Bender, Moldova
Bender
Tighina[1] | |
---|---|
UTC+2 (EET) | |
Climate | Cfb |
Website | bendery-ga |
Bender ([benˈder], Moldovan Cyrillic: Бендер) or Bendery (Russian: Бендеры, [bʲɪnˈdɛrɨ]), also known as Tighina (Moldovan Cyrillic: Тигина), is a city within the internationally recognized borders of Moldova under de facto control of the unrecognized Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (Transnistria) (PMR) since 1992. It is located on the western bank of the river Dniester in the Romanian historical region of Bessarabia.
Together with its suburb
The
Name
First mentioned in 1408 as Tyagyanyakyacha (
The city is part of the historical region of
History
The town was first mentioned as an important customs post in a commerce grant issued by the
In 1538, the
In the 18th century, the fort's area was expanded and modernized by the prince of Moldavia Antioh Cantemir, who carried out these works under Ottoman supervision.
On the 5th of April 1710 the Bendery Constitution (more commonly known as the Constitution of Pylyp Orlyk) was accepted in Bendery.[8] It established the principle of the separation of powers in government between the legislative, executive, and judiciary branches almost 40 years before the publication of Montesquieu's Spirit of the Laws.
In 1713, the fortress, the town, and the neighboring village
During the second half of the 18th century, the fortress fell three times to the Russians during the
Along with Bessarabia, the city was annexed to the Russian Empire in 1812, and remained part of the Russian Governorate of Bessarabia until 1917. Many Ukrainians, Russians and Jews settled in or around Bender, and the town quickly became predominantly Russian-speaking. By 1897, speakers of Romanian and Moldovan made up only around 7% of Bender's population, while 33.4% were Jews.[10]
Tighina was part of the
Romania launched a policy of Romanianization and the use of Russian was now discouraged and in certain cases restricted. In Bender, however, Russian continued to be the city's most widely spoken language, being native to 53% of its residents in 1930. Although their share had doubled, Romanian-speakers made up only 15%.[12]
Along with Bessarabia, the city was
In 1940–1941 and from 1944 to 1991 it was one of the four "republican cities", not subordinated to a district, of the
Moldovan authorities control the commune of Varnița, a suburb fringing the city to the north. Transnistrian authorities control the suburban communes of Proteagailovca, which borders the city to the west and Gîsca, which borders the city to the south-west. They also control Chițcani and Cremenciug, further to the south-east, while Moldovans are in control of Copanca, further to the south-east.
Gallery
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City centre
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The historical military cemetery in the city
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Bender Railway Station
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Bender Fortress
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Horse and carriage at Bender Fortress
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Soviet-era memorial with flower bed, Bender
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Downtown fountain, Bender
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Transnistrian crest on plinth, Bender
Administration
Nikolai Gliga is the head of the state administration of Bender as of 2015[update].
List of Heads of the state administration of Bender
- Tom Zenovich (1995 ~ October 30, 2001[13])
- Aleksandr Posudnevsky (October 30, 2001[14] ~ January 11, 2007[15])
- Vyacheslav Kogut (January 11, 2007[16] ~ January 5, 2012)
- Aleksandr Moskalyov, acting Head of Administration (January 5, 2012[17] ~ February 9, 2012)
- Valery Kernichuk (February 9, 2012[18] ~ November 15, 2012[19])
- Yuriy Gervazyuk (January 24, 2013[20] ~ March 18, 2015)
- Lada Delibalt (March 20, 2015[21] ~ April 7, 2015[22])
- Nikolai Gliga (April 7, 2015[2] ~ )
Climate
Climate data for Bendery (1991-2021) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 1.4 (34.5) |
3.9 (39.0) |
9.5 (49.1) |
16.3 (61.3) |
22.7 (72.9) |
26.4 (79.5) |
28.7 (83.7) |
28.6 (83.5) |
22.4 (72.3) |
15.2 (59.4) |
8.9 (48.0) |
3.5 (38.3) |
15.6 (60.1) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | −1.6 (29.1) |
0.3 (32.5) |
5.0 (41.0) |
11.3 (52.3) |
17.6 (63.7) |
21.7 (71.1) |
24.0 (75.2) |
23.7 (74.7) |
17.9 (64.2) |
11.2 (52.2) |
5.9 (42.6) |
0.8 (33.4) |
11.5 (52.7) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −4.6 (23.7) |
−3.2 (26.2) |
0.6 (33.1) |
6.1 (43.0) |
12.0 (53.6) |
16.5 (61.7) |
18.8 (65.8) |
18.6 (65.5) |
13.5 (56.3) |
7.5 (45.5) |
3.1 (37.6) |
−1.9 (28.6) |
7.3 (45.1) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 39 (1.5) |
29 (1.1) |
35 (1.4) |
44 (1.7) |
48 (1.9) |
66 (2.6) |
48 (1.9) |
41 (1.6) |
45 (1.8) |
38 (1.5) |
36 (1.4) |
37 (1.5) |
506 (19.9) |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
82 | 77 | 70 | 65 | 59 | 58 | 57 | 54 | 61 | 71 | 80 | 80 | 68 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 86.8 | 87.6 | 136.4 | 198 | 275.9 | 306 | 328.6 | 319.3 | 249 | 189.1 | 84 | 68.2 | 2,328.9 |
Mean daily sunshine hours | 2.8 | 3.1 | 4.4 | 6.6 | 8.9 | 10.2 | 10.6 | 10.3 | 8.3 | 6.1 | 2.8 | 2.2 | 6.4 |
Source: CLIMATE-DATA[23] Weather2visit(Sun)[24] |
People and culture
Demographics
In 1920, the population of Bender was approximately 26,000. At that time, one third of the population was
At the
Ethnic composition | |||||||||
Ethnic group | 1930 census | 1959 census | 1970 census | 1979 census | 1989 census | 2004 census | |||
the city itself |
Proteagailovca | The municipality |
% | ||||||
Russians | 15,116 | N/A | N/A | N/A | 57,800 | 41,949 | 1,482 | 43,431 | 43.35% |
Moldovans1 | - | N/A | N/A | N/A | 41,400 | 24,313 | 756 | 25,069 | 25.03% |
Romanians1 | 5,464 | N/A | N/A | N/A | - | 61 | 0-5 | 61-66 | 0.06% |
Ukrainians2 | - | N/A | N/A | N/A | 25,100 | 17,348 | 658 | 18,006 | 17.98% |
Ruthenians2 | 1,349 | N/A | N/A | N/A | - | - | - | - | - |
Bulgarians | 170 | N/A | N/A | N/A | 3,800 | 3,001 | 163 | 3,164 | 3.16% |
Gagauzians |
40 | N/A | N/A | N/A | 1,600 | 1,066 | 25 | 1,091 | 1.09% |
Jews |
8,279 | N/A | N/A | N/A | - | 383 | 2 | 385 | 0.38% |
Germans |
243 | N/A | N/A | - | - | 258 | 6 | 264 | 0.26% |
Poles | 309 | N/A | N/A | N/A | - | 190 | 0-12 | 190-202 | 0.20% |
Armenians | 46 | N/A | N/A | N/A | - | 173 | 0-16 | 173-189 | 0.18% |
Roma | 24 | N/A | N/A | N/A | - | 132 | 0-5 | 132-137 | 0.13% |
Belarusians | 188 | N/A | N/A | N/A | - | 713 | 19 | 732 | 0.73% |
others | N/A | N/A | N/A | 8,300 | 7,440 | 0-31 | 7,440-7,471 | 7.44% | |
non-declared | 51 | N/A | N/A | - | N/A | ||||
Greeks | 37 | N/A | N/A | - | N/A | ||||
Hungarians | 24 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | ||||
Serbs, Croats, Slovenes | 22 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | ||||
Czechs, Slovaks | 19 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | ||||
Turks | 2 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | ||||
Albanians | 1 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | ||||
Total | 31,384[25] | 43,000 | 72,300 | 101,292[26] | 138,000[27] | 97,027[28] | 3,142[28] | 100,169 | 100% |
Note: 1 Since the independence of Moldova, there has been
Note: 2 The Ukrainian population of Bessarabia was counted in the past as "Ruthenians"
Native language | ||
Language | 1930 census | 2004 census |
Russian | 16,566 | N/A |
Yiddish | 8,117 | N/A |
Romanian | 4,718 | N/A |
Ukrainian | 1,286 | N/A |
German | 225 | N/A |
Polish | 219 | N/A |
Bulgarian | 78 | N/A |
Turkish | 26 | N/A |
Greek | 21 | N/A |
Hungarian | 20 | N/A |
Romani languages |
16 | N/A |
Czech, Slovak | 14 | N/A |
Armenian | 11 | N/A |
Serbo-Croatian, Slovene |
8 | N/A |
Albanian | 2 | N/A |
other | 11 | N/A |
non-declared | 46 | N/A |
Total | 31,384[25] | 100,169 |
Population dynamics by years: [29] [30]
Media
- Radio Chișinău 106.1 FM
Notable people
- Mehmed Selim Pasha (1771 in Bender – 1831 in Damascus) nickname: "Benderli" was an Ottoman statesman and Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire 1824/28
- ichthyologist
- Boris Solotareff (1889 in Bender – 1966 in New York) was a Russian painter. His work was in the mainstream of Eastern European Expressionism, with influences of Art Deco from the time when he lived in Paris
- Jerzy Neyman (1894 in Bendery – 1981) was a Polish mathematician and statistician
- Baruch Agadati (1895 in Bendery – 1976 in Israel) was a Russian Empire-born Israeli classical ballet dancer, choreographer, painter, and film producer and director
- Sir Michael Postan FBA (1899 in Bendery – 1981 in Cambridge), a British historian
- Yosef Kushnir (born 1900 in Bender - 1983 in Israel) was an Israeli politician who served in the Knesset
- Maurice Raizman (1905 in Bendery – 1974 in Paris) was a French chess master.
- Yevgeny Fyodorov(1910 in Bendery - 1981) was a Soviet geophysicist, statesman, public figure and academician
- Zrubavel Gilad (1912 in Bender - 1988 in Israel) was a Hebrew poet, editor and translator
- Yaakov Yardaur (born 1912 in Bender - died 1997 in Israel - Lehi militant
- Tamara Buciuceanu (born 1929 in Tighina - 2019 in Bucharest) a Romanian stage, screen and TV personality
- Ilarion Ciobanu (1931 in Ciucur, Tighina – 2008 in Bucharest) was a Romanian actor
- Emil Constantinescu (born 1939 in Tighina) a Romanian professor and politician, who served as the third President of Romania, from 1996 to 2000.
- Viktor Sokolov (born 1962 in Bender), admiral and commander of the Russian Black Sea Fleet
- Petro Poroshenko (born 1965) is the fifth President of Ukraine. He spent his childhood and youth in Bendery where his father Oleksiy was heading a machine building plant
- Vadim Krasnoselsky (born 1970) is a Transnistrian politician who was elected President in 2016. He has lived in Bender beginning with the age of 8 years, when his father was transferred to a local military base in 1978.
- Ilie Cazac (born 1985 in Tighina), a former Moldovan tax inspector and political prisoner.
Sport
- Veaceslav Semionov (born 1956 in Bender) is a Moldavian football manager and former footballer. Since November 2014 he is the head coach of Moldavian football club FC Dacia Chișinău
- Serghei Stolearenco (born 1978 in Bender), a Moldovan former sprint freestyle swimmer, competed in the men's 50 m freestyle at the 2000 Summer Olympics
- Navbahor Namangan
- Andrei Tcaciuc (born 1982 in Bender) is a Moldavian football midfielder who plays for FC Speranța Crihana Veche
- Igor Bugaiov (born 1984 in Bendery), a footballer, who plays for FC Irtysh Pavlodar
- Lane Xang Intra F.C.
- Vadim Cemîrtan (born 1987 in Tighina), a Moldovan football striker who plays for FC Bunyodkor
- Artyom Khachaturov (born 1992 in Bender) is an Armenian-Moldovan footballer who currently plays for Moldovan club FC Zimbru Chișinău
Sport
International relations
Twin towns – Sister cities
Bender is
- Beira, Mozambique
- Cavriago, Italy
- Dubăsari, Moldova
- Montesilvano, Italy
- Ochamchire, Georgia
See also
Notes
- political status is disputed. It considers itself to be an independent state, but this is not recognised by any UN member state. The Moldovangovernment and the international community consider Transnistria a part of Moldova's territory.
References
- ^ a b c Kaba, John (1919). Politico-economic Review of Basarabia. United States: American Relief Administration. pp. 14–15.
- ^ a b "Указ Президента ПМР №139 "О временно исполняющем обязанности главы государственной администрации города Бендеры"". Официальный сайт Президента ПМР.
- ^ History of Bender on the Official website of Republic of Moldova Archived March 12, 2010, at the Wayback Machine: "trecătoare" înseamnă în limba cumană Tighina
- ^ (in Romanian) "Cetatea Tighina" Archived April 15, 2008, at the Wayback Machine on Monument.md
- ^ Poștarencu, D. Din istoria Tighinei, 1992, p. 84.
- ^ Ion Nistor, Istoria Basarabiei, Cernăuți, 1923, reprint Chișinău, Cartea Moldovenească, 1991, p.76
- ^ "Bender fortress" Archived February 14, 2009, at the Wayback Machine on Moldova.md
- ^ "The First Constitution of Ukraine (5 April 1710)", Harvard Ukrainian Studies
- ^ Charles XII of Sweden first took refuge in a Moldavian house in the town, then moved to a house specially built for him in Varnița. cf. Ion Nistor, Ibidem, p.140
- ^ "Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей". demoscope.ru. Archived from the original on April 21, 2014.
- ^ "Turism istoric: Tighina sub epoleti". formula-as.ro.
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 20, 2011. Retrieved July 13, 2009.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ (in Russian) Olvia Press News Agency Archived March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ (in Russian) Olvia Press News Agency Archived October 22, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ (in Russian) REGNUM News Agency
- ^ (in Russian) Official website of the Supreme Council of Transnistria
- ^ (in Russian) Transnistrian News Portal Pridnestrovets.RF Archived March 3, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ (in Russian) Official website of the President of Transnistria
- ^ Указ Президента ПМР №754 Archived November 2, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Указ Президента ПМР №14 "О назначении главы государственной администрации города Бендеры"". Официальный сайт Президента ПМР.
- ^ "Указ Президента ПМР № 120 "О временно исполняющем обязанности главы государственной администрации города Бендеры"". Официальный сайт Президента ПМР.
- ^ "Указ Президента ПМР №138 "О прекращении исполнения обязанностей главы государственной администрации города Бендеры"". Официальный сайт Президента ПМР.
- ^ "BENDER WEATHER BY MONTH // WEATHER AVERAGES". Climate data. Retrieved February 3, 2024.
- ^ "Bender monthly weather averages". weather 2 visit. Retrieved February 3, 2024.
- ^ a b 1930 Romanian Census data for the Tighina County Archived July 20, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Moldova". citypopulation.de.
- ^ Marian Enache, Dorin Cimpoesu, Misiune Diplomatica in Republica Moldova (Iași: Polirom, 2000), p. 399
- ^ a b "pridnestrovie.net". Archived from the original on March 18, 2009.
- ^ "Moldovan towns based on a censuses of 1897—2015" (in Russian). Archived from the original on July 19, 2017.
- ^ "State administration of Bendery report for 2019 19.9 Mb" (in Russian). Archived from the original on April 1, 2022. Retrieved April 7, 2020.
External links
- (in Polish) Bendery (Bender) in the Geographical Dictionary of the Kingdom of Poland (1880)
- City portal