Bellis perennis

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Bellis perennis
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae
Genus: Bellis
Species:
B. perennis
Binomial name
Bellis perennis
Synonyms[1]

Bellis perennis (/ˈbɛləs pəˈrɛnəs/),[2][3] the daisy, is a European species of the family Asteraceae, often considered the archetypal species of the name daisy. To distinguish this species from other plants known as daisies, it is sometimes qualified or known as common daisy, lawn daisy or English daisy.

Description

Bellis perennis is a perennial herbaceous plant growing to 20 centimetres (8 inches) in height.[4] It has short creeping rhizomes and rosettes of small rounded or spoon-shaped leaves that are from 2 to 5 cm (3⁄4–2 in) long and grow flat to the ground. The species habitually colonises lawns, and is difficult to eradicate by mowing, hence the term 'lawn daisy'. It blooms from March to September[4] and exhibits the phenomenon of heliotropism, in which the flowers follow the position of the sun in the sky.

The

bracts known as "phyllaries".[5] The achenes are without pappus.[6]

Etymology

Well-trodden meadow at London's Kew Gardens, the grass white with daisies

Bellis may come from bellus, Latin for "pretty", and perennis is Latin for "everlasting".[7]

The name "daisy", possibly originating with this plant,[4] is considered a corruption of "day's eye",[8] because the whole head closes at night and opens in the morning. Geoffrey Chaucer called it "eye of the day". In Medieval times, Bellis perennis or the English Daisy was commonly known as "Mary's Rose".[9]

Historically, the plant has also been widely known as bruisewort, and occasionally woundwort (although this name is now more closely associated with the genus Stachys). It is also known as bone flower.[10]

Distribution and habitat

Bellis perennis is native to western, central and northern Europe, including remote islands such as the

temperate regions, including the Americas[11][12] and Australasia. It prefers field-like habitats.[4]

Cultivation

The species generally blooms from early to midsummer, although when grown under ideal conditions, it has a very long flowering season and will even produce a few flowers in the middle of mild winters.[7][13]

It can generally be grown where minimum temperatures are above −35 °C (−30 °F), in full sun to partial shade conditions, and requires little or no maintenance. It has no known serious insect or disease problems and can generally be grown in most well-drained soils. The plant may be propagated either by seed after the last frost, or by division after flowering.[7][14]

Though not native to the United States,[15] the species is still considered a valuable ground cover in certain garden settings (e.g., as part of English or cottage inspired gardens, as well as spring meadows where low growth and some color is desired in parallel with minimal care and maintenance while helping to crowd out noxious weeds once established and naturalised).

Numerous single- and double-flowered varieties are in cultivation, producing flat or spherical blooms in a range of sizes (1 to 6 cm or 3⁄8 to 2+3⁄8 in) and colours (red, pink and white). They are generally grown from seed as biennial bedding plants. They can also be purchased as plugs in spring.

It has been reported to be mostly self-fertilizing, but some plants may be self-sterile.[16]

Uses

Bellis perennis may be used as a

potherb. Young leaves can be eaten raw in salads,[17] or cooked, though the leaves become increasingly astringent with age.[7] Flower buds and petals can be eaten raw in sandwiches, soups and salads.[13] It is also used as a tea and as a vitamin supplement.[11]

B. perennis has astringent properties and has been used in herbal medicine.[18]

Daisies have traditionally been used for making daisy chains in children's games.[19]

Culture

oxeye daisy
, marguerite.

The daisy is the national flower of

the Netherlands.[20]

Gallery

  • Bellis perennis
  • Leaves suddenly broaden to their ends
    Leaves suddenly broaden to their ends
  • Leaves frequently prostrate
    Leaves frequently prostrate
  • Flower head maturing to a cone
    Flower head maturing to a cone
  • Immature flowers often particularly reddened
    Immature flowers often particularly reddened
  • Horticultural example
    Horticultural example

References

  1. ^ "Bellis perennis L." The Plant List; Version 1. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and Missouri Botanical Garden. 2010. Retrieved November 12, 2012.
  2. ^ "Bellis". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary.
  3. ^ "philosophia perennis". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary.
  4. ^
    ISBN 978-0-375-40233-3
    .
  5. ISBN 9780521707725
    .
  6. ISBN 978-1-85918-478-3
  7. ^ a b c d "Bellis perennis L." Missouri Botanical Garden Bellis perennis.
  8. ^ "daisy facts, information, pictures – Encyclopedia.com articles about daisy". www.encyclopedia.com.
  9. ^ The Plant-Lore and Garden-Craft of Shakespeare, by Henry Nicholson Ellacombe. W. Satchell and Company, London, 1884
  10. ISBN 978-1-60962-060-8
    .
  11. ^ a b "Bellis perennis Linnaeus". Flora of North America.
  12. ^ PLANTS Profile., "Bellis perennis L. lawndaisy", USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=bepe2
  13. ^ a b "Bellis perennis L". Plants for a Future database.
  14. ^ "USDA Zones". USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map. Archived from the original on 2014-02-27. Retrieved 2012-05-02.
  15. ^ "USDA Plants Profile for Bellis perennis (lawndaisy)". usda.gov.
  16. ISSN 0028-646X
    .
  17. ^ Budwig, Johanna (1956). Krebs – ein Fettproblem, richtige Wahl und Verwendung der Fette. Hyperion-Verlag, Freiburg im Breisgau, p. 44: recipe for cancer patients.
  18. ^ Howard, Michael (1987). Traditional Folk Remedies. Century, p. 129.
  19. ^ "Children's 'right to play'". BBC News. BBC. 2002-08-07. Retrieved 2008-11-02.
  20. ^ "Madeliefje verkozen tot nationale bloem". 4 June 2023.

External links

Wikiquote has quotations related to Daisies.
Wikisource has the text of the Encyclopædia Britannica (9th ed.) article Daisy.
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