Benzylpiperazine
Clinical data | |
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Routes of administration | Oral, intravenous, insufflation |
ATC code |
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Legal status | |
Legal status |
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Pharmacokinetic data | |
Bioavailability | Unknown |
Metabolism | Hepatic |
Elimination half-life | 5.5 Hours[4] |
Excretion | Renal |
Identifiers | |
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JSmol) | |
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Benzylpiperazine (BZP) is a substance often used as a
Adverse effects have been reported following its use including
History
Development history
BZP was first synthesized by
Recreational history
In 1996, the United States
BZP has also been used and prohibited in horse racing and athletics.[11]
Production and distribution
BZP is a piperazine derivative which comes as either the hydrochloride salt or a
BZP is often marketed ostensibly as a "dietary supplement" to avoid meeting stricter laws that apply to medicines and drugs, despite the fact that BZP has no dietary value. As of late 2005, the Misuse of Drugs Act ensured it can no longer be classified or marketed as a dietary supplement in New Zealand.[19] Some retailers claim that BZP is a "natural" product, describing it as a "pepper extract" or "herbal high," when in fact the drug is entirely synthetic,[16] and has not been found to occur naturally.[20]
Pharmacodynamics
BZP has been shown to have a mixed mechanism of action, acting on the
lists 1-Benzylpiperazine (BZP)'s Release DAT, NET, and SERT EC50s (i.e. a measure of potency for the release of neurotransmitters via BZP's affinity for the dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin transporters respectively--whereby those transporter are induced to shuttle neurotransmitters out of neurons and deposit them in the synaptic gap) as 175, 62, and 6050; for comparison, the values listed for d-amphetamine (25, 7, and 1765) and d-methamphetamine (25, 12, and 736) show a similar DAT:NET affinity ratio as well as minor SERT activity which suggests BZP possesses similar activity to the two aforementioned drugs (when dosed ~7x higher due to lower potency) rather than serotonergic substituted amphetamines like MDMA.BZP also acts as a non-selective
Effects
The effects of BZP are largely similar to
Subjective effects
Upon ingestion of between 50 mg and 200 mg of BZP, the user may experience any or all of the following:
- Feelings of euphoria, wonder, amazement, well-being, energy and elation
- Rapid mood elevation
- Enhanced sociability
- Enhanced appreciation of music
- Increased desire to move, also slight increase in stereotypy
- Skin tingling
- Decreased appetite
- Repetitive thought patterns
- Actual and perceived changes in body temperature
- Mild jaw clenching/bruxism
- Increased heart rate
- Dilation of pupils(see photo)
- Nausea
- Flushing
- Mild xerostomia (dry mouth)
- Slight bladdercontrol)
Later Effects:[28]
- Mild headache
- Nausea
- Hangover-like symptoms (common with high doses)
- Fatigue
- Indigestion (similar to acid indigestion/heartburn)
- Increased hunger (and sometimes thirst)
- Insomnia
- Confusion
- Depression (particularly with frequent/heavy use)
Tolerance
Research into BZP's tolerance is sparse.[8] Anecdotal evidence from online sources claim tolerance to the central action of BZP will develop quickly.[23] Due to tiredness associated with the body's recovery from stimulants, such as BZP, it is uncommon for users to be able to sustain a week-long intake.[25]: 653
Toxic effects
As with most
The major side effects include dilated pupils, blurred vision, dryness of the mouth, extreme alertness,
Risk of fatality
Ingestion of piperazine derivatives alone rarely causes death.[8] A retrospective study carried out at an Auckland emergency department found that BZP presentations only made a minor contribution to their overdose database, with most cases not producing any significant toxicity.[31] One death has been attributed to ingestion of BZP alone; in this case its blood concentration was measured to be 8 mg/L.[8]
Combined with alcohol or other illicit drugs, such as TFMPP and MDMA, multiple deaths have been reported.[8] A combination of BZP and MDMA ingested by a 23-year-old DJ nearly resulted in death. He was put into an induced coma, and later recovered.[37] In another case in Zürich in 2001, a 23-year-old who had taken BZP and MDMA died from a massive cerebral edema 57 hours after hospital admission.[38]
Addictive effects
BZP has not been found to be physically addictive in humans.[11] Most users of BZP say they could stop, but do not want to.[39] Studies undertaken on animals have indicated that BZP can substitute for methamphetamine in addicted rats, although it is one-tenth as potent and produces correspondingly weaker addictive effects.[40]
Legal status
BZP is banned in Australia, Austria, Canada, Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Malta, Poland, Sweden and the United States.[16][41] BZP is not controlled under any UN convention, so the compounds themselves are legal throughout most of the world, although in most countries their use is restricted to pharmaceutical manufacturing and recreational use is unknown.[41]
Australia
BZP is banned in all Australian states. Victoria, the last state in which it was legal, changed its classification on 1 September 2006,[42] when BZP and piperazine analogs become illegal in the federal schedules, which are enacted by all Australian states and territories.
Canada
In Canada, Benzylpiperazine and salts of benzylpiperazine are classified as Schedule III controlled substances under the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act.[43]
European Union
Benzylpiperazine was the subject of a European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) risk assessment to determine to determine how to control it throughout the European Union. The risk assessment came about as the result of a joint Europol – EMCDDA report which concluded that BZP needs to be looked at in more detail. The report was published in June 2007,[44] and concluded that the use of BZP can lead to medical problems even if the long effects are still unknown. Taking this concession as a basis, the European Commission asked the Council to place BZP under control of the UN Convention on Psychotropic Substances.[45] On 4 March 2008, the EU requested countries to place BZP under control within a year.[46]
New Zealand
Based on the recommendation of the EACD, the New Zealand government passed legislation which placed BZP, along with other piperazine derivatives (TFMPP, mCPP, pFPP, MeOPP, and MBZP), into Class C of the Misuse of Drugs Act 1975. A ban was intended to come into effect in New Zealand on 18 December 2007, but the law change did not go through until the following year, and the sale of BZP and the other listed piperazines became illegal in New Zealand as of 1 April 2008. An amnesty for possession and usage of these drugs was in effect until October 2008, at which point they became completely illegal.[47]
United Kingdom
United States
The drug was federally classified as a
Chemical derivatives
- Pharmaceuticals
- Befuraline – Antidepressant
- Bifeprunox – Antipsychotic
- Buclizine – Antihistamine
- Chlorbenzoxamine – Gastrointestinal agent
- Fipexide – Nootropic
- Imatinib – Anticancer agent
- Meclozine– Antihistamine
- Piberaline – Antidepressant
- Piribedil – Antiparkinsonian agent
- Trimetazidine – Antianginal
- Vesnarinone – Cardiotonic
- Designer drugs
- 3-Methylbenzylpiperazine
- 4-Methyl-1-benzylpiperazine(MBZP)
- 4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxy-1-benzylpiperazine(2C-B-BZP)
- 1,4-Dibenzylpiperazine(DBZP)
- 3,4-Methylenedioxy-1-benzylpiperazine(MDBZP)
Diphenylmethylpiperazines are also similar to benzylpiperazines.
See also
References
- ^ Anvisa (24 July 2023). "RDC Nº 804 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial" [Collegiate Board Resolution No. 804 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control] (in Brazilian Portuguese). Diário Oficial da União (published 25 July 2023). Archived from the original on 27 August 2023. Retrieved 27 August 2023.
- ^ "Benzylpiperazine [BZP], namely 1-benzylpiperazine and its salts, isomers and salts of isomers". Controlled Drugs and Substances Act: Schedule III. Justice Laws Website, Government of Canada. 14 January 2023.
- ^ "Amending Schedule III to the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act (BZP and TFMPP)". Canada Gazette. Retrieved 24 November 2012.
- PMID 19261399.
- S2CID 27130853.
- ^ Update on 1-benzylpiperazine (BZP) party pills. 2013. Arch Toxicol. 87/6, 929-47. M.S. Monteiro, M.D.L. Bastos, P. Guedes De Pinho, M. Carvalho. doi: 10.1007/s00204-013-1057-x.
- ^ S2CID 42491343.
- ^ S2CID 239180001.
- ^ Topping A (18 June 2007). "Legal dance drug faces ban amid fears over side-effects". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 May 2008.
- ^ "Harney announces ban on stimulant BZP". The Irish Examiner. 18 June 2007. Archived from the original on 6 April 2009. Retrieved 28 December 2009.
- ^ S2CID 128850970.
- ^ "Lay off the party pills". New Zealand Medical Association. 1 November 2006. Retrieved 22 April 2007.
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- ^ S2CID 5648863.
- ^ PMID 17308559. Archived from the original(PDF) on 13 October 2007.
- ^ "Ecstasy Mimic Tablets". Microgram Bulletin. Drug Enforcement Administration, U.S. Department of Justice. December 2008. Archived from the original on 14 January 2009.
- ^ a b "Drugs and Chemicals of Concern: N-Benzylpiperazine". Drug Enforcement Administration, U.S. Department of Justice. June 2006. Archived from the original on 7 April 2007. Retrieved 22 April 2007.
- ^ "Misuse of Drugs Amendment Act 2005" (PDF). New Zealand Government. 17 June 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 July 2007. Retrieved 22 April 2007.
- ^ PMID 16680176.
- ^ S2CID 9195383.
- ^ PMID 2448760.
- ^ a b BilZ0r (November 2003). "Neuropharmacology of BZP". Erowid.org. Retrieved 22 April 2007.
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- ^ "Erowid experience vault: Lazer Light Loving BZP & TFMPP". Erowid. 28 October 2004. Retrieved 26 May 2008.
- ^ PMID 16372033. Archived from the original(PDF) on 7 October 2008.
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- ^ "Party On?". TV3 New Zealand. 9 April 2007. Archived from the original on 4 December 2007. Retrieved 14 April 2007.
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- ^ Wilkins C, Girling M, Sweetsur P, Huckle T, Huakau J. "Legal party pill use in New Zealand: Prevalence of use, availability, health harms and 'gateway effects' of benzylpiperazine (BZP) and trifluorophenylmethylpiperazine (TFMPP)" (PDF). Centre for Social and Health Outcomes Research and Evaluation (SHORE). Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 March 2007. Retrieved 14 April 2007.
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- ^ a b c "Benzylpiperazine Legal Status". Erowid. 10 February 2015. Archived from the original on 21 December 2002. Retrieved 10 October 2021.
- ^ "Warning on buying banned drug over web". The Australian. 10 October 2006. Archived from the original on 16 October 2007. Retrieved 14 April 2007.
- ^ "Controlled Drugs and Substances Act (S.C. 1996, c. 19)". Canadian Department of Justice. 7 July 2014. Archived from the original on 15 December 2013. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
- ^ "New drug under formal scrutiny: Council asks EMCDDA to assess risks of BZP". European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. 23 March 2007. Retrieved 14 April 2007.
- ^ EUROPA (17 July 2007). "New Commission proposal to strengthen control of synthetic drug BZP". EU New Commission. Retrieved 1 February 2008.
- ^ "New drug BZP to be placed under control across the EU" (PDF). European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. 3 March 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 December 2009. Retrieved 26 May 2008.
- ^ "Misuse of Drugs (Classification of BZP) Amendment Bill" (PDF). New Zealand Parliament. 20 August 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 May 2011. Retrieved 26 May 2008.
- ^ Sect. 8 of Medicines Act 1968 – Schedule 3, SI 3144 The Medicines for Human Use (Marketing Authorisations Etc) Regulations 1994
- ^ "Thousands of 'pep' pills seized in Middlesbrough". Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. 17 August 2006. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 14 April 2007.
- ^ "Move to outlaw two 'party' drugs". BBC News. 21 May 2009.
- ^ "Summary of response: consultation on proposed control under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 of (1) 1-Benzylpiperazine and a group of substituted piperazines". Homeoffice.gov.uk. 30 October 2009. Archived from the original on 5 August 2012. Retrieved 1 January 2010.
- ^ "Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (Amendment) Order 2009". Legislation.gov.uk.
- ^ "BZP: Fast Facts". National Drug Intelligence Center. September 2004. Retrieved 22 April 2007.
- ^ "DEA error on BZP potency" (PDF). Stargate International. 15 September 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 October 2008. Retrieved 22 April 2007.
External links