Ben Chifley
Minister for Postwar Reconstruction | |
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In office 22 December 1942 – 2 February 1945 | |
Prime Minister | John Curtin |
Preceded by | Office Created |
Succeeded by | John Dedman |
Minister for Defence | |
In office 3 March 1931 – 6 January 1932 | |
Prime Minister | James Scullin |
Preceded by | John Daly |
Succeeded by | George Pearce |
Member of the Australian Parliament for Macquarie | |
In office 21 September 1940 – 13 June 1951 | |
Preceded by | John Lawson |
Succeeded by | Tony Luchetti |
In office 17 November 1928 – 19 December 1931 | |
Preceded by | Arthur Manning |
Succeeded by | John Lawson |
Personal details | |
Born | Joseph Benedict Chifley 22 September 1885 Bathurst, Colony of New South Wales |
Died | 13 June 1951 Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia | (aged 65)
Political party | Labor |
Other political affiliations | Industrial Labor (1938–1939) |
Spouse |
Engine driver (New South Wales Railways) |
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Term of government (1945–1949)
Ministries
Elections |
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Joseph Benedict Chifley (
Chifley was born in
After his electoral defeat, Chifley remained involved in politics as a party official, siding with the federal Labor leadership against the
At the
Some of Chifley's more interventionist economic policies were poorly received by Australian business, particularly an attempt to nationalise banks. His government was defeated at the
Early life
Chifley was born at 29 Havannah Street, Bathurst, New South Wales, on 22 September 1885. He was the first of three sons born to Roman Catholic parents: Mary Anne (née Corrigan) and Patrick Chifley II. His father, a blacksmith, was born in Bathurst to Irish immigrants from County Tipperary, while his mother was born in County Fermanagh, in present-day Northern Ireland.[2]
At the age of five, Chifley was sent to live with his widowed grandfather, Patrick Chifley I, who had a small farm at
After leaving school, Chifley's first job was as a cashier's assistant at a local department store. He later worked at a tannery for a period, and then in September 1903 joined the New South Wales Government Railways as a "shop boy" at the Bathurst
Chifley became involved with the
Early political involvement
Chifley joined the
Early political career
At the
Chifley was somewhat reluctant in his support of the
Wilderness years
During the Great Depression, with no parliamentary salary and no chance of returning to the railway, Chifley survived on his wife's family's money and his part-ownership of the Bathurst newspaper The National Advocate.[21][27]
In 1938, Chifley and most other Labor supporters in Bathurst joined the Industrial Labor Party (ILP), a breakaway organisation formed by Bob Heffron and dedicated to thwarting the Lang Labor faction that controlled the ALP in New South Wales.[28] He was a delegate to the party's annual conference in Sydney in April 1939. After a unity conference in August 1939, the ILP members rejoined the ALP and ended Jack Lang's dominance. Chifley was subsequently elected to the ALP state executive.[29]
In 1935 the Lyons government appointed Chifley as a member of the Royal Commission on Banking, a subject on which he had become an expert. He submitted a minority report advocating that the private banks be nationalised. After an unsuccessful effort to win back Macquarie at the 1934 Australian federal election, Chifley finally won his seat back at the 1940 Australian federal election on a swing of ten percent.[21][27]
Curtin government
Chifley was appointed
The
Prime minister
Following the death of Curtin in July 1945, Forde became Prime Minister since he was the ALP deputy leader. In the ensuing leadership ballot, Chifley defeated Forde to replace him as Prime Minister and Curtin as leader of the ALP. Once the war ended in September, normal political life resumed, and Chifley faced Robert Menzies and his new Liberal Party in the 1946 election, which Chifley won with 54 percent of the two-party-preferred vote. It marked the first time that an incumbent full-term federal Labor government was re-elected. In the post-war years, Chifley maintained wartime economic controls, including the highly unpopular petrol rationing. He did this partly to help Britain in its postwar economic difficulties.[21][30]
Upon becoming prime minister, Chifley continued as Treasurer and remained so for the entirety of his prime ministership. To date, Chifley is the last prime minister to have been his own Treasurer for a period that was not transitionary, as happened in 1972 and 1991 with Gough Whitlam and Bob Hawke respectively.
Chifley was also the longest-serving Labor Treasurer until this record was broken by Paul Keating [31] in 1991 and Keating, like Chifley, would become Prime Minister.
Legislative achievements
This section may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience. |
Feeling secure in an unprecedented position, Chifley looked toward the Labor platform objective of democratic socialism. According to a biographer of Chifley, his government embarked upon greater intervention in "economic and social affairs", with policies directed towards better workplace conditions, full employment, and the "equalisation of wealth, income and opportunity".[32] Chifley was successful in steering the economy into peacetime, and undertook a number of social welfare initiatives, as characterised by fairer pensions and unemployment and sickness benefits, the construction of new universities, technical colleges, and 200,000 houses.[33][34][35][36]
The amount of reforms undertaken was such that, between 1946 and 1949, the
Such as, in the same year as the referendum, when concessional rate radio licences were introduced for pensioners, and were later extended to widow pensioners and also to television licences.[44] The following year, in 1947, specific racial disqualifications other than those referring to Aboriginal Australians were removed, while the Wife's Allowance became payable to de facto wives who had lived with the pensioner for at least three years.[35] The subsequent federal legislation in relation to pharmaceutical benefits was deemed constitutional by the High Court.[45] This paved the way for the introduction of the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS), an important component of Australia's modern public health system.[46]
From July 1947, a prepayment of Maternity Allowance could be made up to four weeks before the expected date of the birth of the child. Moreover, eligibility for maternity benefits was extended to mothers who were classified as an alien but had lived in Australia for 12 months residence.
Ben Chifley's Government oversaw the creation of the
Among the government's other legislative achievements included the establishment of a separate
In July 1948, the Dairy Industry Fund was created with the purpose of stabilising returns from exports, and further financial grants to the States were introduced to assist them in expanding their agricultural activities.[61][62] The establishment of a Coal Industry Tribunal and a Joint Coal Board in 1946 also brought significant gains for miners; and life insurance came to be comprehensively regulated.[citation needed]
Among the Chifley government's legislation was the
Later controversial actions
In 1947, Chifley announced the government would initiate a
However, Chifley's government did succeed in passing the Banking Act 1945 and the Commonwealth Bank Act 1945 which gave the government control over monetary policy and established the
During the 1948 Queensland railway strike, Chifley barred striking workers from being eligible for unemployment benefits.[65] A prolonged and bitter strike in the coal industry began in June 1949 and caused unemployment and hardship. Chifley saw the strike as a move by the Communist Party to challenge Labor's place as the party of the working class, and he sent in 13,000 army troops to break the strike.[21][30][65] Early on in the strike, Chifley and H. V. Evatt froze Miner's Federation funds and "introduced legislation aimed at starving the workers back to work".[65]
In 1949 in the
Opposition
Chifley was now aged 64 and in poor health (like Curtin, he was a lifelong smoker), but he refused to retire from politics. Though out of government, having retained a Senate majority, Chifley continued as Labor leader and became
Menzies responded by introducing a bill to ban the Communist Party of Australia in 1950. He expected Chifley to reject it and give him an excuse to call a double dissolution election. Menzies apparently hoped to repeat his "soft-on-Communism" theme to win a majority in both chambers.[21][67][68]
However, Chifley let the bill pass after a redraft (it was ultimately thrown out by the High Court). However, when Chifley rejected Menzies' Commonwealth Banking Bill a few months later, Menzies called a double dissolution election for April 1951. Although Chifley managed to lead Labor to a five-seat swing in the House, Labor lost six seats in the Senate, giving the Coalition control of both chambers.[21][67][66]
Death
A few weeks later on 13 June 1951, Chifley suffered a heart attack in his room at the Hotel Kurrajong in Canberra.[21][67]
Chifley at first made light of the sudden chest pains and attempted to dissuade his secretary and confidante, Phyllis Donnelly, who was making him a cup of tea, from calling a doctor. As his condition deteriorated, however, Donnelly called Dr. John Holt, who ordered Chifley's immediate removal to hospital. Chifley died in an ambulance on the way to the Canberra Community Hospital. He was pronounced dead at 10:45 pm.[69]
Menzies heard of Chifley's demise while attending a parliamentary
It is my very sorrowful duty during this celebration tonight to tell you that Mr Chifley has died. I don't want to try to talk about him now because, although we were political opponents, he was a friend of mine and yours, and a fine Australian. You will all agree that in the circumstances the festivities should end. It doesn't matter about party politics on an occasion such as this. Oddly enough, in Parliament we get on very well. We sometimes find we have the warmest friendships among people whose politics are not ours. Mr Chifley served this country magnificently for years.[70]
Chifley was buried at the Bathurst cemetery on 18 June 1951.[71]
Personal life
Chifley married Elizabeth McKenzie (known as "Lizzie") on 6 June 1914.[72] She was the daughter of a more senior railways employee, George McKenzie. The couple began courting in 1912, but had known each other since childhood.[73] The McKenzies were Presbyterian, and Elizabeth did not want to convert to Chifley's Catholic faith. Due to the Catholic Church's opposition to mixed marriages, the couple chose to marry in a Presbyterian church in Glebe, Sydney. Their parents opposed the union and did not attend the ceremony, but they and their families were eventually reconciled.[74] The McKenzies were relatively wealthy, and Chifley was seen as "marrying into money, or as much money as he could hope to marry into in the context of the relatively class-bound society of Bathurst".[75]
After their marriage, Chifley's father-in-law gave the couple a house on Busby Street, Bathurst, which they would occupy for the rest of their respective lives.
According to his biographer David Day, Chifley engaged in a long-running extramarital affair with his private secretary Phyllis Donnelly.[83] Day believed that their relationship began shortly after Chifley was elected in parliament in 1928,[84] and continued more or less uninterrupted until his death in 1951; she was present in his room at the Hotel Kurrajong when he suffered his final heart attack.[85] She stayed at the same hotel, and they were known to spend their free time with each other while in Canberra.[86] She also accompanied him on many of his travels. According to Frank Slavin, Chifley's campaign manager at the 1940 election, his wife was aware of the relationship and tolerated it.[87] Day also speculated that Chifley may have had a similar relationship with Phyllis's older sister Nell.[88] He assisted her financially in the 1930s, including buying her a house in Bathurst.[89] Day based his conclusions on interviews conducted with the Donnelly family and other Bathurst residents who had known Chifley. His claims have been disputed by members of the Chifley family,[88] and some reviewers of his book felt there was insufficient evidence to conclude that Chifley's relationship with either of the Donnelly sisters was sexual in nature.[b]
Legacy
In 1987 the
Honours
Places and institutions that have been named after Chifley include:
- the suburb of Chifley in Canberra
- the suburb of Chifley in Sydney
- the Division of Chifley, a federal electorate
- his former house in Bathurst, now the Chifley Home and Education Centre,[94] listed on the NSW State Heritage Register
- Chifley Library, the main library of the Australian National University, Canberra
- Chifley Tower and Chifley Square in Sydney
- Chifley Cave (formerly the Left Imperial Cave), one of the Jenolan Caves in the Blue Mountains, New South Wales[95]
- several Western Sydney are now known as Chifley College.[96]
- a grouping of dormitories at the Bathurst campus of Charles Sturt University are collectively named as Chifley Halls
- Chifley Research Centre the official think tank of the Australian Labor Party is named in honour of Ben Chifley[97]
- Chifley dam About 17 kms (11 mi) upstream of Bathurst.
In 1975 he was honoured on a postage stamp bearing his portrait issued by Australia Post.[98]
One of the locomotives driven by Chifley, 5112, is preserved on a plinth at the eastern end of Bathurst railway station.[99] In 1971 Commonwealth Railways named diesel locomotive NJ1 that was assembled at the Clyde Engineering factory in Kelso, Ben Chifley.[100]
In popular culture
Chifley was portrayed by
See also
- Chifley government
- First Chifley Ministry
- Second Chifley Ministry
- 1949 Australian coal strike
- The light on the hill
References
Citations
- ^ "Chifley". The Free Dictionary. Archived from the original on 22 July 2021. Retrieved 22 July 2021.
- ^ Crisp (1961), p. 2.
- ^ Crisp (1961), p. 3.
- ^ Crisp (1961), p. 5.
- ^ Crisp (1961), p. 6.
- ^ Crisp (1961), p. 7.
- ^ a b Crisp (1961), p. 11.
- ^ Crisp (1961), p. 12.
- ^ Crisp (1961), p. 13.
- ^ Crisp (1961), p. 23.
- ^ Crisp (1961), p. 28.
- ^ Crisp (1961), p. 26.
- ^ Crisp (1961), p. 27.
- ^ Crisp (1961), p. 29.
- ^ Day (2001), p. 171.
- ^ Crisp (1961), p. 30.
- ^ Crisp (1961), pp. 31–32.
- ^ Day (2001), pp. 228–229.
- ^ Day (2001), pp. 230–233.
- ^ Crisp (1961), pp. 52–53.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "Chifley, Joseph Benedict (Ben) (1885–1951)". Chifley, Joseph Benedict (1885–1951). Australian Dictionary of Biography. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. Archived from the original on 4 July 2007. Retrieved 30 June 2007.
- ^ Day (2001), p. 258.
- ^ Day (2001), p. 262.
- ^ Crisp (1961), pp. 75–78.
- Department of the Treasury: 91. Archived(PDF) from the original on 22 March 2019. Retrieved 5 April 2019.
- ^ Crisp (1961), pp. 84–85.
- ^ a b c "Before office - Ben Chifley - Australia's Prime Ministers: National Archives of Australia". Archived from the original on 13 August 2012. Retrieved 21 August 2017.
- ^ Day (2001), p. 337–338.
- ^ Day (2001), p. 339.
- ^ a b c "In office - Ben Chifley - Australia's Prime Ministers: National Archives of Australia". Archived from the original on 9 July 2009. Retrieved 21 August 2017.
- ^ "Valedictory Speech – Wayne Swan". Archived from the original on 26 January 2024. Retrieved 26 January 2024.
- ^ ISBN 9780754670148.
- ^ Daniels, Dale (8 November 2004). "Social Security Payments for the Unemployed, the Sick and those in Special Circumstances, 1942 to 2004". Parliament of Australia, Parliamentary Library. Archived from the original on 12 March 2005. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
- ^ Daniels, Dale (5 July 2006). "Social Security Payments for People Caring for Children, 1912 to 2006". Parliament of Australia, Parliamentary Library. Archived from the original on 12 September 2006. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
- ^ a b Daniels, Dale (18 June 2004). "Social Security Payments for the Aged, People with Disabilities and Carers 1909 to 2003 – part 1". Parliament of Australia, Parliamentary Library. Archived from the original on 13 September 2004. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
- ^ Swan, Wayne (19 September 2009). The light on the hill in the fog of global recession (Speech). Bathurst. Archived from the original on 26 July 2010. Retrieved 29 August 2014.
- ^ "Acts of the Commonwealth Parliament of Australia". ComLaw. Archived from the original on 30 October 2014. Retrieved 28 August 2014.
- ISBN 0644334584.
- ^ Attorney-General (Vic) ex rel Dale v Commonwealth (First Pharmaceutical Benefits case) [1945] HCA 30, (1945) 71 CLR 237, High Court.
- ^ "The Rt Hon Ben Chifley". Australian Labor Party. Archived from the original on 31 August 2007. Retrieved 11 December 2007.
- ^ "Significant Events in ASIO's History". Australian Security Intelligence Organisation. Archived from the original on 13 October 2007. Retrieved 11 December 2007.
- ^ Day (2001), pp. 443–44.
- ^ a b "Social Services and Immigration". John Curtin Prime Ministerial Library. October 2004. Archived from the original on 6 June 2012. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
- ^ Daniels, Dale (18 June 2004). "Social Security Payments for the Aged, People with Disabilities and Carers 1909 to 2003 – Pensioner Concessions from 1933". Parliament of Australia, Parliamentary Library. Archived from the original on 13 September 2004. Retrieved 29 August 2014.
- ^ British Medical Association v Commonwealth (Second Pharmaceutical Benefits case) [1949] HCA 44, (1949) 79 CLR 201, High Court.
- ^ National Health Act 1953 (Cth).
- ^ Daniels, Dale (15 October 2004). "Social Security Payments for People Caring for Children, 1912 to 2004: Maternity Allowance 1912 to 1978, and 1996 to 2004, Maternity Immunisation Allowance from 1998, Maternity Payment from 2004". Parliament of Australia, Parliamentary Library. Archived from the original on 12 March 2005. Retrieved 1 September 2014.
- ^ Daniels, Dale (15 October 2004). "Social Security Payments for People Caring for Children, 1912 to 2004: Child's Allowance/Additional Pension or Benefit for Children 1943 to 1993". Parliament of Australia, Parliamentary Library. Archived from the original on 12 March 2005. Retrieved 1 September 2014.
- ^ Daniels, Dale (15 October 2004). "Social Security Payments for People Caring for Children, 1912 to 2004: Child Endowment 1941 to 1976, Family Allowance 1976 to 1992, Basic Family Payment 1993 to 1995, Family Payment 1996 to 1998, Family Allowance 1998 to 2000 and Family Tax Benefit Part A from 2000". Parliament of Australia, Parliamentary Library. Archived from the original on 12 March 2005. Retrieved 1 September 2014.
- ^ Daniels, Dale (18 June 2004). "Social Security Payments for the Aged, People with Disabilities and Carers 1909 to 2003: Concessions and Allowances". Parliament of Australia, Parliamentary Library. Archived from the original on 13 September 2004. Retrieved 1 September 2014.
- ^ "A compendium of legislative changes in social security 1908–1982" (PDF). Australian Government Department of Families, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs. 1983. Occasional Paper No. 12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 February 2014. Retrieved 1 September 2014.
- ^ ISBN 9781862876309.
- ^ O'Neill, J.P. (1978). Official Year Book of Australia: No. 59, 1973. Australian Bureau of Statistics. p. 438. Retrieved 1 September 2014.
- ^ "Ben Chifley, 1949". Australian Federal Election Speeches. Museum of Australian Democracy at Old Parliament House. Archived from the original on 11 March 2014. Retrieved 1 September 2014.
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- ISBN 978-0-582-29515-5.
- ^ a b Kewley, Thomas Henry (1965). Social security in Australia: the development of social security and health benefits from 1900 to the present. Sydney University Press. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
- ^ a b c "Joseph Benedict Chifley, PC" (PDF). Australian Prime Ministers Centre, Museum of Australian Democracy. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 February 2015. Retrieved 28 August 2014.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-670-80287-6.
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- ^ O'Neill, J.P. (1974). Official Year Book of Australia: no. 59, 1973. Australian Bureau of Statistics. p. 827. Retrieved 1 September 2014.
- ^ O'Neill, J.P. (1971). Official Year Book of the Commonwealth of Australia: No. 57, 1971. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. p. 746. Retrieved 1 September 2014.
- ^ ISBN 9780521869690.
- ^ "Ben Chifley". Prime Ministers of Australia. National Museum of Australia. Archived from the original on 7 October 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
- ^ ISBN 0702229598.
- ^ a b "Elections - Ben Chifley - Australia's Prime Ministers: National Archives of Australia". Archived from the original on 18 August 2017. Retrieved 21 August 2017.
- ^ a b c d "After office - Ben Chifley - Australia's Prime Ministers: National Archives of Australia". Archived from the original on 27 July 2017. Retrieved 21 August 2017.
- ^ "Robert Menzies". Australian Prime Ministers Centre, Museum of Australian Democracy. Archived from the original on 21 August 2017. Retrieved 21 August 2017.
- ^ "Mr Chifley Dies Suddenly After Seizure". The Mercury. Hobart, Tasmania. 14 June 1951. p. 1. Retrieved 1 September 2014 – via National Library of Australia.
- ^ "Sudden Death in Canberra of Mr J.B. Chifley". The Canberra Times. 14 June 1951. p. 1. Retrieved 1 September 2014 – via National Library of Australia.
- ^ "From the Archives, 1951: Thousands honour Ben Chifley at state funeral". Sydney Morning Herald. 17 June 2021 [18 June 1951]. Archived from the original on 19 February 2022. Retrieved 19 February 2022.
- ^ Day (2001), p. 93.
- ^ Day (2001), p. 84.
- ^ Day (2001), pp. 92–94.
- ^ Day (2001), p. 85.
- ^ Day (2001), p. 94.
- ^ Day (2001), p. 104.
- ^ Day (2001), p. 155.
- ^ Day (2001), pp. 415–417.
- ^ Day (2001), pp. 239, 439–440.
- ^ Day (2001), p. 157.
- ^ Day (2001), p. 532.
- ^ Day (2001), pp. 296–297.
- ^ Day (2001), p. 239.
- ^ Day (2001), p. 526.
- ^ Day (2001), pp. 239–240, 404.
- ^ Day (2001), p. 297.
- ^ a b Day (2001), p. 212.
- ^ Day (2001), p. 350.
- ^ Geoffrey Bolton (2006). "The Art of Australian Political Biography". In Tracey Arklay; John Nethercote; John Wanna (eds.). Australian Political Lives: Chronicling Political Careers and Administrative Histories. ANU Press. Archived from the original on 25 November 2018. Retrieved 25 November 2018.
- ^ Catherine Keenan (4 November 2008). "Miner crisis led to Labor pain". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 26 November 2018. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
- ^ Gerard Henderson (14 November 2014). "Gerard Henderson's Media Watch Dog: Issue No. 251". The Sydney Institute. Archived from the original on 26 November 2018. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
- ^ "University of Western Sydney Bill – Second Reading". Parliament of New South Wales. 19 November 1997. Archived from the original on 13 May 2011. Retrieved 18 April 2010.
- ^ "Chifley Home & Education Centre". chifleyhome.org.au. Archived from the original on 24 October 2014. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
- ^ "Chifley Tribute". Sunday Times (Country ed.). Perth. 6 April 1952. p. 24. Retrieved 15 March 2013 – via National Library of Australia.
- ^ List of government schools in New South Wales: A–F#C
- ^ "Home". chifley.org.au. Archived from the original on 9 March 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
- ^ "Powerhouse museum - Ben Chifley - Australia's Prime Ministers: National Archives of Australia". Archived from the original on 21 August 2017. Retrieved 21 August 2017.
- ^ Ben's engine is home at last Archived 8 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine Western Advocate 10 June 2010
- ^ CR Names Narrow Gauge Diesel-Electric Locomotive After Former Prime Minister Railway Transportation May 1971 page 4
Notes
- ^ Officially titled the New South Wales Locomotive Enginedrivers', Firemen's and Cleaners' Association, and affiliated with the Federated Railway Locomotive Enginemen's Association of Australasia at a national level.
- ^ Those who have expressed doubts about Day's conclusions include Geoffrey Bolton,[90] Bob Ellis,[91] and Gerard Henderson.[92]
Bibliography
- Duncan, Bruce, Crusade or conspiracy?: Catholics and the anti-communist struggle in Australia, UNSW Press, 2001, ISBN 0-86840-731-3
- Chifley, Ben (1952), Things Worth Fighting For (collected speeches), Melbourne University Press, Parkville, Victoria.
- Crisp, LF (1961). Ben Chifley: A Political Biography. Melbourne, Victoria: Longman, Green and Co.
- ISBN 9780732267025.
- ISBN 0-19-550471-2
- Makin, Norman (1961), Federal Labour Leaders, Union Printing, Sydney, New South Wales, Pages 122–131.
- Waterson, Duncan (1993), Australian Dictionary of Biography Vol. 13 A-D pp. 412–420, Melbourne University Press, Carlton, Victoria.
External links
- "Ben Chifley". Australia's Prime Ministers. National Archives of Australia. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
- Waterson, D.B. (1993). "Chifley, Joseph Benedict (1885–1951)". ISSN 1833-7538. Retrieved 29 June 2010.
- "Ben Chifley". National Museum of Australia. Archived from the original on 7 October 2011. Retrieved 29 June 2010.
- Chifley Research Centre
- National Museum of Australia Chifley memorabilia: Ben Chifley's Akubra hat
- Newspaper clippings about Ben Chifley in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW