Bengali Hindus

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Bengali Hindus
বাঙ্গালী হিন্দু
2022 census)[4]
 United Arab Emirates200,000
 United Kingdom135,000[5][6]
 United States50,000[7][8][9][10]
 Canada15,000[11][12][13]
 Australia3,000[14]
 Sweden1,500[15]
Languages
Bengali
Religion
Hinduism
(Shaktism and Vaishnavism)
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Bengalis

Bengali history
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Bengali nationalism

Bengali Hindus (

Vaishnava-Sahajiya) of their native religion Hinduism with some regional deities. [16][17][18] There are significant numbers of Bengali-speaking Hindus in different Indian states.[19][20] According to the census in 1881, 12.81 per cent of Bengali Hindus belonged to the three upper castes while the rest belonged to the Shudra and Dalit castes.[21]

Around the 8th century, the Bengali language branched off from

1964 East-Pakistan riots caused an estimated 135,000 Hindus to migrate to India.[26] The massacre of East Pakistanis in the Bangladesh Liberation War
of 1971 led to exodus of millions of Hindus to India.

Indian Museum, Kolkata
.

Ethnonym

The Hindus are a religious group,

ethno-linguistic subgroups, which in spite of being culturally diverse, share a common bond of unity.[31]

The word Bengali is derived from the

Madhumati, but later on extended to include the regions which now roughly comprise Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal
.

In India, they tend to identify themselves as

Bangladeshi Hindu[35] are respectively used. In India, Bengali generally refers to Bengali Hindus, excluding a significant number of Bengali Muslims who are also ethnically Bengalis.[36] The 'other' is usually identified as 'non-Bengali', a term that generically refers to the Hindu people who are not Bengali speaking, but sometimes specifically used to denote the Hindi
speaking population.

Ethnology

The Bengali Hindus constitute of numerous endogamous castes, which are sometimes further subdivided into endogamous subgroups. The caste system evolved over centuries and became more and more complex with time. In the medieval period, several castes were boycotted by the ruling classes from time to time and this isolation continued till the 19th century. These social boycotts were somewhat discriminatory in nature. After the Renaissance, the rigidity of the caste system ceased to a great extent, so much so that the first celebrated intercaste marriage took place as early as in 1925.

The Bengali Hindu families are patriarchal as well as patrilocal and traditionally follow a joint family system. However, due to the Partition and subsequent urbanisation, the joint families have given way to the nuclear families. The Bengali Hindus were traditionally governed by the Dāyabhāga school of law, as opposed to the Mitākṣarā school of law, which governed the other Hindu ethno-linguistic groups. In India, after the promulgation of the Hindu code bills, the Bengali Hindus along with other Hindus are being governed by a uniform Hindu law.

There are two major social subgroups among the Bengali Hindus – the

East Bengal and Mohun Bagan respectively. Several such differences have eased with passing years.[citation needed
]

History

Prehistoric period

20,000-year-old stone weapons including small axes, potteries and charcoal remains have been unearthed from Chandthakurer Danga in Haatpara mouza, 8 km northeast of Sagardighi in Murshidabad.[37] Microliths dating to 10000 BC has been excavated from Birbhanpur, situated in Paschim Bardhaman district on the Damodar River valley near Durgapur. Microliths, potteries, copper fishhooks and iron arrowheads have been found at Pandu Rajar Dhibi.[38]

Ancient period

Dancing Ganesha sculpture from North Bengal, 11th century CE, Asian Art Museum of Berlin (Dahlem).

In the ancient times, some of the Bengali Hindus were

Harshavardhana and Bhaskaravarmana and protected the sovereignty of his kingdom.[43]

Medieval period

Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, the founder of Gaudiya Vaishnavism

In the middle of the 8th century, the Bengali Hindu nobility democratically elected

Pala rule. The Pala were followed by the Senas who made far reaching changes in the social structure of Bengali Hindus, introducing 36 new castes and orthodox institutions like Kulinism
.

Astik flanked by Nagas, 11th century Pala period statue from Bengal

The literary progress of the Pala and Sena period came to a halt after the Turkish conquest in the early 13th century. Except for Haridas Datta's Manasar Bhasan no significant literary work was composed for about a century after the conquest.[44] Even though the ruling classes resisted the invaders, Gauda, the centre of Bengal polity, fell to the Islamic invaders. During this period hundreds of temples and monasteries were desecrated. The next attack on the society came from the Islamic missionaries.[45] Local chieftains like Akananda, Dakshin Ray and Mukut Ray, resisted the missionary activities.

During the

Pathan occupation of Bengal, some regions were held in sway by different Bengali Hindu rulers. Islam religion gradually spread throughout the Bengal region, and many Bengali Hindus converted to Islam.[46] When the Delhi-based Mughals
tried to bring Bengal under their direct rule, the Bengali chiefs along with some Bengali Muslims consolidated themselves into confederacies and resisted the Mughals. After the fall of the confederacies, the Mughals brought a major part of Bengal under their control, and constituted a subah.

Early modern period

During the decline of the

British East India Company in overthrowing the Nawab Siraj ud-Daulah regime. After obtaining the revenue rights, the East India Company imposed more oppressive taxation.[citation needed] In the famine of 1770, approximately one third of the Bengali population died.[48]

The

Sannyasi Rebellion.[51]

British rule

According to author James Jeremiah Novak, as British rulers took power from Bengal's ruling Muslim class, they strategically catered to Bengali Hindus (a majority in Bengal region at that time).

social reforms and rapid modernisation; the phenomenon came to be known as the Bengal Renaissance
.

Vivekananda at the Parliament of the World's Religions (1893)

Public media like press and theatres became vents of nationalist sentiments, apolitical organisations had given way to political platforms, secret revolutionary societies emerged and the society at large became restive.

With rising nationalism among Bengalis, the British rulers applied

Calcutta
to New Delhi.

The revolutionary movement gained momentum after the Partition. Bengali revolutionaries

British India. Later the revolutionaries defeated the British army in the Battle of Jalalabad and liberated Chittagong. During the Quit India Movement, the revolutionaries liberated the Tamluk and Contai subdivision of Midnapore district from British rule and established the Tamralipta National Government.[55]

The British, unable to control the revolutionary activities, decided to hinder the Bengali Hindu people through administrative reforms. The

Noakhali genocide
.

After the failure of the United Bengal plan, it became evident that either all of Bengal would go to Pakistan, or it would be partitioned between India and Pakistan. Direct Action Day and the Noakhali genocide prompted the Bengali Hindu leadership to vote for the Partition of Bengal to create a Hindu-majority province.[59] In late April 1947, the Amrita Bazar Patrika published the results of an opinion poll, in which 98% of the Bengali Hindus favoured the creation of a separate homeland.[60] The proposal for the Partition of Bengal was moved in the Legislative Assembly on 20 June 1947, where the Hindu members voted 58–21 in favour of the Partition with two members abstaining.[N 3]

The Boundary Commission awarded the Bengali Hindus a territory far less in proportion to their population which was around 46% of the population of the province, awarding the Bengali Hindu majority district of Khulna to Pakistan. However, some Bengali Muslim majority districts such as Murshidabad and Malda were handed to India.

Post-partition period

After the

Dhaka University, the Act has been used to misappropriate 2,100,000 acres (8,500 km2) of land from the Bengali Hindus, roughly equivalent to the 45% of the total landed area owned by them.[62]

In Assam's, Assamese dominated

National Democratic Front of Bodoland, Muslim United Liberation Tigers of Assam and National Liberation Front of Tripura militants have selectively targeted the Bengali Hindu people, prompting the latter to form the Bengali Tiger Force.[69]

Discrimination against refugee Bengali Hindu population is not limited to the North East. In Odisha, in a family of ten individuals, only half of them has been recognised as Indians while the rest were branded as Bangladeshis.[70]

The Bengali refugees who had settled in Bihar after the partition of India are denied land owning rights, caste certificates and welfare schemes. However, the Nitish Kumar government had promised to solve this problems and also to raise the status of Bangla as a language in the state.[71]

Geographic distribution

Bengali Hindus constitute a minority

ethnic group of the total population in both Bangladesh and India,[72]
forming less than 10% of the population in both countries.

West Bengal

See also: Hinduism in West Bengal

Hinduism has existed in Bengal before the 16th century BC and by the third century, Buddhism has also gain popularity in

Santals, Munda and particularly Adivadis numbering around 1.557 crore comprising rest 15% of the state population.[76][77][78][79]

Bangladesh

See also: Hinduism in Bangladesh

Hinduism has been existed in what is now called Bangladesh since the ancient times. In nature, the Bangladeshi Hinduism closely resembles the ritual and customs of Hinduism practised in the Indian state of West Bengal, with which Bangladesh (at one time known as

Bishnupriya Manipuri, Tripuri, Munda, Oraon, Dhanuk etc. In terms of population, Bangladesh is the third largest Hindu populated country in the world after India and Nepal.[82][83][84]

Out of 21 million population of Dhaka as far estimated by 2020, Bengali Hindus are at present the second largest community just after Bengali Muslims in Dhaka numbering around at 1,051,167 (5% of population) and are mainly concentrated in Shankhari Bazaar.[85]

Indian States other than West Bengal

See also: Bengali Hindu diaspora and Bengali Hindus in Assam

Assam

The Barak Valley comprising the present districts of

BTAD, Dibrugarh district, Jorhat district, Sonitpur district with percentage ranging 15-25% in all those districts mentioned above.[98]

In January 2019, the Leftist organisation Krishak Mukti Sangram Samiti (KMSS) claimed that there are around 2 million Hindu Bangladeshis in Assam who would become Indian citizens if the Citizenship (Amendment) Bill is passed. BJP, however claimed that only eight lakh Hindu Bangladeshis will get citizenship.

Citizenship Amendment Act of 2019 becomes a law.[100]

Jharkhand

Most Bengali Hindus came into Jharkhand during the colonial period, brought up by the British as colonial workers mainly from the western part of Bengal.[101] In Jharkhand, the Bengali Hindu population is over 2.5 million comprising 8.09% but the overall Bengali speaking population are a slight majority there and the percentage of Bengali speakers ranges from 38%–40%.[102]

Tripura

The non-tribal population of Tripura, the mostly Bengali-speaking Hindus and Muslims, constitute more than two-thirds of the state's population. The resident and the migrant Bengali population benefitted from the culture and language of the

Indo-Pakistani War of 1971.[citation needed] Following the war, the Indian government reorganised the North East region to try to improve control of the international borders – three new states came into existence on 21 January 1972: Meghalaya, Manipur, and Tripura.[106] Before independence, most of the population was indigenous.[107] In Tripura, now Bengali Hindus form a clear majority due to immigration from neighbouring East Pakistan during 1947 and 1971 and as a result Tripura has become a Bengali dominant state with Bangla as its official language along with Kokborok and English. Bengali Hindus comprise nearly 60% of the state population which is around 2.2 million whereas native Tripuris are 30% of the state population which is around 1.2 million as of 2011 census.[108][109]

Andaman and Nicobar islands

There is also a significant number of Bengali Hindus residing in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, estimated approximately 100,000 comprising 26%–28% of the population. Bengali is also the most widely spoken language in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, despite it lacking official status.[110]

Myanmar

Main article:
Brahmins for the worship and teaching purpose in the Pagoda.[111] Then afterwards 1920, most of them start settling to the urban areas and main cities, mainly in Yangon, Mandalay and in urban areas of Rakhine State. In modern times, they have faced persecution which was mainly started after 1962 coup by Ne Win
.

Outside Indian Subcontinent

Both the United States and United Kingdom have large immigrant Bengali Hindu populations, who are mostly from the professional classes and have migrated through education and employment. Former Cricketer Isa Guha and Rhona Mitra are prominent descendants of the Bengali Hindu diaspora.

Culture

Further information: Culture of West Bengal

Cuisine

See also:
lamb.[114] Most of the Hindus refrain from eating beef. Meat, especially beef is readily consumed in Bangladesh and where it is considered the meal's main course and the Fish curry (or Machher Jhol) with rice is considered as one of the most staple food by both Hindus and Muslims in Bengal.[115]

In West Bengal and Bangladesh, the Bengali Hindu cuisine is mainly based on the geographical basis like rice, which is grown there mostly and fish, which was there because of good water source.[116]

Wedding

Main article: Bengali Hindu wedding

Society

See also: List of Bengalis

Bengali Hindu society used to be

specialised caste groups such as weaving, pottery, carpentry and blacksmithing. However, with the introduction of British rule and appearance of urban civilisation, the former rural agrarian and artisan economy gradually crumbled and gave way to modern middle class economy. However, agriculture, land tenure, farming and fishing form the predominant economic activity in most of the rural area till now.[117][118]

Economy

Main articles: Economy of West Bengal and Economy of Bangladesh

Literature

Main articles: Bengali literature and List of Bengali poets
Savitri-Satyavan story on Kalighat Painting, 3rd quarter of the 19th century.

The proper Bengali literary history begins with the early

mangalkavyas
, that glorify various Hindu gods and goddesses often using folkloristic backgrounds.

The

Nobel prize for literature.[121]

In the Post-Partition period, the Bengali Hindus pioneered the Hungry generation, Natun Kabita and the little magazine movements. Of late, some of them have made their mark in contemporary English literature.[122]

Art

The

modernist ideas, it left an enduring legacy. In the post-liberalisation phase of India, modern art acquired a new dimension as young artists like Devajyoti Ray, Sudip Roy and Paresh Maity started gaining international recognition. Devajyoti Ray is known for introducing Pseudorealism
, which is one of the most original genres of Indian art today.

Religion

Further information: Hinduism in West Bengal and Hinduism in Bangladesh

The Bengali Hindus generally follow the beliefs and practices that fall under the broad umbrella of

atheist who do not follow any rituals.[127] Brahmoism is also found among Bengali Hindus.[128]

A part of the parent tradition, the Bengali Hindus usually affiliate themselves to one of the many sects that have come to be established as institutionalised forms of the ancient

ISKCON, Gaudiya Mission, Ananda Marga, Ram Thakur etc.[130]

The main

Umā (the Bengali name for Parvati).[16]

Festivals

  • Durga Puja, the largest festival of Bengali Hindus
    Durga Puja, the largest festival of Bengali Hindus
  • Kali Puja, a major Hindu festival of Bengal
    Kali Puja, a major Hindu festival of Bengal
  • Rath Yatra at Dhamrai in Dhaka district, Bangladesh
    Rath Yatra at Dhamrai in Dhaka district, Bangladesh
  • A traditional Durga idol with Chalchitra
    A traditional Durga idol with Chalchitra
  • The Bengali Hindu diaspora celebrate Durga Puja all over the world.
    The Bengali Hindu diaspora celebrate Durga Puja all over the world.

According to a famous Bengali proverb, there are thirteen festivals in twelve months (

Janmashtami before the commencement of the Pujas.[132]

The puja season begins with the

Vishwakarma Puja and is followed up by Durga Puja—the last four days of Navaratri—the greatest and largest Bengali Hindu festival.[16][133][134]
It is the commemoration of the victory that teaches none is good and none is evil. Each and every war starts, continues and ends with an objective to fulfill their own minimum demands that is required to exist. The defeated always have to accept the dictations of the victors and the defeated becomes free from the guilt of having defeated in the war and again both victors and defeated become friends. According to Chandi Purana, goddess
Bhai phonta, Jagaddhatri Puja.[135]

The winter solstice is celebrated a

Saraswati Pooja, a puja dedicated to Goddess of Knowledge and music Goddess Saraswati.[136]

The spring is celebrated in the form of Dolyatra or Holi. The year ends with Charak Puja and Gajan.[137]

Durga Puja became the main religio-cultural celebration within the Bengal diaspora in the West (together with Kali and Saraswati Pujas, if a community is large and prosperous enough).[138]

Temple

Main article: Bengal temple architecture
See also: List of Hindu temples in West Bengal and Bangladesh

As per David J. McCutchion, historically the religious architecture in Bengal may be divided into three periods: the early Hindu period (up to the end of the 12th century, or may be a little later in certain areas), the Sultanate period (14th to early 16th century), the Hindu revival period (16th to 19th century).[139] A lot of Odia culture, the Bengal temple architecture has also very much by the Odia architecture.[140]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ There were no separate electorates for Hindus, in spite of them being minorities in the province.
  2. ^ The Caste Hindus were supposed to contest in the 70 General seats. However as per the Poona Pact between Gandhi and Ambedkar, 20 General seats were reserved for Scheduled Castes.
  3. ^ Rup Narayan Roy and Jyoti Basu, the two Communist Party MLAs abstained.

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Bibliography

External links
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