Benjamin West
Benjamin West William Henry King George III |
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Benjamin West,
Entirely self-taught, West soon gained valuable patronage and toured Europe, eventually settling in
West also painted religious subjects, as in his huge work The Preservation of St Paul after a Shipwreck at Malta, at the Chapel of St Peter and St Paul at the Old Royal Naval College in Greenwich, and Christ Healing the Sick, presented to the National Gallery.
Early life
External videos | |
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Royal Academy of Art[1] | |
Lecture 7. Benjamin West's Agrippina Landing at Brundisium with the Ashes of Germanicus, 57:08, Yale University |
West was born in
West told the novelist
From 1746 to 1759, West worked in Pennsylvania, mostly painting portraits. While West was in
West was a close friend of Benjamin Franklin, whose portrait he painted. Franklin was the godfather of West's second son, Benjamin.
Italian tour
Sponsored by Smith and
England
In August 1763, West arrived in England,[8] on what he initially intended as a visit on his way back to America.[8] In fact, he never returned to America. He stayed for a month at Bath with William Allen, who was also in the country, and visited his half-brother Thomas West at Reading at the urging of his father. In London he was introduced to Richard Wilson and his student Joshua Reynolds.[9] He moved into a house in Bedford Street, Covent Garden. The first picture he painted in England, Angelica and Medora, along with a portrait of General Robert Monckton,[10] and his Cymon and Iphigenia, painted in Rome, were shown at the exhibition in Spring Gardens in 1764.
In 1765, he married Elizabeth Shewell, an American he engaged in Philadelphia, at St Martin-in-the-Fields.[11]
West was known in England as the "American Raphael". His Raphaelesque painting of Archangel Michael Binding the Devil is in the collection of Trinity College, Cambridge.[16] He said that "Art is the representation of human beauty, ideally perfect in design, graceful and noble in attitude."[17]
Royal patronage
Drummond tried to raise subscriptions to fund an annuity for West, so that he could give up portraiture and devote himself entirely to more ambitious compositions. Having failed in this, he tried—with greater success—to convince King George III to patronise West.[18] West was soon on good terms with the king, and the two men conducted long discussions on the state of art in England, including the idea of the establishment of a Royal Academy.[19] The academy came into being in 1768, with West one of the primary leaders of an opposition group formed out of the existing Society of Artists of Great Britain; Joshua Reynolds was its first president. In the same year, he was elected to membership in the American Philosophical Society.[20] In a story related by Henry Angelo I (1756–1835) in his book of reminiscences, the actor David Garrick, who was a friend of Angelo's father, the Italian sword master Domenico Angelo, memorably sketched for the teenaged Henry the following exchange: one day the painter Francesco Zuccarelli, on one of his visits to Domenico, got into a dispute with his fellow royal academician Johan Zoffany about the merit of West's 1769 painting The Departure of Regulus, his first commission for the king. Zuccarelli exclaimed, "Here is a painter who promises to rival Nicolas Poussin", while Zoffany tauntingly replied, "A figo for Poussin, West has already beaten him out of the field."[21]
In 1772, King George appointed him historical painter to the court[22] at an annual fee of £1,000.[11] He painted a series of eight large canvases showing episodes from the life of Edward III for St George's Hall at Windsor Castle,[23] and proposed a cycle of 36 works on the theme of "the progress of revealed religion" for a chapel at the castle, of which 28 were eventually executed.[11] The largest group of paintings (seven) from the series is currently in Greenville, SC.[24] He also painted nine portraits of members of the royal family,[11] including two of the king himself. He was Surveyor of the King's Pictures from 1791 until his death.
The Death of General Wolfe
West painted his most famous, and possibly most influential painting, The Death of General Wolfe, in 1770 and it exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1771. The painting became one of the most frequently reproduced images of the period. It returned to the French and Indian War setting of his General Johnson Saving a Wounded French Officer from the Tomahawk of a North American Indian of 1768. When the American Revolution broke out in 1776 he remained ambivalent, and neither spoke out for or against the Revolutionary War in his land of birth.
West became known for his large scale
Later religious painting
West is also well known for his huge work in the Chapel of St Peter and St Paul which now forms part of the Old Royal Naval College in Greenwich, London. His work, The Preservation of St Paul after a Shipwreck at Malta, measures 25 by 14 ft (7.6 by 4.3 m) and illustrates the Acts of the Apostles: 27 & 28. West also provided the designs for the other paintings executed by Biagio Rebecca in the chapel.
Following a loss of royal patronage at the beginning of the 19th century, West began a series of large-scale religious works. The first, Christ Healing the Sick was originally intended as a gift to Pennsylvania Hospital in Philadelphia; instead he sold it to the British Institution for £3,000, which in turn presented it to the National Gallery.[11][28] West then made a copy to send to Philadelphia. The success of the picture led him to paint a series of even larger works, including his Death on the Pale Horse, exhibited in 1817.[11]
Royal Academy
Though initially snubbed by Sir Joshua Reynolds, founding President of the Royal Academy, and by some other Academicians who felt he was over-ambitious, West was elected President of the Royal Academy on the death of Reynolds in 1792. During his time as President, he fell victim to the Venetian secret, a scandal involving a supposedly secret set of materials and techniques used by Renaissance painters in Venice.[29] He resigned in 1805, to be replaced by a fierce rival, architect James Wyatt. However West was again elected president the following year, and served until his death.
Pupils
Many American artists studied under him in London, including Ralph Earl and later his son, Ralph Eleaser Whiteside Earl, Samuel Morse, Robert Fulton, Charles Willson Peale, Rembrandt Peale, Matthew Pratt, Gilbert Stuart, John Trumbull, Samuel Lovett Waldo, Washington Allston, Thomas Sully,[30] John Green, and Abraham Delanoy.[31]
Death
West died at his house in Newman Street in London, on March 11, 1820, and was buried in St Paul's Cathedral.[32] He had been offered a knighthood by the British Crown, but declined it, believing that he should instead be made a peer.[33]
Gallery
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Robert Monckton, 1762
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Mrs Mary (Hopkinson) Morgan, 1764
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Isaac's Servant Tying the Bracelet on Rebecca's Arm, 1775
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Two Officers and a Groom in a Landscape, 1777, Princeton University Art Museum
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The Battle of La Hogue, c. 1778, National Gallery of Art
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Treaty of Paris depicts the American delegation at the 1783 Treaty of Paris. The British delegation refused to pose, and the painting was never completed, c. 1783-84.
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Welsh moral philosopher Richard Price, 1784
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Death of a Stag or Alexander III of Scotland Rescued from the Fury of a Stag by the Intrepidity of Colin Fitzgerald, 1786
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King Lear, 1788
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King Lear and Cordelia, 1793
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The Woman Clothed with the Sun Fleeth from the Persecution of the Dragon, c. 1797, Princeton University Art Museum
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Joshua passing the River Jordan with the Ark of the Covenant, 1800
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Cupid and Psyche, 1808
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Omnia Vincit Amor, 1809
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Reception of the American Loyalists by Great Britain in the Year 1783, c. 1783-1811, engraving by Henry Moses of the now-lost original
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John Eardley Wilmot, 1812, with a replica of the Reception of the American Loyalists in the background
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The signing of the Treaty of Allahabad, 1765, between the British Governor of Bengal Robert Clive and Mughal Emperor Shah Alam, 1818, British Museum
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Self-portrait, 1819
Works
- John Sedley, view
- Portrait of a Gentleman, view
- Presentation of the Queen of Sheba at the Court of King Solomon, view
- The Envoys Returning from the Promised Land, view
Sources
- Angelo, Henry (1828). Reminiscences of Henry Angelo, with memoirs of his late father and friends, including numerous original anecdotes and curious traits of the most celebrated characters that have flourished during the last eighty years (Vol. 1). London: H. Colburn.
- Galt, John (1816). The life and studies of Benjamin West ... prior to his arrival in England. Philadelphia: Moses Thomas – via archive.org.
- Galt, John (1820). The Life, Studies, and Works of Benjamin West, Esq., President of the Royal Academy of London. T. Cadell and W. Davies – via archive.org.
- Galt, John (1832). The progress of genius : or authentic memoirs of the early life of Benjamin West. Boston: Abridged for the use of young persons. Leonard C. Bowles – via archive.org.
- von Erffa, Helmut; Staley, Allen (1986). The Paintings of Benjamin West. New Haven, Connecticut.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Abrams, Ann Uhry (1985). The Valiant Hero: Benjamin West and Grand-Style History Painting. Washington.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Flexner, James Thomas (1952). "Benjamin West's American Neo-Classicism". New-York Historical Society Quarterly. 36 (1): 5–41. Reprinted in America's Old Masters (New York, 1967), pp. 315–40.
- Rather, Susan (June 2004). "Benjamin West, John Galt, and the Biography of 1816". The Art Bulletin. 86 (2): 324–45. S2CID 162301706.
- Sherman, Frederic Fairchild (1919). Benjamin West. American Painters of Yesterday and Today. New York – via archive.org.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
References
- Royal Academy of Art. Retrieved February 19, 2013.
- ^ "Benjamin West". explorepahistory.com. Explore Pennsylvania.
- ISBN 0-679-42627-2
- ISBN 9780313290145.
- ^ Staley, Allen (1989). Benjamin West: American Painter at the English Court. Baltimore. p. 28.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) For more on this painting, see: Gordon, Scott Paul (2008). "Martial Art: Benjamin West's Death of Socrates, Colonial Politics, and the Puzzles of Patronage". William and Mary Quarterly. 65 (1): 65–100. - ^ Hughes (1997), American Visions, p. 71
- ISBN 978-0521356879.
- ^ a b Galt, vol. 2, p. 1
- ^ Galt, vol. 2, p. 2
- ^ "Lieutenant-General The Honourable Robert Monckton". artuk.org.
- ^ a b c d e f Knight, Charles, ed. (1858). "West, Benjamin". The English Cyclopædia. Biography – Volume VI. London: Bradbury and Evans.
- ^ Galt, vol. 2, pp. 6–7
- ^ Galt, vol. 2, p. 9
- ^ a b Galt, p. 15
- ^ Now in the collections of the Tate Gallery and the Fitzwilliam Museum respectively
- ^ "Trinity College, University of Cambridge". bbc.co.uk. BBC Your Paintings. Archived from the original on May 11, 2014. Retrieved February 12, 2018.
- ^ Shinn, Earl (1880). The World's Art from the International Exhibition. A.W. Lovering.
- ^ Galt, vol. 2, p. 20
- ^ Galt, vol. 2, pp. 33–34
- ^ Bell, Whitfield J., and Charles Greifenstein, Jr. Patriot-Improvers: Biographical Sketches of Members of the American Philosophical Society. 3 vols. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1997, 2:193–200.
- ^ Angelo (1828), pp. 360–61.
- ISBN 978-1-904832-77-5. Archived from the original on September 10, 2011. Retrieved July 19, 2011.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: others (link - ISBN 9781852855345.
- ^ wpengine. "Benjamin West: The Progress of Revealed Religion". MuseumandGallery.com. Retrieved June 28, 2022.
- ^ "Accession number 1990.232". collections.dallasmuseumofart.org. Dallas Museum of Art. Archived from the original on October 25, 2012. Retrieved September 7, 2012.
- ^ "Features of St Paul's Church". saintpaulbrum.org. St. Paul's Church. Archived from the original on November 15, 2012. Retrieved September 7, 2012.
- ^ "Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter W" (PDF). amacad.org. American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved July 28, 2014.
- ^ This first version was transferred to the Tate Gallery where it was destroyed in a flood in 1928.
- ISSN 0028-7504. Retrieved December 6, 2023.
- ^ "The Joseph Downs Collection". winterthur.org. Winterthur Library. Retrieved March 24, 2008.
- ISBN 978-0-87474-695-2.
- Sinclair, W.(1909). Memorials of St Paul's Cathedral. London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd. p. 465.
- ^ "Benjamin West PRA (1738 - 1820)". royalacademy.org.uk. Retrieved December 31, 2018.
External links
- Dictionary of National Biography. 1885–1900. .
- Works by Benjamin West at Faded Page (Canada)
- The Winterthur Library Overview of an archival collection on Benjamin West.
- Royal Academy Collections website Loyd Grossman talking about West's work
- Union List of Artist Names, Getty Vocabularies. ULAN Full Record Display for Benjamin West. Getty Vocabulary Program, Getty Research Institute. Los Angeles, California.
- The Benjamin West Drawings Collection, including 33 of his drawings and sketches, is available for research use at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.
- Documenting the Gilded Age: New York City Exhibitions at the Turn of the 20th Century Archived November 20, 2014, at the Wayback Machine. A New York Art Resources Consortium project. Annotations and a pencil sketch of a West painting in an exhibition catalog.
- 103 artworks by or after Benjamin West at the Art UK site
.