1684

Belgrade was made the seat of the

Oriental influences.[53]

In 1594, a major

Sinan Pasha ordered the relics of Saint Sava to be publicly torched on the Vračar plateau; in the 20th century, the church of Saint Sava was built to commemorate this event.[54]

Occupied by the

Serbian Patriarchs, retreated together with the Austrian soldiers into the Habsburg Empire, settling in today's Vojvodina and Slavonia.[56]

Principality and Kingdom of Serbia

See also: Principality of Serbia and Kingdom of Serbia
View of Belgrade in 1890

At the beginning of the 19th century, Belgrade was predominantly inhabited by a Muslim population. Traces of Ottoman rule and architecture—such as mosques and bazaars, were to remain a prominent part of Belgrade's townscape into the 19th century; several decades, even, after Serbia was granted autonomy from the Ottoman Empire.[57]

During the

Porte in 1830.[59]

Alexander Obrenović
and his consort Queen Draga inside the Royal Palace on the night of 10–11 June 1903.

The development of Belgrade architecture after 1815 can be divided into four periods. In the first phase, which lasted from 1815 to 1835, the dominant architectural style was still of a Balkan character, with substantial Ottoman influence. At the same time, an interest in joining the European mainstream allowed Central and Western European architecture to flourish. Between 1835 and 1850, the amount of neoclassicist and baroque buildings south of the Austrian border rose considerably, exemplified by St Michael's Cathedral (Serbian: Saborna crkva), completed in 1840. Between 1850 and 1875, new architecture was characterised by a turn towards the newly popular Romanticism, along with older European architectural styles. Typical of Central European cities in the last quarter of the 19th century, the fourth phase was characterised by an eclecticist style based on the Renaissance and Baroque periods.[60]

In 1841, Prince

Mihailo Obrenović moved the capital of the Principality of Serbia from Kragujevac to Belgrade.[61][62] During his first reign (1815–1839), Prince Miloš Obrenović pursued expansion of the city's population through the addition of new settlements, aiming and succeeding to make Belgrade the centre of the Principality's administrative, military and cultural institutions. His project of creating a new market space (the Abadžijska čaršija), however, was less successful; trade continued to be conducted in the centuries-old Donja čaršija and Gornja čaršija. Still, new construction projects were typical for the Christian quarters as the older Muslim quarters declined; from Serbia's autonomy until 1863, the number of Belgrade quarters even decreased, mainly as a consequence of the gradual disappearance of the city's Muslim population. An Ottoman city map from 1863 counts only 9 Muslim quarters (mahalas). The names of only five such neighbourhoods are known today: Ali-pašina, Reis-efendijina, Jahja-pašina, Bajram-begova, and Laz Hadži-Mahmudova.[63] Following the Čukur Fountain incident, Belgrade was bombed by the Ottomans.[64]

Belgrade 1912

On 18 April 1867, the Ottoman government ordered the Ottoman garrison, which had been since 1826 the last representation of Ottoman suzerainty in Serbia, withdrawn from

Kalemegdan. The forlorn Porte's only stipulation was that the Ottoman flag continue to fly over the fortress alongside the Serbian one. Serbia's de facto independence dates from this event.[65] In the following years, urban planner Emilijan Josimović had a significant influence on Belgrade. He conceptualised a regulation plan for the city in 1867, in which he proposed the replacement of the town's crooked streets with a grid plan. Of great importance also was the construction of independent Serbian political and cultural institutions, as well as the city's now-plentiful parks. Pointing to Josimović's work, Serbian scholars have noted an important break with Ottoman traditions. However, Istanbul—the capital city of the state to which Belgrade and Serbia de jure still belonged—underwent similar changes.[66]

In May 1868, knez Mihailo was assassinated with his cousin

Anka Konstantinović while riding in a carriage in his country residence.[67]

With the Principality's full independence in 1878 and its transformation into the Kingdom of Serbia in 1882, Belgrade once again became a key city in the Balkans, and developed rapidly.[58][68] Nevertheless, conditions in Serbia remained those of an overwhelmingly agrarian country, even with the opening of a railway to Niš, Serbia's second city. In 1900, the capital had only 70,000 inhabitants[69] (at the time Serbia numbered 2.5 million). Still, by 1905, the population had grown to more than 80,000 and, by the outbreak of World War I in 1914, it had surpassed the 100,000 citizens, disregarding Zemun, which still belonged to Austria-Hungary.[70]

The first-ever projection of motion pictures in the Balkans and Central Europe was held in Belgrade in June 1896 by André Carr, a representative of the Lumière brothers. He shot the first motion pictures of Belgrade in the next year; however, they have not been preserved.[71] The first permanent cinema was opened in 1909 in Belgrade.[72]

World War I: Austro–German invasion

Serbian Campaign
of 1915.

The First World War began on 28 July 1914 when Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. Most of the subsequent Balkan offensives occurred near Belgrade.

German and Austro-Hungarian troops commanded by Field Marshal August von Mackensen on 9 October of the same year. The city was liberated by Serbian and French troops on 1 November 1918, under the command of Marshal Louis Franchet d'Espèrey of France and Crown Prince Alexander of Serbia. Belgrade, devastated as a front-line city, lost the title of largest city in the Kingdom to Subotica for some time.[73]

Kingdom of Yugoslavia

After the war, Belgrade became the capital of the new Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929. The Kingdom was split into banovinas and Belgrade, together with Zemun and Pančevo, formed a separate administrative unit.[74]

Belgrade City Courts Complex, 1930

During this period, the city experienced fast growth and significant modernisation. Belgrade's population grew to 239,000 by 1931 (with the inclusion of Zemun), and to 320,000 by 1940. The population growth rate between 1921 and 1948 averaged 4.08% a year.[75]

In 1927, Belgrade's first airport opened, and in 1929, its first radio station began broadcasting. The Pančevo Bridge, which crosses the Danube, was opened in 1935,[76] while King Alexander Bridge over the Sava was opened in 1934. On 3 September 1939 the first Belgrade Grand Prix, the last Grand Prix motor racing race before the outbreak of World War II, was held around the Belgrade Fortress and was followed by 80,000 spectators.[77] The winner was Tazio Nuvolari.[78]

World War II: German invasion

On 25 March 1941, the government of

Bulgarian forces. Belgrade was captured by subterfuge, with six German soldiers led by their officer Fritz Klingenberg feigning threatening size, forcing the city to capitulate.

Ruins in Belgrade after German bombing of 1941
.

Ustashe regime carried out the Genocide of Serbs.[84]

During the summer and autumn of 1941, in reprisal for guerrilla attacks, the Germans carried out several massacres of Belgrade citizens; in particular, members of the Jewish community were subject to mass shootings at the order of General Franz Böhme, the German Military Governor of Serbia. Böhme rigorously enforced the rule that for every German killed, 100 Serbs or Jews would be shot.[85] Belgrade became the first city in Europe to be declared by the Nazi occupation forces to be judenfrei.[86] The resistance movement in Belgrade was led by Major Žarko Todorović from 1941 until his arrest in 1943.[87]

Just like

Yugoslav Partisans
.

On 29 November 1945, Marshal

Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia in Belgrade (later renamed to Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia on 7 April 1963).[89]

Socialist Yugoslavia

The First Non-Aligned Movement Summit Conference took place in Belgrade, Yugoslavia in September 1961

When the war ended, the city was left with 11,500 demolished housing units.[90] During the post-war period, Belgrade grew rapidly as the capital of the renewed Yugoslavia, developing as a major industrial centre.[68]

In 1948, construction of

major student protests led to several street clashes between students and the police.[92]

In 1972, Belgrade faced

UNESCO General Conference.[94] Josip Broz Tito died in May 1980 and his funeral in Belgrade was attended by high officials and state delegations from 128 of the 154 members of the United Nations from all over the world, based on which it became one of the largest funerals in history.[95]

Breakup of Yugoslavia

Former Ministry of Defence building damaged in the 1999 NATO bombing

On 9 March 1991,

Further anti-government protests were held in Belgrade from November 1996 to February 1997 against the same government after alleged electoral fraud in local elections.[101] These protests brought Zoran Đinđić to power, the first mayor of Belgrade since World War II who did not belong to the League of Communists of Yugoslavia or its later offshoot, the Socialist Party of Serbia.[102]

Belgrade Waterfront 2024.

In 1999, during the

Chinese embassy.[103] Approximately 2,000 civilians were killed as a result of the NATO bombings.[104] After the Yugoslav Wars, Serbia became home to the highest number of refugees and internally displaced persons in Europe, with more than a third of these refugees having settled in Belgrade.[105][106][107][108]
After the 2000 presidential elections, Belgrade was the site of major public protests, with over half a million people taking part. These demonstrations resulted in the ousting of president Milošević as a part of the Otpor movement.[109][110]

Development

Sava Square

In 2014, Belgrade Waterfront, an urban renewal project, was initiated by the Government of Serbia and its Emirati partner, Eagle Hills Properties. Around €3.5 billion was to be jointly invested by the Serbian government and their Emirati partners.[111][needs update] The project includes office and luxury apartment buildings, five-star hotels, a shopping mall and the envisioned 'Belgrade Tower'. The project is, however, quite controversial—there are a number of uncertainties regarding its funding, necessity, and its architecture's arguable lack of harmony with the rest of the city.[112]

In addition to Belgrade Waterfront, the city is under rapid development and reconstruction, especially in the area of Novi Beograd, where (as of 2020) apartment and office buildings were under construction to support the burgeoning Belgrade IT sector, now one of Serbia's largest economic players. In September 2020, there were around 2000 active construction sites in Belgrade.[113]

Geography

Topography

Kalemegdan Fortress
.

Belgrade lies 116.75 m (383.0 ft)

above sea level and is located at the confluence of the Danube and Sava rivers.[14] The historical core of Belgrade, Kalemegdan, lies on the right banks of both rivers. Since the 19th century, the city has been expanding to the south and east; after World War II, New Belgrade was built on the left bank of the Sava river, connecting Belgrade with Zemun. Smaller, chiefly residential communities across the Danube, like Krnjača, Kotež and Borča, also merged with the city, while Pančevo, a heavily industrialised satellite city, remains separate. The city has an urban area of 360 km2 (140 sq mi), while together with its metropolitan area it covers 3,223 km2 (1,244 sq mi).[11]

On the right bank of the Sava, central Belgrade has a hilly terrain, while the highest point of Belgrade proper is

Torlak hill at 303 m (994 ft). The mountains of Avala (511 m (1,677 ft)) and Kosmaj (628 m (2,060 ft)) lie south of the city. Across the Sava and Danube, the land is mostly flat, consisting of alluvial plains and loessial plateaus.[114]

Belgrade downtown.

One of the characteristics of the city terrain is

Terazije slope above the Sava (Kalemegdan, Savamala), which can be seen by the inclination of the Pobednik monument and the tower of the Cathedral Church, and the Voždovac section, between Banjica and Autokomanda
.

Landslides encompass smaller areas, develop on the steep cliffs, sometimes being inclined up to 90%. They are mostly located in the artificial

Kalvarija
.

However, the majority of the land movement in Belgrade, some 90%, is triggered by the construction works and faulty water supply system (burst pipes, etc.). The neighbourhood of Mirijevo is considered to be the most successful project of fixing the problem. During the construction of the neighbourhood from the 1970s, the terrain was systematically improved and the movement of the land is today completely halted.[115][116]

Climate

Belgrade Fair in the sunset.

Under the Köppen climate classification, Belgrade has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa) bordering on a humid continental climate (Dfa) with four seasons and uniformly spread precipitation. Monthly averages range from 1.4 °C (34.5 °F) in January to 23.0 °C (73.4 °F) in July, with an annual mean of 12.5 °C (54.5 °F). There are, on average, 44.6 days a year when the maximum temperature is at or above 30 °C (86 °F),[117] and 95 days when the temperature is above 25 °C (77 °F), On the other hand Belgrade experiences 52.1 days per year in which the minimum temperature falls below 0 °C (32 °F), with 13.8 days having a maximum temperature below freezing as well.[117] Belgrade receives about 691 mm (27 in) of precipitation a year, with late spring being wettest. The average annual number of sunny hours is 2,112.

Belgrade may experience thunderstorms at any time of the year, experiencing 31 days annually, but it's much more common in spring and summer months. Hail is rare and occurs exclusively in spring or summer.[117]

The highest officially recorded temperature in Belgrade was 43.6 °C (110.5 °F) on 24 July 2007,[118] while on the other end, the lowest temperature was −26.2 °C (−15 °F) on 10 January 1893.[119] The highest recorded value of daily precipitation was 109.8 millimetres (4.32 inches) in 15 May 2014.[117]

Climate data for Belgrade (1991–2020, extremes 1936–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 20.7
(69.3) 		23.9
(75.0) 		30.0
(86.0) 		32.4
(90.3) 		34.9
(94.8) 		37.4
(99.3) 		43.6
(110.5) 		40.0
(104.0) 		41.8
(107.2) 		33.7
(92.7) 		28.4
(83.1) 		22.6
(72.7) 		43.6
(110.5)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 5.2
(41.4) 		7.8
(46.0) 		13.1
(55.6) 		18.9
(66.0) 		23.6
(74.5) 		27.1
(80.8) 		29.3
(84.7) 		29.7
(85.5) 		24.3
(75.7) 		18.7
(65.7) 		12.2
(54.0) 		6.1
(43.0) 		18.0
(64.4)
Daily mean °C (°F) 1.9
(35.4) 		3.8
(38.8) 		8.3
(46.9) 		13.6
(56.5) 		18.2
(64.8) 		21.9
(71.4) 		23.8
(74.8) 		23.8
(74.8) 		18.5
(65.3) 		13.3
(55.9) 		8.1
(46.6) 		3.0
(37.4) 		13.2
(55.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −0.7
(30.7) 		0.6
(33.1) 		4.2
(39.6) 		8.8
(47.8) 		13.2
(55.8) 		16.7
(62.1) 		18.4
(65.1) 		18.5
(65.3) 		14.1
(57.4) 		9.4
(48.9) 		5.1
(41.2) 		0.5
(32.9) 		9.1
(48.4)
Record low °C (°F) −24.5
(−12.1) 		−20.5
(−4.9) 		−12.4
(9.7) 		−3.4
(25.9) 		0.4
(32.7) 		4.6
(40.3) 		8.3
(46.9) 		6.7
(44.1) 		0.6
(33.1) 		−6.9
(19.6) 		−8.3
(17.1) 		−15.8
(3.6) 		−24.5
(−12.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 47.9
(1.89) 		43.5
(1.71) 		48.7
(1.92) 		51.5
(2.03) 		72.3
(2.85) 		95.6
(3.76) 		66.5
(2.62) 		55.1
(2.17) 		58.6
(2.31) 		54.8
(2.16) 		49.6
(1.95) 		54.8
(2.16) 		698.9
(27.52)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 13.5 12.3 11.3 12.4 13.5 12.2 10.0 8.4 9.5 10.5 10.8 13.8 138.2
Average snowy days 9.7 7.3 4.2 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 3.0 7.8 32.8
Average
relative humidity
(%) 		77.9 71.4 62.7 59.9 61.9 62.5 59.8 59.5 65.8 71.4 75.1 79.5 67.3
Mean monthly sunshine hours 70.7 96.2 146.7 186.7 224.7 253.9 278.8 262.6 192.6 155.0 92.1 60.3 2,020.3
Average ultraviolet index 1 2 3 5 7 8 8 7 5 3 2 1 4
Source 1: Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia[120]
Source 2: Weather Atlas (UV),[121] Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)[122]

Average temperatures in Belgrade are rising and they are about 1 °C higher in last 15 years than in period from 1991-2020. Number of snow days and days with frost is decreasing, since there is no month with average lows below 0 °C.

Climate data for Belgrade, Serbia (2009.-2023.)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C 5.5 8.7 13.4 19.0 23.2 27.6 30.2 30.5 25.5 19.2 13.2 7.0 18.6
Daily mean °C 2.9 5.4 9.2 14.1 18.4 22.7 24.9 24.9 20.4 14.8 9.9 4.6 14.3
Mean daily minimum °C 0.3 2.1 5.0 9.3 13.5 17.7 19.5 19.4 15.4 10.3 6.6 2.2 10.1
Mean daily maximum °F 41.9 47.7 56.1 66.2 73.8 81.7 86.4 86.9 77.9 66.6 55.8 44.6 65.5
Daily mean °F 37.2 41.7 48.6 57.4 65.1 72.9 76.8 76.8 68.7 58.6 49.8 40.3 57.7
Mean daily minimum °F 32.5 35.8 41.0 48.7 56.3 63.9 67.1 66.9 59.7 50.5 43.9 36.0 50.2
Source: "www.weatheronline.co.uk". Retrieved 16 April 2024.

Administration

See also: Mayor of Belgrade

Belgrade is a separate territorial unit in Serbia, with its own autonomous city authority.[15] The Assembly of the City of Belgrade has 110 members, elected on four-year terms.[123] A 13-member City Council, elected by the Assembly and presided over by the mayor and his deputy, has the control and supervision of the city administration,[124] which manages day-to-day administrative affairs. It is divided into 14 Secretariats, each having a specific portfolio such as traffic or health care, and several professional services, agencies and institutes.[125]

The 2022 Belgrade City Assembly election was won by the Serbian Progressive Party, which formed a ruling coalition with the Socialist Party of Serbia. Between 2004 and 2013, the Democratic Party was in power.[126] Due to the importance of Belgrade in political and economic life of Serbia, the office of city's mayor is often described as the third most important office in the state, after the President of the Government and the President of the Republic.[127][128][129]

As the capital city, Belgrade is seat of all Serbian state authorities –

Supreme Court of Cassation and the Constitutional Court
.

Municipalities

See also: Subdivisions of Belgrade
Monument to the Unknown Hero on the mountain Avala, Avala Tower and city of Belgrade in distance.

The city is divided into 17 municipalities.[131] Previously, they were classified into 10 urban (lying completely or partially within borders of the city proper) and 7 suburban municipalities, whose centres are smaller towns.[132] With the new 2010 City statute, they were all given equal status, with the proviso that suburban ones (except Surčin) have certain autonomous powers, chiefly related with construction, infrastructure and public utilities.[131]

Most of the municipalities are situated on the southern side of the Danube and

Palilula, spanning the Danube, is in both the Šumadija and Banat
regions.

Municipalities of Belgrade map
Municipality Classification Area (km2) Population (census 2022) Population density (per km2)
Barajevo suburban 213.10 26,431 110
Čukarica urban 156.99 175,793 1,120
Grocka suburban 299.55 82,810 276
Lazarevac suburban 383.51 55,146 144
Mladenovac suburban 339 48,683 144
Novi Beograd urban 40.71 209,763 5,153
Obrenovac suburban 410.14 68,882 168
Palilula
 urban 450.59 182,624 405
Rakovica urban 30.11 104,456 3,469
Savski Venac urban 14.06 36,699 2,610
Sopot
 suburban 270.71 19,126 71
Stari Grad urban 5.40 44,737 8,285
Surčin urban 288.47 45,452 158
Voždovac urban 148.52 174,864 1,177
Vračar urban 2.87 55,406 19,305
Zemun urban 149.74 177,908 1,188
Zvezdara urban 31.49 172,625 5,482
Total 3,234.96 1,681,405 520
Source: Sector for statistics, Belgrade[3]

Demographics

Main articles: Demographics of Belgrade and Demographic history of Belgrade
Belgrade oblast population pyramid in 2021

According to the 2022 census, the statistical city proper has a population of 1,197,714, the urban area (with adjacent urban settlements like Borča, Ovča, Surčin, etc.) has 1,383,875 inhabitants, while the population of the administrative area of the City of Belgrade (often equated with Belgrade's metropolitan area) stands at 1,681,405 people. However, Belgrade's metropolitan area has not been defined, either statistically or administratively, and it sprawls into the neighboring municipalities like Pančevo, Opovo, Pećinci or Stara Pazova.

Belgrade is home to many ethnicities from across the former Yugoslavia and the wider Balkans region. The main ethnic group comprising over 86% of the metropolitan population of Belgrade are

Yugoslav wars of the 1990s.[134] The most recent wave of immigration following the Russian invasion of Ukraine saw tens of thousands of Russians and Ukrainians register their residence in Serbia, majority of them in Belgrade.[135]

Between 10,000 and 20,000

White émigrés also existed in Belgrade. There are two suburban settlements with significant minority population today: Ovča and the village of Boljevci, both with about one quarter of their population being Romanians and Slovaks
, respectively.

Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
142650,000—    
1683100,000+0.27%
180025,000−1.18%
18347,033−3.66%
185918,860+4.02%
186314,760−5.94%
186624,768+18.83%
187427,605+1.36%
188435,483+2.54%
189054,763+7.50%
189559,790+1.77%
190068,481+2.75%
190577,235+2.44%
191082,498+1.33%
1921111,739+2.80%
1931238,775+7.89%
1948397,911+3.05%
1953477,982+3.73%
1961657,362+4.06%
1971899,094+3.18%
19811,087,915+1.92%
19911,133,146+0.41%
20021,119,642−0.11%
20111,166,763+0.46%
20221,197,714+0.24%
Source: 1426-1683 data;[140] 1800 data;[141] 1834-1931[142]
Settlements Population
[143]
Belgrade 1,197,714
Borča 51,862
Kaluđerica 28,483
Lazarevac 27,635
Obrenovac 25,380
Mladenovac 22,346
Surčin 20,602
Sremčica 19,434
Ugrinovci 11,859
Leštane 10,454
Ripanj 10,084

Although there are several historic religious communities in Belgrade, the religious makeup of the city is relatively homogeneous. The Serbian Orthodox community is by far the largest, with 1,475,168 adherents. There are also 31,914 Muslims, 13,720 Roman Catholics, and 3,128 Protestants.

There once was a significant

Buddhist colonies in Europe outside Russia when some 400 mostly Buddhist Kalmyks settled on the outskirts of Belgrade following the Russian Civil War. The first Buddhist temple in Europe was built in Belgrade in 1929. Most of them moved away after the World War II and their temple, Belgrade pagoda, was abandoned, claimed by the new Communist regime and eventually demolished.[145]

Economy

Main article:
Architectural projects in Belgrade
Serbian Railways headquarters in Belgrade

Belgrade is the financial centre of Serbia and Southeast Europe, with a total of 17×10^6 m2 (180×10^6 sq ft) of office space.[146] It is also home to the country's Central Bank. 750,550 people are employed (July 2020)[147] in 120,286 companies,[148] 76,307 enterprises and 50,000 shops.[147][149] The City of Belgrade itself owns 267,147 m2 (2,875,550 sq ft) of rentable office space.[150] As of 2019, Belgrade contained 31.4% of Serbia's employed population and generated over 40.4% of its GDP.[151][152][153] City GDP in 2023 at purchasing power parity is estimated at $73 bn USD, which is $43,400 per capita in terms of purchasing power parity. Nominal GDP in 2023 is estimated at $ 31.5 bn USD, which is $ 18.700 per capita.[154]

Southeastern Europe's financial centres. It offers a range of facilities, such as hotels, congress halls (e.g. Sava Centar), Class A and B office buildings, and business parks (e.g. Airport City Belgrade). Over 1.2×10^6 m2 (13×10^6 sq ft) of land is under construction in New Belgrade, with the value of planned construction over the next three years estimated at over 1.5 billion euros. The Belgrade Stock Exchange is also located in New Belgrade, and has a market capitalisation
of €6.5 billion (US$7.1 billion).

With 6,924 companies in the IT sector (according to 2013 data[update]), Belgrade is one of the foremost

Endava. IT facilities in the city include the Mihajlo Pupin Institute and the ILR,[161] as well as the brand-new IT Park Zvezdara.[162] Many prominent IT innovators began their careers in Belgrade, including Voja Antonić and Veselin Jevrosimović
.

In December 2021, the average Belgrade monthly net salary stood at 94,463 RSD ($946) in net terms, with the gross equivalent at 128,509 RSD ($1288), while in New Belgrade CBD is Euros 1,059.[163] 88% of the city's households owned a computer, 89% had a broadband internet connection and 93% had pay television services.[164]

According to

Knez Mihajlova street is 36th most expensive retail street in the world in terms of renting commercial space.[165]

Culture

Main article:
Culture of Belgrade
Republic Square, Left: National Museum of Serbia – Centre: Hotel Marriott Belgrade – Right: National Theatre.
The Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, national learned society founded in 1841

According to the BBC, Belgrade is one of the five most creative cities in the world.[166] Belgrade hosts many annual international cultural events, including the

Milorad Pavić and Meša Selimović.[170][171][172] The most internationally prominent artists from Belgrade are Charles Simic, Marina Abramović and Milovan Destil Marković
.

Most of

FEST is an annual film festival that held since 1971, and, through 2013, had been attended by four million people and had presented almost 4,000 films.[173]

The city was one of the main centres of the

Theatre on Terazije, Yugoslav Drama Theatre, Zvezdara Theatre, and Atelier 212. The Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts is also based in Belgrade, as well as the National Library of Serbia. Other major libraries include the Belgrade City Library and the Belgrade University Library. Belgrade's two opera houses are: National Theatre and Madlenianum Opera House.[178][179] Following the victory of Serbia's representative Marija Šerifović at the Eurovision Song Contest 2007, Belgrade hosted the Contest in 2008.[180]

There is more than 1650

public sculptures on the territory of Belgrade.[181][182]

Museums

See also: List of museums in Belgrade
National Museum of Serbia

The most prominent museum in Belgrade is the

former Yugoslavia.[184]

The

Museum of Contemporary Art was the first contemporary art museum in Yugoslavia and one of the first museums of this type in the world.[185] Following its foundation in 1965, has amassed a collection of more than 8,000 works from art produced across the former Yugoslavia.[186] The museum was closed in 2007, but has since been reopened in 2017 to focus on the modern as well as on the Yugoslav art scenes.[187]
Artist Marina Abramović, who was born in Belgrade, held an exhibition in the Museum of Contemporary Art, which the New York Times described as one of the most important cultural happenings in the world in 2019.[188][189] The exhibition was seen by almost 100,000 visitors. Marina Abramović made a stage speech and performance in front of 20,000 people.[190] In the heart of Belgrade you can also find the Museum of Applied Arts, a museum that has been awarded for the Institution of the Year 2016 by ICOM.[191]

Museum of Contemporary Art

The

Military Museum, established in 1878 in Kalemegdan, houses a wide range of more than 25,000 military objects dating from the prehistoric to the medieval to the modern eras. Notable items include Turkish and oriental arms, national banners, and Yugoslav Partisan regalia.[192][193]

The

F-16.[194]

The

Museum of African Art, founded in 1977, which has a large collection of art from West Africa.[197]

With around 95,000 copies of national and international films, the Yugoslav Film Archive is the largest in the region and among the 10 largest archives in the world.[198] The institution also operates the Museum of Yugoslav Film Archive, with movie theatre and exhibition hall. The archive's long-standing storage problems were finally solved in 2007, when a new modern depository was opened.[199] The Yugoslav Film Archive also exhibits original Charlie Chaplin's stick and one of the first movies by Auguste and Louis Lumière.[200] The Belgrade City Museum moved into a new building in downtown in 2006.[201] The museum hosts a range of collections covering the history of urban life since prehistory.[202]

Second World War
.

The

Museum of Yugoslav History has collections from the Yugoslav era. Beside paintings, the most valuable are Moon rocks donated by Apollo 11 crew Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin and Michael Collins while visiting Belgrade in 1969 and from mission Apollo 17 donated by Richard Nixon in 1971.[203] Museum also houses Joseph Stalin's sabre with 260 brilliants and diamonds, donated by Stalin himself.[204]
Museum of Science and Technology moved to the building of the first city's power plant in Dorćol in 2005.[205]

Architecture

See also:
Architectural projects in Belgrade, Religious architecture in Belgrade, and Gates of Belgrade
Saint Sava Church
Ruski car Tavern

Belgrade has wildly varying architecture, from the centre of

New Belgrade
.

The oldest architecture is found in Kalemegdan Park. Outside of Kalemegdan, the oldest buildings date only from the 18th century, due to its geographic position and frequent wars and destructions.[207]

House of the National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia
Kalemegdan

The oldest public structure in Belgrade is a nondescript Turkish

Temple of Saint Sava.[207]

In the socialist period, housing was built quickly and cheaply for the huge influx of people fleeing the countryside following World War II, sometimes resulting in the

socrealism trend briefly ruled, resulting in buildings like the Trade Union Hall.[207] However, in the mid-1950s, modernist trends took over, and still dominate the Belgrade architecture.[207]
Belgrade has the second oldest sewer system in Europe.
highest in the world.[211]

Tourism

See also: Tourism in Serbia

Lying on the main artery connecting Europe and Asia, as well as, eventually, the Orient Express, Belgrade has been a popular place for travellers through the centuries. In 1843, on Dubrovačka Street (today Kralj Petar Street ), Serbia's

Mihailo Obrenović built a large edifice which became the first hotel in Belgrade: Kod jelena ('at the deer's'), in the neighbourhood of Kosančićev Venac. Many criticised the move at the time due to the cost and the size of the building, and it soon became the gathering point of the Principality's wealthiest citizens. Colloquially, the building was also referred to as the staro zdanje, or the 'old edifice'. It remained a hotel until 1903 before being demolished in 1938.[212][213] After the staro zdanje, numerous hotels were built in the second half of the 19th century: Nacional and Grand, also in Kosančićev Venac, Srpski Kralj, Srpska Kruna, Grčka Kraljica near Kalemegdan, Balkan and Pariz in Terazije, London, etc.[214]

Jevremovac Botanical Garden

As Belgrade became connected via steamboats and railway (after 1884), the number of visitors grew and new hotels were open with the ever luxurious commodities. In Savamala, the hotels Bosna and Bristol were opened. Other hotels included Solun and Orient, which was built near the

Interbellum. It was destroyed during World War II.[214]

The historic areas and buildings of Belgrade are among the city's premier attractions. They include

Dorcol is the one of top ten coolest suburbs and in Europe.[215]
Elite neighbourhood of
Karađorđević, is open for visitors. The palace has many valuable artworks.[216] Nearby, Josip Broz Tito's mausoleum, called The House of Flowers
, documents the life of the former Yugoslav president.

Ada Ciganlija is a former island on the Sava River, and Belgrade's biggest sports and recreational complex. Today it is connected with the right bank of the Sava via two causeways, creating an artificial lake. It is the most popular destination for Belgraders during the city's hot summers. There are 7 km (4 mi) of long beaches and sports facilities for various sports including golf, football, basketball, volleyball, rugby union, baseball, and tennis.[217] During summer there are between 200,000 and 300,000 bathers daily.[218]

The view of Kosančićev Venac. From the left to right: St. Michael's Cathedral, Serbian Orthodox Church Patriarchate building and Austrian embassy.
Skadarlija, the city's old bohemian neighbourhood.

Extreme sports are available, such as

Kalemegdan Fortress, Abandoned quarry in Barajevo, Karagača valley, Artesian well in Ovča, Kapela loess profile, and Lake in Sremčica. Other 29 places are biodiversity sites.[223]

Tourist income in 2016 amounted to nearly one billion euros;[224] with a visit of almost a million registered tourists.[225] Of those, in 2019 more than 100,000 tourists arrived by 742 river cruisers.[225][226] Average annual growth is between 13% and 14%.[225]

As of 2018, there are three officially designated

camp grounds in Belgrade. The oldest one is located in Batajnica, along the Batajnica Road. Named "Dunav", it is one of the most visited campsites in the country. Second one is situated within the complex of the ethno-household "Zornić's House" in the village of Baćevac, while the third is located in Ripanj, on the slopes of the Avala mountain. In 2017 some 15,000 overnights were recorded in camps.[227]

Belgrade is a common stop on the Rivers Route, European cycling route known as "Danube Bike Trail" in Serbia as well as on the Sultans Trail, a long-distance hiking footpath between Vienna and Istanbul.

Nightlife

Main article: Nightlife in Belgrade

Belgrade has a reputation for vibrant nightlife; many clubs that are open until dawn can be found throughout the city.[228] The most recognisable nightlife features of Belgrade are the barges (splav) spread along the banks of the Sava and Danube Rivers.[229][230][231]

Belgrade nightlife

Many weekend visitors—particularly from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Slovenia—prefer Belgrade nightlife to that of their own capitals due to its perceived friendly atmosphere, plentiful clubs and bars, cheap drinks, lack of significant language barriers, and a lack of night life regulation.[232][233] One of the most famous sites for alternative cultural happenings in the city is the SKC (Student Cultural Centre), located right across from Belgrade's highrise landmark, the Belgrade Palace tower. Concerts featuring famous local and foreign bands are often held at the centre. SKC is also the site of various art exhibitions, as well as public debates and discussions.[234]

A more traditional Serbian nightlife experience, accompanied by traditional music known as

Znak pitanja ('?').[237]

The Times reported that Europe's best nightlife can be found in Belgrade.[238] In the Lonely Planet 1000 Ultimate Experiences guide of 2009, Belgrade was placed at the 1st spot among the top 10 party cities in the world.[239]

Sport and recreation

See also: List of sporting events in Belgrade
Ada Ciganlija

There are approximately one-thousand sports facilities in Belgrade, many of which are capable of serving all levels of sporting events.[240]

Ada Ciganlija island, lake and beaches are one of the most important recreational areas in the city. With total of 8 km beaches, with lot of bars, caffe's, restaurants and sport facilities, Ada Ciganlija attracts many visitors especially in summertime.

Košutnjak park forest with numerous running and bike trails, sport facilities for all sports with indoor and outdoor pools is also very popular. Located only 2 km from Ada Ciganlija.

Rajko Mitić Stadium
Belgrade Arena

During the 60s and 70s Belgrade held a number of major international events such as the first ever World Aquatics Championships in 1973, 1976 European Football Championship and 1973 European Cup Final, European Athletics Championships in 1962 and European Indoor Games in 1969, European Basketball Championships in 1961 and 1975, European Volleyball Championship for men and women in 1975 and World Amateur Boxing Championships in 1978.

Since the early 2000s Belgrade again hosts major sporting events nearly every year. Some of these include

2009 Summer Universiade.[241] More recently, Belgrade hosted European Athletics Indoor Championships in 2017 and the basketball EuroLeague Final Four tournaments in 2018 and 2022. Global and continental championships in other sports such as tennis, futsal, judo, karate, wrestling, rowing, kickboxing, table tennis, and chess
have also been held in recent years.

The city is home to Serbia's two biggest and most successful football clubs, Red Star Belgrade and Partizan Belgrade. Red Star won the UEFA Champions League (European Cup) in 1991, and Partizan was runner-up in 1966. The two major stadiums in Belgrade are the Marakana (Red Star Stadium) and the Partizan Stadium.[242] The Eternal derby is between Red Star and Partizan.

Štark Arena with capacity of 19,384 spectators is one of the largest indoor arenas in Europe.[243] It is used for major sporting events and large concerts. In May 2008 it was the venue for the 53rd Eurovision Song Contest.[244] The Aleksandar Nikolić Hall is the main venue of basketball clubs KK Partizan, European champion of 1992, and KK Crvena zvezda.[245][246] In recent years, Belgrade has also given rise to several world-class tennis players such as

Belgrade Arena.[247]

Belgrade Marathon is held annually since 1988. Belgrade was a candidate to host 1992 and 1996 Summer Olympic Games.

Fashion and design

Since 1996,

Roksanda Ilincic
, who was born in the city, also frequently presents her runway shows in Belgrade.

In addition to fashion, there are two major design shows held in Belgrade every year which attract international architects and industrial designers such as Karim Rashid, Daniel Libeskind, Patricia Urquiola, and Konstantin Grcic. Both the Mikser Festival and Belgrade Design Week feature lectures, exhibits and competitions. Furthermore, international designers like Sacha Lakic, Ana Kraš, Bojana Sentaler, and Marek Djordjevic are originally from Belgrade.

Media

See also: List of media organisations in Belgrade

Belgrade is the most important media hub in Serbia. The city is home to the main headquarters of the national broadcaster

N1 and others which only cover the greater Belgrade municipal area, such as Studio B
.

High-circulation daily newspapers published in Belgrade include

National Geographic, Men's Health, Grazia
and others have their headquarters in the city.

Education

See also: List of educational institutions in Belgrade
Administration and governance building of the University of Belgrade

Belgrade has two state universities and several private institutions of higher education. The

grande école, is the oldest institution of higher learning in Serbia.[252] Having developed with much of the rest of the city in the 19th century, several university buildings are recognised as forming a constituent part of Belgrade's architecture and cultural heritage. With enrolment numbers of nearly 90,000 students, the university is one of Europe's largest.[253]

The city is also home to 195 primary (elementary) schools and 85 secondary schools. The primary school system has 162 regular schools, 14 special schools, 15 art schools, and 4 adult schools, while the secondary school system has 51 vocational schools, 21 gymnasiums, 8 art schools and 5 special schools. The 230,000 pupils are managed by 22,000 employees in over 500 buildings, covering around 1.1×10^6 m2 (12×10^6 sq ft).[254]

Transportation

Main article: Transport in Belgrade
Vukov Spomenik underground railway station
The logo for the company
See also:
Bridges in Belgrade
Trams in Belgrade
Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport

Belgrade has an extensive public transport system consisting of buses (118 urban lines and more than 300 suburban lines), trams (12 lines),

S-train network, BG Voz, run by city government in cooperation with Serbian Railways, is a part of the integrated transport system, and has three lines (Batajnica-Ovča and Ovča-Resnik and Belgrade centre-Mladenovac), with more announced.[257][258] As of 27 February 2024 tickets may be purchased either via SMS or in physical paper form via the Beograd plus (Serbian Cyrillic: Београд плус) system.[259] Daily connections link the capital to other towns in Serbia and many other European destinations through the city's central bus station
.

mass-transit services in the city, similar to Paris's RER and Toronto's GO Transit. The main usage of system was to connect the suburbs with the city centre. Beovoz was operated by Serbian Railways.[260] However, this system was abolished back in 2013, mostly due to introduction of more efficient BG Voz. Belgrade is one of the last big European capitals and cities with over a million people to have no metro or subway or other rapid transit system. As of November 2021, Belgrade Metro is currently under construction, which will have 2 lines. The first line is expected to be operational by August 2028.[261][262]

The new Belgrade Centre railway station is the hub for almost all the national and international trains.

The high-speed rail that connects Belgrade with Novi Sad started its service at 19 March 2022.[263] The extension towards Subotica and Budapest is under construction,[264] and there are plans for southwards extension towards Niš and North Macedonia.[265] The city is placed along the

E75 motorways and is under construction.[266]

Situated at the confluence of two major rivers, the Danube and the Sava, Belgrade has 11 bridges, the most important of which are

Branko's bridge, the Ada Bridge, Pupin Bridge and the Gazela Bridge, the last two of which connect the core of the city to New Belgrade. In addition, an 'inner magistral semi-ring' is almost done and include a new Ada Bridge across the Sava river and a new Pupin Bridge across Danube river, which eased commuting within the city and unload the Gazela and Branko's bridge traffic.[267]

The

Nikola Tesla Airport became the second fastest growing major airport in Europe.[273] The numbers continued to grow steadily and the all-time peak of over 6 million passengers was reached in 2019.[274]

International relations

Twin towns – sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Serbia
Because of the heroic strength of its defenders, French marshal Louis Franchet d'Espèrey decorated Belgrade with the Legion of Honor in 1920.

List of Belgrade's sister and twin cities:[275]

Partner cities

Other friendships and cooperations, protocols, memorandums:[275]

  • Bosnia and Herzegovina Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, since 2018, Memorandum of Understanding on Cooperation
  • Morocco Rabat, Morocco, since 2017, Partnership and Cooperation Agreement
  • South Korea Seoul, South Korea, since 2017, Memorandum of Understanding on Friendly Exchanges and Cooperation
  • Kazakhstan Astana, Kazakhstan, since 2016, Agreement on Cooperation[284]
  • Iran Tehran, Iran, since 2016, Agreement on Cooperation[285]
  • Greece Corfu, Greece, since 2010, Protocol on Cooperation
  • China Shenzhen, China, since 2009, Agreement on Cooperation[286]
  • Croatia Zagreb, Croatia, since 2003, Letter of Intent
  • Ukraine Kyiv, Ukraine, since 2002, Agreement on Cooperation
  • Algeria Algiers, Algeria, since 1991 declaration of mutual interests
  • Israel Tel Aviv, Israel, since 1990, Agreement on Cooperation
  • Romania Bucharest, Romania, since 1999, Agreement on Cooperation
  • China Beijing, China, since 1980, Agreement on Cooperation[287]
  • Italy Rome, Italy, since 1971, Agreement on Friendship and Cooperation
  • Greece Athens, Greece, since 1966, Agreement on Friendship and Cooperation

Some of the city's municipalities are also twinned to small cities or districts of other big cities; for details see their respective articles.

Belgrade has received various domestic and international honours, including the French

Foreign Direct Investment awarded Belgrade the title of City of the Future of Southern Europe.[290][291]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ also US: /bɛlˈɡrɑːd, -ˈɡræd/ bel-GRAHD, -⁠GRAD, /ˈbɛlɡrɑːd, -ɡræd/ BEL-grahd, -⁠grad [8][9]
  2. names in other languages
  1. ^ Yugoslavia itself actually collapsed in 1992, at which point the resultant successor state of Serbia and Montenegro declared itself the legal successor of the republic. It is this polity that dissolved in 2006, not Yugoslavia proper.

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Sources

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