Bere (grain)

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Two-row barley and six-row bere
Field of ready-to-harvest bere, with plots of other varieties still green. Photo taken in late August.
Traditional beremeal bannock, as made on Orkney, Scotland
MHNT

Bere, pronounced "bear," is a

Western Isles, i.e. North Uist, Benbecula, South Uist, Islay and Barra. It is probably Britain's oldest cereal in continuous commercial cultivation.[1]

Bere is a landrace adapted to growing on soils of a low pH and to a short growing season with long hours of daylight, as found in the high latitudes of northern Scotland. It is sown in the spring and harvested in the summer. Because of its very rapid growth rate it is sown late but is often the first crop to be harvested. It is known locally as "the 90-day barley."[2][3]

Etymology

Originally bere or beir or bear is a generic Scots word for barley of any kind,[4] from Old English bere, "barley",[5] and was used throughout the country. Now it is used mainly in the north of Scotland.[4][6][7] It often referred to barley of a lower yield, and the phrase "bear meal marriage" usually meant one that would not bring much wealth with it.[8] Talking of the wide variety of crops in England, and crop rotation, Professor T.C. Smout writes: "In Scotland, there is no evidence of such variation possibly because the range of crops was so much smaller — often only oats or bear (a primitive form of barley)".[6]

History

Bere is a very old grain that may have been grown in Britain since neolithic times.[9] Another early term for it was "bygge" or "big," probably originating from bygg, the Old Norse term for barley. It became well-adapted to the far north of Britain as successive generations of farmers grew it, selecting each year's seeds from the best plants of the previous year.[10][1]

In the 19th and early 20th centuries, bere was an important crop in the Highlands and Islands region of Scotland, providing grain for milling and malting and straw for thatching and animal bedding. It was also exported from Orkney and other ports in Scotland to Northern Europe. The advent of higher-yielding barley varieties led to a deep decline in bere growing during the 19th and 20th centuries. It survives in cultivation today thanks to Barony Mills, a 19th-century watermill, which purchases the grain to produce beremeal which is used locally in bread, biscuits, and the traditional beremeal bannock.[1]

Research

The Agronomy Institute at

Bruichladdich Distillery
.

Research at the

Orkney Islands,[12][13][14] resistance to the fungal disease scald,[15] and tolerance to salinity stress.[16]
Bere flour has quite high levels of folate.[17]

Alcoholic beverages

Bere has a long history of use in making

microbrew.[18]

References

  1. ^ a b c Martin, Peter; Xianmin Chang (June 2008). "Bere Whisky: rediscovering the spirit of an old barley" (PDF). The Brewer & Distiller International. 4 (6): 41–43. Retrieved 2023-08-15.
  2. ^ The Scottish Government, ed. (2002). "Chapter 14: A Detailed Review of the Contribution Made to Biodiversity by Scots Bere". The Status of Traditional Scottish Animal Breeds and Plant Varieties and the Implications for Biodiversity. The Scottish Government. Retrieved 2023-08-15.
  3. doi:10.1111/j.1467-3010.2006.00528.x
    .
  4. ^ a b "Dictionary of the Scots Language: "DSL - SND1 BEAR, BERE, Beer, Bar"". Archived from the original on 2011-05-26. Retrieved 2008-11-19.
  5. ^ Clark Hall, J. R. (2002) [1894]. A Concise Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (4th ed.). University of Toronto Press. p. 43. ['bear']
  6. ^ a b Smout, T.C. (1972) A History of the Scottish People 1560-1830 p114
  7. ^ "Dictionary of the Scots Language: "DSL - DOST Bere, Beir"". Archived from the original on 2011-05-26. Retrieved 2008-11-19.
  8. ^ "Dictionary of the Scots Language: "DSL - SNDS BEAR"". Archived from the original on 2011-05-26. Retrieved 2008-11-19.
  9. S2CID 149879847
    .
  10. ^ Jarman, R.J. (1996). "Bere barley - a living link with 8th Century?". Plant Varieties and Seeds. 9: 191–196.
  11. ^ "Understanding the living heritage of bere barley for a more sustainable future". www.hutton.ac.uk. The James Hutton Institute. 11 July 2017.
  12. PMID 32333775
    .
  13. PMID 24438182
    .
  14. PMID 30561497
    .
  15. ISSN 1861-3837
    .
  16. PMID 35783948
    .
  17. ^ Martin, Peter; Wishart, John; Cromarty, Arthur; Chang, Xianmin (2009). "European Landraces Bioversity International Technical Bulletin No.15" (PDF). University of the Highlands and Islands.
  18. ^ Martin, Peter; Xianmin Chang (June 2007). "Bere and Beer: Growing old cereals on northern islands" (PDF). The Brewer & Distiller International. 3 (6): 27. Retrieved 2023-08-15.

External links

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