Berat
Berat | ||
---|---|---|
Photomontage of Berat | ||
UTC+2 (CEST) | ||
Postal Code | 5001-5022 | |
Area Code | (0)11 | |
Website | bashkiaberat | |
Europe | 2005–present |
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1950 | 11,648 | — |
1955 | 14,374 | +23.4% |
1960 | 18,685 | +30.0% |
1969 | 24,700 | +32.2% |
1979 | 33,400 | +35.2% |
1989 | 42,957 | +28.6% |
2001 | 40,072 | −6.7% |
2011 | 36,496 | −8.9% |
Source: pop-stat.mashke.org[1] |
Berat (pronounced [bɛˈɾat]; Albanian definite form: Berati) is the ninth most populous city of Albania and the seat of Berat County and Berat Municipality.[2] By air, it is 71 kilometres (44 miles) north of Gjirokastër, 70 kilometres (43 miles) west of Korçë, 70 kilometres (43 miles) south of Tirana, and 33 kilometres (21 miles) east of Fier.
Berat is located in the south of the country. It is surrounded by mountains and hills, including
Berat, designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2008, comprises a unique style of architecture with influences from several civilizations that have managed to coexist for centuries throughout the history. Like many cities in Albania, Berat comprises an old fortified city filled with churches and mosques painted with grandiose wealth of visible murals and frescos. Berat is one of the main cultural centres of the country.[6]
Etymology
The name Berat has been derived through
It is believed to have been the site of the ancient city Antipatreia (
It was recorded in Medieval Latin as Belogradum, Bellegradum, in Turkish as Belgrad, in Italian as Belgrado,[7] and in Greek as Βελλέγραδα, Bellegrada.[citation needed] In the Republic of Venice the city was known as Belgrado di Romania ("Rumelian Belgrade"), while in the Ottoman Empire it was also known as Belgrad-i Arnavud ("Albanian Belgrade") to distinguish it from Belgrade in Serbia.[9]Today, in Aromanian, Berat is known as Birat.[11]
History
Early development
Ceramic finds from the 7th century BCE initially attest to a settlement of the rocky hill of Berat by the
Antipatrea was involved in the
The
Byzantine Emperor
The fortress of Tomorr in the early 14th century is attested as Timoro(n) under Byzantine control. In 1337, the Albanian tribes which lived in the areas of Belegrita (the region of Mt. Tomorr near Berat) and
Modern period
During the early period of Ottoman rule, Berat fell into severe decline.[dubious ] By the end of the 16th century it had only 710 houses. However, it began to recover by the 17th century, and became a major craft centre specializing in wood carving.
During the first part of the sixteenth century, Berat was a Christian city and did not contain any Muslim households.
Toward the latter part of the sixteenth century, Berat contained 461 Muslim houses and another 187 belonged to newcomers from the surrounding villages of Gjeqar, Gjerbës, Tozhar, Fratar, and Dobronik.[37] Conversion to Islam of the local urban population in Berat had increased during this time and part of the newcomer population were also Muslim converts who had Islamic names and Christian surnames.[37] Factors such as tax exemptions for Muslim urban craftsmen in exchange for military service drove many of the incoming rural first generation Muslim population to Berat.[40] Followers of Sabbatai Zevi existed in Berat among Jews during the mid-seventeenth century.[39] The Berat Jewish community took an active role in the welfare of other Jews, such as managing to attain the release of war-related captives present in Durrës in 1596.[39]
By the early seventeenth century, urban life in Berat started to resemble Ottoman and Muslim patterns.[41] From 1670 onward, Berat became a Muslim-majority city and of its 30 neighbourhoods, 19 were populated by Muslims.[42] Factors attributed to the change of the urban religious composition in Berat was pressure to covert in some neighbourhoods, and a lack of Christian priests able to provide religious services.[42]
In the 18th century, Berat was one of the most important Albanian cities during the Ottoman period.[43]
In the early modern era the city was the capital of the
A Greek school was operating in the city already from 1835.[46] In the late Ottoman period, the population of Berat was 10–15,000 inhabitants, with Orthodox Christians numbering some 5,000 people of whom 3,000 spoke the Aromanian language and the rest the Albanian language.[47][48]
During the 19th century, Berat played an important part in the
Berat became a major base of support for the
20th and 21st century
During the
From 23 to 30 October 1944, the second session of the Council of National Liberation of Albania was held in Berat, where the
During the Communist era, Berat became a place of internal exile for those who were deemed public enemies, and their families. Starting in the 1950s, the village served as a political internment center from which the internees could not leave without permission.[55] Each day, internees were required to sign up at the Security Office or the police.[55] In 1963, a Deportation-Internment Commission report indicated that there were 30 interned in Berat, which consisted in part of internees those interned due to risk of escape.[55] The rest are convicted for ordinary causes. In 1967, Albanian author Ismail Kadare was sent to Berat, where he spent two years.[56][57] Relatives of those who had fled abroad, or sympathized with Titoist Yugoslavia were also deported to Berat.[58][59][60]
In the modern period, a Romani community numbering 200-300 lives in Berat and its outskirts whereas others in a few nearby villages, at times living in difficult economic circumstances with some seasonally migrating to Greece for work.[61][62] Some Aromanian-speakers and Greek-speakers can be found in the town and nearby villages.[63]
Geography
Berat lies on the right bank of the river
According to an Albanian legend, the Tomorr mountain was originally a giant, who fought with another giant (mountain) called Shpirag over a young woman. They killed each other and the girl drowned in her tears, which then became the Osum river.
Climate
Berat has a Mediterranean climate (Csa) under the Köppen climate classification.[64][65][66] Summers are characterised as hot and dry with a maximum average of 28.2 °C (82.8 °F) in July.[65] Conversely, winter brings mild and wet weather with an average of 7.2 °C (45.0 °F) in January.[65] The lowest minimum temperature recorded in Berat was estimated at −12.2 °C (10.0 °F) and its highest maximum temperature at 47.1 °C (116.8 °F).[65]
Climate data for Berat (1991 - 2010) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 25 (77) |
27 (81) |
29 (84) |
34 (93) |
38 (100) |
43 (109) |
44 (111) |
43 (109) |
42 (108) |
35 (95) |
30 (86) |
28 (82) |
44 (111) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 14.4 (57.9) |
15.3 (59.5) |
17.1 (62.8) |
22 (72) |
25.3 (77.5) |
30.4 (86.7) |
33.4 (92.1) |
33.6 (92.5) |
29.2 (84.6) |
24 (75) |
20 (68) |
15.8 (60.4) |
23.4 (74.1) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 2.0 (35.6) |
2.1 (35.8) |
4.2 (39.6) |
10 (50) |
13 (55) |
17.8 (64.0) |
20.3 (68.5) |
20.0 (68.0) |
17.0 (62.6) |
12.5 (54.5) |
9.3 (48.7) |
3.5 (38.3) |
11.0 (51.7) |
Record low °C (°F) | −10 (14) |
−9 (16) |
−4 (25) |
−1 (30) |
3 (37) |
8 (46) |
14 (57) |
12 (54) |
6 (43) |
0 (32) |
−3 (27) |
−8 (18) |
−10 (14) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 145 (5.7) |
152 (6.0) |
108 (4.3) |
97 (3.8) |
65 (2.6) |
20 (0.8) |
4 (0.2) |
5 (0.2) |
30 (1.2) |
80 (3.1) |
190 (7.5) |
198 (7.8) |
1,094 (43.2) |
Source: METEOALB Weather Station[citation needed] |
Economy
By the 18th century the economy and society of Berat was closely connected to the city's craft guilds partly related to various tax exemptions that existed since the late Middle Ages. By 1750 there were twenty-two guilds, the most important of which were the tanners', the cobblers' and other leather-working guilds. Other guilds included metal-working, silver-smithing and silk-making ones.[43]
Present-day Berat houses Albania's military industry with the nearby Kuçovë base and Poliçan factory as well as a developing tourist economy as of recent years thanks to its historical sites.[citation needed]
Culture
Landmarks
The coexistence of religious and cultural communities over several centuries, beginning in the 4th century BC into the 18th century is apparent in Berat. The town also bears testimony to the architectural excellence of traditional Balkan housing construction, which date to the late 18th and the 19th centuries. Some of the landmarks of that historical period could be seen in the Berat Castle, churches of the Byzantine era such as the Church of St. Mary of Blaherna (13th century), the Bachelors' Mosque, the National Ethnographic Museum, the Sultan's Mosque (built between 1481 and 1512), Leaden Mosque (built in 1555) and the Gorica Bridge.[67][68][69][70]
The
The first inscription recording Onufri's name was found in 1951, in the Shelqan church. The Kastoria church has a date 23 July 1547 and a reference to Onufri's origin : I am Onufri, and come from the town of Berat. Onufri's style in painting was inherited by his son, Nikolla (Nicholas), though not so successful as his father. In Onufri's museum can be found works of Onufri, his son, Nikolla and other painters'. There are also numbers of icons and some fine examples of religious silversmith's work (sacred vessels, icon casings, covers of Gospel books, etc.). Berat Gospels, which date from the 4th century, are copies (the originals are preserved in the National Archives in Tirana). The church itself has an iconostasis of carved wood, with two icons of Christ and the Virgin Mary. The bishop's throne and the pulpit are also notable. Near the street running down from the fortress is the Bachelors' Mosque (Xhami e Beqareve), built in 1827. This has a portico and external decoration of flowers, plants, and houses. The 'Bachelors' were the young shop-assistants (in practice generally unmarried), whom the merchants in Berat used as their own private militia.[citation needed]
The
The Lead Mosque (Xhamia e Plumbit), built in 1555 and so called from the covering of its cupola. This mosque is the centre of the town.[72]
The
The walls below the frescoes are covered by holes that improve the acoustics in the prayer hall. The ceiling of the prayer hall is made of wood and is decorated with paintings. The ceiling has been decorated in the
Near of tekke is purported to be the grave of
A Jewish history museum named "
The town is known for its historic architecture and scenery and is known as the "Town of a Thousand Windows", due to the many large windows of the old decorated houses overlooking the town.[citation needed]
It is unclear whether it really means "Thousand" (një mijë) or "One over Another" (një mbi një) windows. Indeed, the quarter is built in a very steep place and windows seem to be one over another. Similar views can be seen in Melnik, Bulgaria, Gjirokastër in Albania, as well as Catanzaro in Italy, where an Albanian minority once lived.[citation needed]
The Citadel overlooks the river and the modern city as well as the old Christian quarter across the river. It is a well preserved area containing narrow streets, Turkish houses and Orthodox churches.[citation needed]
Modern Berat consists of three parts divided by the
Gorica Bridge, which connects two parts of Berat, was originally built from wood in 1780 and was rebuilt with stone in the 1920s.[68] The seven-arch bridge is 129 metres (423 ft) long and 5.3 metres (17 ft) wide and is built about 10 metres (33 ft) above the average water level.[68] According to local legend, the original wooden bridge contained a dungeon in which a girl would be incarcerated and starved to appease the spirits responsible for the safety of the bridge.[67][68]
Education
In addition to secondary schools, the city hosted the
Sports
The
Twin towns – sister cities
Berat is twinned with:
Notable people
- Omer Pasha Vrioni II – Albanian ruler from one of the most powerful Albanian families of the 19th century, modern founder of the city Fier.
- Christopher of Albania – Primate of the Orthodox Autocephalous Church of Albania from 1937 to 1948
- Eni Koçi – Female singer
- Sotir Kolea – Folklorist, Diplomat and activist of the Albanian National Awakening
- Afërdita Veveçka Priftaj – physicist
- Myrto Uzuni – Professional footballer; winger for Spanish club Granada and the Albania national football team
- Aziz Vrioni – Ottoman-Albanian politician
- Iliaz Vrioni– Politician and land owner; served as Prime Minister of Albania three times
- Isuf Vrioni– Translator, diplomat, and Albanian ambassador to UNESCO
- Omer Vrioni – Ottoman figure in the Greek War of Independence
- Sami Bey Vrioni– Politician, diplomat, and a delegate
- Dhimitër Tutulani – Lawyer and Politician
- Kasëm Trebeshina – Partisan, communist prosecutor, actor, and writer
- Margarita Tutulani – anti-fascist and hero of Albania during World War II
- Constantine of Berat - Albanian Poet of the 18th century.
- Aleksander Meksi - (March 8, 1939) Former prime minister of Albania, Efigjeni Haxhistasa his mother was from Berat.
- Sulejman Naibi - Albanian Poet.
- Vexhi Buharaja - Albanian literary worker,translator and orientalist
- Agim Shuka - (April 1942–May 20, 1992) Was a famous Albanian film and stage actor. His mother Kristina (Leka) Shuka, daughter of Dhoksani Leka is from the Mangalem neighbourhood in Berat.
- Agim Shuka, his grandmother Kristina Leka and her Father Dhoksani Leka were from the Mangalem neighbourhood in Berat.
- Paris Peace Conferencein 1919. His parents origins were from Berat.
- Babë Dudë Karbunara-born Jorgji Karbunara (22 April 1842-19 December 1917) Teacher and politician.One of the signatories of the Albanian Declaration of Independence.
See also
Notes
References
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- ^ Fiedler et al. 2021, p. 137: "Die Illyrier durchliefen eine dynamische Ent-wicklung mit Gründung eigener Städte wohl ab dem mittleren 4. Jh. v. Chr. wie Dimal und Byllis68. Ob hierzu auch Antipatreia (Berat)69 am östlichen Eingang zur Myzeqe-Ebene nur 40 km von Babunjë entfernt gehörte oder die Stadt erst durch Kassander (neu?) gegründet wurde, ist derzeit offen."
- ^ a b Astin 1998, p. 262
- ^ Šašel Kos 1997, p. 331
- ^ Morton 2017, pp. 37, 42
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- ^ Norwich, John Julius. The Decline and Fall of the Byzantine Empire. (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1996) p. 246-247
- ^ Nicol 2010, p. 108: The Albanians in the district between Balagrita and Kanina had against risen in rebellion, in spite of the privileges which the emperor had recently granted themtquote (..) Balagrita lay in the region of Mount Tomor (Tomorit) near Berat.
- ^ a b c Fine 1994, p. 253
- ISBN 978-88-8492-466-7.
In 1337, the Albanians of Epirus Nova invaded the area of Berat and appeared for the first time in Epirus, seizing the fortresses of Skrepario, Timoro and Klisoura.
- ISBN 978-0-521-26190-6.
Berat may have fallen by 1343.
- ISBN 978-1-135-02982-1.
- ISBN 978-960-86059-1-6. Retrieved 11 January 2011.
- ISBN 0-472-08260-4.
...in 1396. By this time the family of Musachi had gained control of Berat.
- ^ Kiel 1990, p. 48. "In 1417, Berat became part of the Ottoman Empire when this strong city succumbed to a surprise attack."
- ISBN 978-0-87169-127-9.
- ^ Ergo 2010, pp. 34, 37.
- ^ a b c Ergo 2010, p. 36.
- ^ a b c Mema, Briseida (30 September 2019). "Albania's endangered Jewish museum reopens". Yahoo! News. Retrieved 22 November 2019.
- ^ ISBN 978-3-631-60295-9.
- ^ Ergo 2010, p. 33.
- ISBN 978-3-631-60295-9.
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- ^ Elsie, Robert (ed.). "Albania in the Painting of Edward Lear (1848)". albanianart.net.
- University of Athens) (in Greek). Retrieved 30 October 2010.
- ISBN 978-2-84586-816-8. "Berat, au nord, en avait 10 a 15 000"
- ISBN 978-960-7760-86-9. "Berat... At the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth century, of the 5,000 or so Orthodox Christians in the town, some 3,000 were Vlach-speaking and the rest Albanian-speaking."
- ISBN 978-0-19-929905-8.
- ^ Thëngjilli 1978, p. 16-20.
- ^ Pollo 1984, p. 126
- JSTOR 2491677.
The southern branch of the League was formed at Gjinokastër (Argyrokastro), where; Albanian leaders held a meeting at which the districts of Janina, Gjinokastër, Delvina, Përmet, Berat, Vlora (Valona), Filat, Margariti, Ajdonat, Parga, Preveza, Arta, Tepelena, Kolonja, and Korca were represented.
- . "20,919 Muslims and 6745 Orthodox Christians lived in the region of Berat"
- ^ "Prime Minister Edi Rama Speaks on Albania's History With Jewish WWII Refugees". 17 June 2020. Archived from the original on 17 May 2022. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
- ^ a b c Ermal Frashëri. "Framework Study - On prison system, internment and forced labor during communist regime in Albania with a focus on establishing a museum of memory in the former internment camp in Tepelena" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 July 2020.
- ^ Morgan 2011, pp. 106–107
- ^ Fayé, Éric (1993). Kadaré, Ismail (ed.). œuvres completes: tome 1. Editions Fayard. pp. 10–25.
- ^ Lek Pervizi: In the Circles of hell,Album, ISKK, Tirana, 2012.
- ^ Lek Pervizi, Tri stinet e nje jete, Lezhe, 2017.
- ISBN 978-1-84511-104-5. Retrieved 13 January 2011.
- ISBN 978-0-8213-6171-9.
- ^ Koinova, Maria (2000). Roma of Albania (PDF) (Report). Center for Documentation and Information on Minorities in Europe-Southeast Europe (CEDIME-SE). p. 7.
- ISBN 978-0-7156-3201-7.
Berat was the seat of a Greek bishopric in medieval and modern times, and today Vlach- and even Greek-speakers can be found in the town and villages near by
- ^ "Climate: Berat". Climate-Data. Archived from the original on 30 April 2019. Retrieved 19 September 2021.
- ^ a b c d "Dokumenti i Raportit Përfundimtar të Vlerësimit Strategjik Mjedisor të Planit të Përgjithshëm të Territorit të Bashkisë" (PDF) (in Albanian). Bashkia Berat. pp. 15–18. Retrieved 19 September 2021.
- ^ "Dokumenti i Planit të Përgjithshëm të Territorit të Bashkisë Berat" (PDF) (in Albanian). Bashkia Berat. pp. 14–19. Retrieved 19 September 2021.
- ^ a b c "UNESCO.orgHistoric Centres of Berat and Gjirokastra". Unesco.org. Retrieved 7 September 2010.
- ^ a b c d "The Castle". Castle Park. Archived from the original on 26 December 2010. Retrieved 5 September 2010.
- ^ a b c "Ethnographic Museum". Berat Museum. Archived from the original on 5 April 2010. Retrieved 5 September 2010.
- ^ a b "National Ethnographic Museum, Berat". Albania Shqiperia. Archived from the original on 24 February 2011. Retrieved 5 September 2010.
- ^ "Kisha e Shën Mëri Vllahernës" (in Albanian). Retrieved 6 November 2010.[permanent dead link]
- ISBN 978-1-74104-856-8. Retrieved 23 July 2010.
- ^ "Teqja e Helvetive" (in Albanian). Retrieved 6 November 2010.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Berat". Albanian Canadian League Information Service. Archived from the original on 10 January 2011. Retrieved 7 September 2010.
- ^ "Amasya Belediyesi Kardeş Şehirleri". amasya.bel.tr (in Turkish). Amasya. Archived from the original on 6 February 2020. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
- ^ "Kardeş Belediyeler". bagcilar.bel.tr (in Turkish). Bağcılar. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
- ^ "Bérat. Réception des représentants de la ville jumelle Albanaise". ladepeche.fr (in French). La Depeche. 12 December 2014. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
- ^ "Fermo Internazionale". comune.fermo.it (in Italian). Fermo. Archived from the original on 27 January 2021. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
- ^ "Konkretizohet marrëveshja e binjakëzimit mes qyteteve Berat-Karmiel". ambasadat.gov.al (in Albanian). Ambasada e Republikës së Shqipërisë në Izrael. 20 July 2017. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
- ^ "Побратимени градове". lovech.bg (in Bulgarian). Lovech. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
- ^ "Municipiul Ploiești (Menu) => Orașe înfrățite". ploiesti.ro (in Romanian). Ploiești. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
- ^ "Prizreni binjakëzohet me Beratin". prizrenpress.com (in Albanian). Prizren Press. 31 May 2018. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
- ^ "Bratimljenje" (PDF). database.uom.me (in Montenegrin). Zajednica opština Crne Gore. January 2013. p. 53. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
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- Baker, Gabriel (2020). Spare No One: Mass Violence in Roman Warfare. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-5381-1222-9.
- Cohen, Getzel M.; Walbank, F. W. (1995). The Hellenistic settlements in Europe, the islands, and Asia Minor. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-08329-5.
- Fiedler, M.; Lahi, B.; Shehi, E.; Pánczél, S.-P.; Velo, K.; Döhner, Gregor (2021). "Ausgrabungen in der Kleinsiedlung Babunjë bei Apollonia (Albanien) Bericht zu den Kampagnen 2018–2019". Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Römische Abteilung (RM). 127: 110–144.
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- Hoti, Afrim (2022). "Dyrrhachium bizantina e il suo territorio (VI-VIII sec.)". In Sonia Antonelli; Vasco La Salvia; Maria Cristina Mancini; Oliva Menozzi; Marco Moderato; Maria Carla Somma (eds.). Archaeologiae Una storia al plural: Studi in memoria di Sara Santoro. Archaeopress Publishing. pp. 245–250. ISBN 978-1-80327-297-9.
- Morgan, Peter (2011). Kadare: Shkrimtari dhe diktatura 1957-1990 (1 ed.). Tiranë: Shtëpia Botuese "55". ISBN 978-9928-106-12-4.
- Morton, Jacob Nathan (2017). "Shifting Landscapes, Policies, And Morals: A Topographically Driven Analysis Of The Roman Wars In Greece From 200 Bc To 168 Bc". Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 2484. University of Pennsylvania.
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- Pollo, Stefanaq (1984), Historia e Shqipërisë: Vitet 30 të shek. XIX-1912 (in Albanian), Akademia e Shkencave e RPS të Shqipërisë, Instituti i Historisë, OCLC 165705732
- Šašel Kos, Marjeta (1997). "Dassaretia". In Hubert, Cancik; Schneider, Helmuth (eds.). Der neue Pauly: Enzyklopädie der Antike. Altertum: Cl-Epi. Vol. 3. Metzler. ISBN 978-3-476-01473-3.
- Thëngjilli, Petrika (1978), Kryengritjet popullore ne vitet 30 te shekulit XIX (documenta osmane), Akademia e Shkencave e Republikës Popullore Socialiste të Shqipërisë, Instituti i Historisë
- Zindel, Christian; Lippert, Andreas; Lahi, Bashkim; Kiel, Machiel (2018). Albanien: Ein Archäologie- und Kunstführer von der Steinzeit bis ins 19. Jahrhundert (in German). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. ISBN 978-3-205-20010-9.
Further reading
- Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca chapters xviii, xix, xx
- Plutarch, Parallel Lives, "Demetrius", 18, 31; "Phocion", 31
- Franca Landucci Gattinoni: L'arte del potere. Vita e opere di Cassandro di Macedonia. Stuttgart 2003. ISBN 3-515-08381-2
External links
- bashkiaberat.gov.al – Official Website (in Albanian)