Berwick-upon-Tweed
Berwick-upon-Tweed | |
---|---|
2011 Census) | |
OS grid reference | NT995525 |
• London | 304 mi (489 km) |
Civil parish |
|
Unitary authority | |
Ceremonial county | |
Region | |
Country | England |
Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
Post town | Berwick-upon-Tweed |
Postcode district | TD15 |
Dialling code | 01289 |
Police | Northumbria |
Fire | Northumberland |
Ambulance | North East |
UK Parliament | |
Website | Berwick-upon-Tweed Town Council |
Berwick-upon-Tweed (/ˈbɛrɪk/ ⓘ), sometimes known as Berwick-on-Tweed or simply Berwick, is a town and civil parish in Northumberland, England, 2+1⁄2 mi (4 km) south of the Anglo-Scottish border, and the northernmost town in England.[a][1] The 2011 United Kingdom census recorded Berwick's population as 12,043.[2]
The town is at the mouth of the River Tweed on the east coast, 56 mi (90 km) south east of Edinburgh, 65 mi (105 km) north of Newcastle upon Tyne, and 345 mi (555 km) north of London. Uniquely for England, the town is slightly further north than Denmark's capital Copenhagen and the southern tip of Sweden further east of the North Sea, which Berwick borders.
Berwick was founded as an
For more than 400 years the area was central to historic border wars between the Kingdoms of
Berwick remains a traditional market town and also has some notable architectural features, in particular its medieval town walls, its Georgian Town Hall, its Elizabethan ramparts, and Britain's earliest barracks buildings, which Nicholas Hawksmoor built (1717–1721) for the Board of Ordnance.[7]
Name
Berwick's name is of the same origin as the word
History
Early history
In the post-Roman period, the area was inhabited by the
Berwick remained part of the
Scottish burgh
Between the late 10th and early 11th centuries, the land between the rivers
While under Scottish control, Berwick was referred to as "South Berwick" in order to differentiate it from the town of North Berwick, East Lothian, near Edinburgh.[21]
Berwick had a mediaeval hospital for the sick and poor, which the Church administered. A charter under the Great Seal of Scotland, confirmed by King James I of Scotland, grants the king's chaplain "Thomas Lauder of the House of God or Hospital lying in the burgh of Berwick-upon-Tweed, to be held to him for the whole time of his life with all lands, teinds, rents and profits, etc., belonging to the said hospital, as freely as is granted to any other hospital in the Kingdom of Scotland; the king also commands all those concerned to pay to the grantee all things necessary for the support of the hospital. Dated at Edinburgh June 8, in the 20th year of his reign."[citation needed]
Disputed territory
Berwick's strategic position on the
Berwick had become a prosperous town by the middle of the 13th century. According to William Edington, a bishop and chancellor of England, Berwick was "so populous and of such commercial importance that it might rightly be called another Alexandria, whose riches were the sea and the water its walls".[25]
In 1291–92, Berwick was the site of
In 1296, England went to war with
Edward I went again to Berwick in August 1296 to
In 1314,
England
Robert Lauder of Edrington was put in charge of the castle. He was succeeded in 1474 by David, Earl of Crawford. On 3 February 1478, Robert Lauder of the Bass and Edrington was again appointed Keeper of the castle, a position that he held until the final year of Scottish control, when Patrick Hepburn, 1st Lord Hailes, had possession.[citation needed]
In 1482, Richard,
English town
Much of southern Scotland was again invaded by England during the "Rough Wooing" (also known as the Eight Years' War) of 1543–1551. The war ended with the Treaty of Norham in 1551, which saw England withdraw back to the border as had existed before the war began, and so retaining Berwick. Under the treaty, Berwick was declared to be a free town, independent of either kingdom.[35] In practice it was controlled by England and sent members of parliament to the English parliament, but as an independent borough, outside the authority of the sheriffs of any English county, similar to a county corporate.[36]
During the reign of Queen
Berwick's role as a border fortress town ended with England and Scotland's
In 1639, the army of
Berwick Bridge, also known as the "Old Bridge" dates to 1611. It linked Islandshire on the south bank of the River Tweed with the county burgh of Berwick on the north bank.[42] Holy Trinity Church was built in 1648–52.[43] It is the most northerly parish church in England and was built under special licence from Oliver Cromwell during the Commonwealth period.[44]
British town
In 1707, the Act of Union united England and Scotland to create the Kingdom of Great Britain. Since then, Berwick has remained within the laws and legal system of England and Wales. The Wales and Berwick Act 1746 (since repealed) deemed that whenever legislation referred to England, it applied to Berwick without the need for a specific reference to the town.
Until the 1830s the borough boundaries of the town were identical to the parish of Berwick, which lay entirely on the north side of the River Tweed, covering the main part of the built up area and the rural areas immediately north-west of it. By that time, Tweedmouth on the south side of the river had grown to a sizeable population, effectively as a suburb of the town but outside the borough boundaries. Under the Parliamentary Boundaries Act 1832 the parliamentary borough (constituency) of Berwick was enlarged to also include the townships of Tweedmouth and Spittal south of the Tweed.[45] A couple of years later, the Municipal Corporations Act 1835 standardised how boroughs were governed across England and Wales, and Berwick's municipal boundaries were enlarged to match the parliamentary borough, bringing Tweedmouth and Spittal under the jurisdiction of Berwick's town council. The same act also formalised Berwick's status as an independent county corporate.[46][47] The population of the borough in 1841 was 12,578, and that of the parish was 8,484.[48]
In the 1840s, Samuel Lewis included similar entries for Berwick-upon-Tweed in both his England and Scotland Topographical Dictionary.[49][50] Berwick remained a county in its own right, and remained a separate parliamentary constituency until 1885 when it was merged to become a division of Northumberland under the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885. In 1889 elected county councils were established under the Local Government Act 1888, which were based on the parliamentary boundaries of counties, and so Berwick was brought under the jurisdiction of Northumberland County Council, with the town council thereafter being a lower-tier authority subordinate to the county council.[51]
England now is officially defined as "subject to any alteration of boundaries under Part IV of the
The Interpretation Act 1978 provides that in legislation passed between 1967 and 1974, "a reference to England includes Berwick upon Tweed and Monmouthshire".
In 2009 the Borough of Berwick-upon-Tweed was abolished as part of wider structural changes to local government in England. All functions previously exercised by Berwick Borough Council were transferred to Northumberland County Council, which is the unitary authority for the area.
Governance
During periods of Scottish administration, Berwick was the county town of Berwickshire, to which the town gave its name. Thus at various points in the Middle Ages and from 1482 (when Berwick became administered by England), Berwickshire had the unique distinction of being the only county in the British Isles to be named after a town in another country.[53]
In 1958, the borough's council applied for a coat of arms, but applied to the Lord Lyon King of Arms, the Scottish heraldic authority, for the grant "as suitable to a Burgh of Scotland", which was duly granted.[54]
On 1 April 1974, the borough was merged with Belford Rural District, Glendale Rural District and
Northumberland County Council became the unitary authority for the area when the Borough of Berwick-upon-Tweed was abolished on 1 April 2009.[56]
A new Berwick-upon-Tweed
Berwick-upon-Tweed is in the
Economy
Slightly more than 60% of the population is employed in the service sector, including shops, hotels and catering, financial services and most government activity, including health care. Some current and recent Berwick economic activities include salmon fishing, shipbuilding, engineering, sawmilling, fertilizer production, malting and the manufacture of tweed and hosiery.
Berwick town centre comprises the Mary Gate and High Street where many local shops and some retail chains exist. New office development has been built in the Walker Gate beside the library, which combined space with the Northumberland Adult Learning Centre and Tourism centre.[60]
There is a retail park in Tweedmouth consisting of a Homebase, Farm Foods, Marks and Spencer, Argos, Next, Carpetright and Poundland. Berwick Borough Council refused a proposal from Asda in 2006 to build a store near the site,[61] but in 2008 gave Tesco planning permission for its new store in the town,[62] which opened on 13 September 2010. Asda went on to take over the Co-op shop unit in Tweedmouth in early 2010.
A
Transport
The old
Bus services are mostly operated by Borders Buses (part of West Coast Motors) and Arriva providing both local and longer links. The town is also served by National Express coaches.
Culture
Berwick's identity
Berwick is famous for its hesitation over whether it is part of Scotland or England.[65] Some people are adamant they are English and their loyalty lies with Northumberland, while others feel an affinity with Scotland.[66] Whilst it has been argued that the town's geographic and historic place between the two has led to it developing a distinctive identity of its own,[67] many people in Berwick also have mixed Anglo-Scottish families which contributes to a sense of separate identity.[68] Historian Derek Sharman said "The people of Berwick feel really independent. You are a Berwicker first, Scottish or English second."[69] Former mayor Mike Elliot said "25% of the town consider themselves English, 25% Scottish and 50% Berwickers."[70] Professor Dominic Watt of the University of Aberdeen noted that: "Older people view themselves more as Scots than the younger people in Berwick, and this can be heard in their accents."[71]
In 2008, SNP Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) Christine Grahame made calls in the Scottish Parliament for Berwick to become part of Scotland again.[72] The Liberal Democrat MSP Jeremy Purvis, who was born and brought up in Berwick, asked for the border to be moved twenty miles south, stating: "There’s a strong feeling that Berwick should be in Scotland. Until recently, I had a gran in Berwick and another in Kelso, and they could see that there were better public services in Scotland."[73] However, Alan Beith, the former MP for Berwick, said the move would require a massive legal upheaval and is not realistic.[74] Beith's successor as MP, Anne-Marie Trevelyan, said: "Voters in Berwick-upon-Tweed do not believe it is whether they are in England or Scotland that is important."[69]
Berwick dialect
The local speech of Berwick-upon-Tweed shares many characteristics with both other rural Northumberland dialects and East Central Scots.[75][76] In 1892, linguist Richard Oliver Heslop divided the county of Northumberland into four dialect zones and placed the Berwick dialect in the "north-Northumbrian" region, an area extending from Berwick down to the River Coquet.[77] Likewise, Charles Jones (1997) classes the dialect as "predominantly North-Northumbrian" with "a few features shared with Scots".[78]
Features of this dialect include the "
A sociological study of the Anglo-Scottish border region conducted in 2000 found that locals of Alnwick, 30 mi (50 km) south of Berwick, associated the Berwick accent with Scottish influence. Conversely, those from Eyemouth, Scotland, 9 mi (14 km) north of Berwick, firmly classed Berwick speech as English, identifying it as "Northumbrian or Geordie".[81]
Sport
Berwick Rangers Football Club were formed in the town in 1881.[82] The club plays in the Scottish football league system. The home stadium of Berwick Rangers is Shielfield Park, and the club currently plays in the Lowland League, the fifth tier of the Scottish football league system.[67] The town also has a rugby union side, Berwick RFC, who play in Scottish Rugby Union's East Regional League Division 1. Before 2016, the two teams were unique in being English teams that play in Scottish leagues.[83][84][85]
A newer team in the town Tweedmouth Rangers Football Club has played in the East of Scotland Football League since 2016. Before this, they were members of the North Northumberland League.[84][85] Their home ground is Old Shielfield Park, which the club uses under an agreement with Berwick Rangers Football Club.
Speedway has taken place in Berwick in two separate eras. The sport was introduced to Shielfield Park in May 1968. A dispute between the speedway club and the stadium owners ended the first spell. The sport returned to Shielfield Park in the mid-1990s. The lack of a venue in the town saw the team move to a rural location called Berrington Lough. The team, known as the Bandits, have raced at all levels from First Division to Conference League (first to third levels).
Media
Local news and television programmes is provided by BBC North East and Cumbria and ITV Tyne Tees. Television signals are received from the Chatton TV transmitter,[86] and with its close proximity to the Scottish Borders, BBC Scotland and ITV Border can also be received from the Selkirk TV transmitter.[87]
The town's local radio stations are BBC Radio Newcastle on 96.0 FM and Radio Borders on 102.3 FM.
Berwick-upon-Tweed's local newspaper is the Berwick Advertiser.
Relations with Russia
There is an apocryphal story that Berwick is (or recently has been) officially at war with Russia.[88] According to a story by George Hawthorne in The Guardian of 28 December 1966, the London correspondent of Pravda visited the Mayor of Berwick, Councillor Robert Knox, and the two made a mutual declaration of peace. Knox said, "Please tell the Russian people through your newspaper that they can sleep peacefully in their beds." The same story, cited to the Associated Press, appeared in The Baltimore Sun of 17 December 1966; The Washington Post of 18 December 1966; and The Christian Science Monitor of 22 December 1966. At some point in time, the real events seem to have been turned into a story of a "Soviet official" having signed a "peace treaty" with Mayor Knox; Knox's remark to the Pravda correspondent was preserved in this version.[88][89]
The basis for such status was the claim that Berwick had changed hands several times, was traditionally regarded as a special, separate entity, and some proclamations referred to "England, Scotland and the town of Berwick-upon-Tweed". One such was the declaration of the Crimean War against Russia in 1853, which Queen Victoria supposedly signed as "Victoria, Queen of Great Britain, Ireland, Berwick-upon-Tweed and all British Dominions". When the Treaty of Paris was signed to conclude the war, "Berwick-upon-Tweed" was left out. This meant that, supposedly, one of Britain's smallest towns was officially at war with one of the world's largest powers – and the conflict extended by the lack of a peace treaty for over a century.[89] In reality, Berwick-upon-Tweed was not mentioned in either the declaration of war or the final peace treaty and was legally part of the United Kingdom for both.
Education
As with the rest of Northumberland, schools in Berwick use the three-tier system. Pupils may also commute across the Scottish border to Eyemouth or Berwickshire to attend secondary school.
First schools
- Berwick St Mary C of E
- Holy Island C of E
- Holy Trinity C of E
- Hugh Joicey C of E
- Lowick
- Norham St Celwulfs C of E
- Scremerston
- Spittal Community School
- St Cuthbert's RC
- Tweedmouth Prior Park
- Tweedmouth West
Middle schools
- Berwick Middle School
- Tweedmouth Community
High schools
Independent schools
- Longridge Towers School (co-ed, all ages)
Special schools
- The Grove School
Twin towns
- Berwick, Pennsylvania, United States
- Victoria, Australia
- Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
- Sarpsborg, Østfold, Norway
- Wielkopolskie, Poland
Landmarks
- Berwick Castle was built in the 13th century and rebuilt in the 1290s. It was in disrepair by the 17th century, and much of it was demolished in the 19th century to make way for the railway. However, substantial ruins remain just outside the town's rampart walls to the west by the river.
- Berwick town walls and Tudor ramparts are some of the country's finest remaining examples of their type.
- The Old Bridge, 15-span sandstone arch bridge 355 m (1,164 ft) long, built in 1610–1624 for £15,000. The bridge continues to carry road traffic, but in one direction only. The bridge, part of the Great North Road from London to Edinburgh was built by order of James VI and I.
- Holy Trinity Parish Church, unusual for having been built during the Commonwealth of England. It was built in 1648–1652 with stone from the 13th-century castle. It was originally a plain "preaching box", with no steeple, stained glass or other decorations. Contents include a pulpit thought to have been built for John Knox during his stay in the town. The church was much altered in 1855 with many new windows and the addition of a chancel.
- Berwick Barracks, built 1717–1721, the design attributed to Nicholas Hawksmoor.
- Berwick Town Hall, designed by S&J Worrell and built in 1754–1760. The building is neoclassical, and originally the town's prison was on the top floor. The tower above the council chamber has a ring of eight bells and a curfew bell. Lester and Pack of the Whitechapel Bell Foundry cast the tenor, third, fourth and treble bells in 1754 and the fifth and sixth bells in 1759. Charles Carr of Smethwick cast the second and curfew bells in 1894. Mears and Stainbank of the Whitechapel Bell Foundry cast the seventh bell in 1901.[90]
- Dewars Lane Granary, built in 1769, now restored as a hotel and art gallery.[91]
- Marshall Meadows House, built in 1780 as a country house, is north of the town. It is the most northern hotel in England, just 275 metres from the Scottish border at Marshall Meadows Bay.
- Union Chain Bridge, 5 mi (8 km) upstream, from Berwick, was built in 1821 and is the world's oldest surviving suspension bridge.[92]
- The Kings Arms Hotel on Hide Hill was built in 1782 and rebuilt in 1845. Charles Dickens stayed there in 1861.[93]
- The Royal Border Bridge, designed by Robert Stephenson and built in 1847–1850 at a cost of £253,000, is a 720-yard-long railway viaduct with 28 arches, carrying the East Coast Main Line 126 feet above the River Tweed. It was opened by Queen Victoria.
- The Corn Exchange in Sandgate, completed in 1858, and converted into apartments in the late 1990s.[94]
- St Andrew's Church, Wallace Green was built in 1859 and is one of only eight Church of Scotland congregations in England.
- The Masonic Hall was built in 1872 for the town's St David's Masonic Lodge for £1,800. The lodge still owns the hall and is also used by other Masonic lodges and orders. It is one of few purpose-built Masonic halls in the country and is a scarce example of Victorian Masonic architecture. It has a large pipe organ built in 1895. The Hall contains many artefacts and documents concerning Freemasonry in the town, which can be traced back to 1643.
- The Royal Tweed Bridge, built in 1925 to carry the A1 road across the Tweed. Its span is 110 m (361 ft), which at the time was the longest concrete span. The A1 now bypasses the town to the west. In the early 2000s, the bridge was renovated, the road and pavement layout revised, and new street lighting added.
- Dewars Lane runs down Back Street just off Bridge Street. Like other Berwick locations, it was painted by L. S. Lowry, who visited Berwick.[95]
- There are numerous sea caves on the coastline to the north of Berwick, with lengths up to 67 metres. The caves are found in the cliffs from Green's Haven to the Scottish border at Marshall Meadows Bay.[96]
Notable people
- Torben Betts, award-winning playwright, lives in Berwick
- William Bowyer (died 1628), Captain and Mayor of Berwick
- Lucy Bronze, footballer for Barcelona and England, born in Berwick-upon-Tweed
- Jessie Greengrass, author, lives in Berwick-upon-Tweed
- James Cockburn, first speaker of the Canadian House of Commons, born in Berwick
- George Frederick Cooke (1756–1811), widely called the first Romantic actor in England
- Anne Hepple Dickinson(1877–1959), writer
- Thomas Herriot (1887–1949), cricketer
- George Johnston (1797–1855), naturalist.
- Alexander Knox, the Hollywood actor, made Berwick his adopted home and died there.
- Rev Prof Robert Lee DD (1804–1868), raised in Tweedmouth
- John Leonard (born 1857), architect, born in Berwick-upon-Tweed
- Eric Lomax, the author of The Railway Man, lived in Berwick-upon-Tweed
- Alan Martin, co-creator of the comic and movie character Tank Girl, lives in Berwick
- W. H. Paxton (1844–1887), prominent Australian businessman
- Jeremy Purvis, Liberal Democrat MSP, and youngest person in Scottish Parliament at time of election. Since 2013 Purvis has been a life peer in the House of Lords, sitting on the Liberal Democrat benches.
- James Redpath American anti-slavery activist and journalist, born in Berwick
- Ian Sarfas, English darts player, played in the 1994 BDO World Darts Championships
- Thomas Smith, soldier and writer
- Trevor Steven, England and Everton footballer, born in Berwick
- Joseph Stevenson, prominent English Catholic archivist and Jesuit priest, born in Berwick
- Tweedy John Todd, born in Berwick in 1789, doctor and naturalist
- Patrick Tonyn, born in Berwick in 1725, a military general and Governor of British East Florida
- Henry Travers, grew up in Berwick (although actually born in Prudhoe), was a character actor, most famously as Clarence Odbody in It's a Wonderful Life
Climate
Berwick-upon-Tweed has a maritime climate with narrow temperature differences between seasons. Because of its far northern position in England coupled with considerable North Sea influence, the area has very cool summers for an English location, with a subdued July (1981–2010) high of 17.9 °C (64.2 °F), more resembling a Scottish climate. January, in turn, has a high of 6.8 °C (44.2 °F) with a low of 1.7 °C (35.1 °F) with occasional frosts averaging 38.1 times per annum. Rainfall is relatively low by British standards, with 589.2 mm (23+3⁄16 in) on average; nonetheless, sunshine is limited to an average of 1508.5 hours per annum. All data are sourced from the Berwick-upon-Tweed station operated by the Met Office.[97]
Climate data for Berwick-upon-Tweed, elevation: 22 m (72 ft), 1991–2020 normals | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 7.0 (44.6) |
7.6 (45.7) |
9.1 (48.4) |
10.9 (51.6) |
13.8 (56.8) |
15.8 (60.4) |
18.1 (64.6) |
17.7 (63.9) |
16.2 (61.2) |
13.1 (55.6) |
9.5 (49.1) |
7.2 (45.0) |
12.2 (54.0) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 4.6 (40.3) |
4.9 (40.8) |
6.2 (43.2) |
7.8 (46.0) |
10.3 (50.5) |
12.8 (55.0) |
14.8 (58.6) |
14.6 (58.3) |
12.9 (55.2) |
10.0 (50.0) |
6.9 (44.4) |
4.7 (40.5) |
9.2 (48.6) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 2.1 (35.8) |
2.1 (35.8) |
3.2 (37.8) |
4.7 (40.5) |
6.9 (44.4) |
9.7 (49.5) |
11.5 (52.7) |
11.4 (52.5) |
9.6 (49.3) |
6.9 (44.4) |
4.2 (39.6) |
2.1 (35.8) |
6.2 (43.2) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 46.2 (1.82) |
39.2 (1.54) |
39.4 (1.55) |
36.5 (1.44) |
47.9 (1.89) |
46.8 (1.84) |
67.4 (2.65) |
62.2 (2.45) |
50.4 (1.98) |
65.1 (2.56) |
56.8 (2.24) |
48.2 (1.90) |
606.1 (23.86) |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 61.5 | 94.1 | 120.0 | 167.9 | 201.5 | 171.3 | 182.4 | 165.8 | 139.3 | 103.5 | 73.9 | 54.2 | 1,535.4 |
Average ultraviolet index | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 |
Source 1: Met Office[98] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: WeatherAtlas[99] |
See also
- Berwick Film & Media Arts Festival
- List of ships named for Berwick-upon-Tweed
- Minister of South Berwick
- Scottish Marches
- Scots' Dike
- Three Hundred and Thirty Five Years' War
Explanatory notes
- ^ The smaller hamlet of Marshall Meadows is the actual northernmost settlement of any kind in England.
References
Footnotes
- ^ Erlanger, Steven (13 September 2014). "Bracing for Change on Scotland's Border, Whatever the Referendum Result". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 16 July 2017. Retrieved 1 March 2017.
- ^ "Area: Berwick-upon-Tweed (Parish): Key Figures for 2011 Census: Key Statistics". Neighbourhood Statistics. Office for National Statistics. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-7864-5918-6.
- ^ "Parishing the Communities of Berwick, Spittal and Tweedmouth". Berwick-upon-Tweed Borough Council. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007.
- ^ Macdougall, Norman, James III, (1982), p. 169: Devon, Frederick, ed., Issues of the Exchequer, (1837), p. 501
- ^ Jacobs, Ed (27 January 2012). "Would an independent Scotland be good for Northern England?". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 29 November 2018. Retrieved 29 November 2018.
- ^ Pevsner et al. 1992[page needed]
- ^ a b Ekwall, Eilert (1947). The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Place-Names. Oxford: The Clarendon Press. p. 37.
- ^ "berewick". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Retrieved 28 May 2021.
- ^ "berewick". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
- ISBN 0859830675.
- ^ Scott, John (1888). Berwick-upon-Tweed: The History of the Town and Guild. London: Elliot Stock. p. 237.
- ^ "Guild and Governors: The Governance of Berwick" (PDF). Berwick Civic Society. p. 1. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 October 2021. Retrieved 28 May 2021.
- ISBN 978-0-486-43396-7.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-19-955037-1.
- ISBN 978-0-7486-1803-3.
- ISBN 978-0-333-69283-7.[page needed]
- ^ Chalmers, George (1810). Caledonia. London: Cadell and Davies. p. 213. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
- ISBN 978-0-7126-9893-1.
- ^ HMSO, London, 1902, pg. 225.
- ^ Seaton, Douglas C. "The Early Settlers". Royal Burgh of North Berwick. Archived from the original on 16 January 2015. Retrieved 15 January 2015.
- ISBN 978-0-19-820615-6.
- ISBN 978-0-517-14081-9.
- ISBN 978-0-7112-2985-3.
- ]
- ^ a b Dunbar, Sir Archibald H., Bt. (1899). Scottish Kings – A Revised Chronology of Scottish History 1005–1625. Edinburgh. p. 116.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ISBN 978-0-415-18583-7.
- ISBN 978-0-74-862022-7.
- ISBN 978-0-19-533403-6.
- ISBN 978-0-19-533403-6.
- ISBN 978-0-567-08731-7.
- ISBN 978-1-85109-358-8.
- ISBN 978-1-85285-120-0.
- ^ Pevsner et al. 1992, p. 173.
- ^ Rapin, Paul (1727). Acta Regia: Volume 3. London: Le Clerc. p. 373. Retrieved 8 January 2023.
- ^ Burrow, James (1776). "R. v Cowle, 1759". Reports of Cases adjudged in the Court of King's Bench, Volume 2. London: Worrall and Tovey. p. 834. Retrieved 8 January 2023.
- ^ "Historical Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed". Archived from the original on 4 September 2012. Retrieved 5 October 2012.
- ^ Calendar State Papers Foreign Elizabeth 1559–1560. London: Longman. 1865. no. 1064, "setting forth the device".
- ^ "Berwick-upon-Tweed: Northumberland Extensive Urban Survey" (PDF). Northumberland County Council. 2009. pp. 34–5. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 September 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
- ^ "Explore-northumberland.co.uk. Union of the Crowns" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 September 2020. Retrieved 29 November 2018.
- ISBN 978-0-415-19902-5.
- ^ "Bishop Auckland". englandsnortheast.co.uk. Archived from the original on 27 October 2020. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
- ISBN 978-0-7190-4679-7.
- ^ "Holy Trinity". www.achurchnearyou.com. Archived from the original on 23 October 2020. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
- ^ "2 & 3 Will 4, c. 64". The Statutes of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. His Majesty's Printers. 1832. p. 353. Retrieved 8 January 2023.
- ^ Municipal Corporations (England and Wales): Appendix to the first report of the Commissioners Part III - Northern and North Midland Circuits. London: House of Commons. 1835. p. 1447. Retrieved 8 January 2023.
- ^ Sewell, Richard Clarke (1835). Municipal Corporations Act 1835 (5 & 6 Will. 4, c. 76). London: Butterworth. p. 181. Retrieved 8 January 2023.
- ^ The National Cyclopaedia of Useful Knowledge, Vol III, London, Charles Knight, 1847, p.256
- ^ Lewis, Samuel, ed. (1848). "Berwick-upon-Tweed". A Topographical Dictionary of England. London. p. 223. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 5 July 2019 – via British History Online.
- ^ Lewis, Samuel, ed. (1846). "Berwick-upon-Tweed". A Topographical Dictionary of Scotland. London. p. 124. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 5 July 2019 – via British History Online.
- ^ "Local Government Act 1888: Section 48", legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives, 1888 c. 41 (s. 48), retrieved 9 January 2023
- ^ "Schedule 1 of The Interpretation Act 1978". Legislation.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 11 March 2021. Retrieved 5 October 2012.
- ISBN 978-0-00-710353-9.
- ^ Practical Heraldry for the Self-isolator; Week 8D - Royal Burghs: Court of the Lord Lyon
- ^ "A Short History of Berwick-upon-Tweed Record Office". Northumberland Archives. 3 July 2020. Archived from the original on 20 November 2020. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
- ^ "The Northumberland (Structural Change) Order 2008". Legislation.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 22 October 2012. Retrieved 5 October 2012.
- ^ "The Berwick-upon-Tweed (Parishes) Order 2008" (PDF). Database of Local Government Orders. Local Government Boundary Commission for England. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 January 2023. Retrieved 23 January 2023.
- ^ "The civic party | Berwick-upon-Tweed Town Council". www.berwick-tc.gov.uk. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
- ^ "Berwick-upon-Tweed". BBC News – Vote 2001 – Results & Constituency – Berwick-upon-Tweed. Archived from the original on 11 June 2004. Retrieved 30 April 2005.
- ^ "Berwick WorkSpace reaping the benefits of European funding". Berwick Advertiser. Johnston Press. 6 March 2013. Archived from the original on 27 January 2013. Retrieved 6 March 2013.
- ^ "Asda withdraws supermarket appeal". The Berwickshire News. Johnston Press. 26 April 2006. Archived from the original on 1 August 2012. Retrieved 5 October 2012.
- ^ "Tesco gets green light for Berwick food store". Berwick Advertiser. Johnston Press. 16 January 2008. Archived from the original on 22 January 2008. Retrieved 5 October 2012.
- ^ Rowlett, Russ. "Lighthouses of Northeastern England". The Lighthouse Directory. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved 11 November 2015.
- ^ "Home". Stella Maris. Archived from the original on 21 December 2020. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
- ^ Woolley, Alexander (11 September 2014). "The Scottish referendum means Berwick-upon-Tweed faces an uncertain future". www.newstatesman.com. Archived from the original on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 20 January 2021.
- ^ "Border town where Scottish independence is another dividing line". The Guardian. 13 January 2012. Archived from the original on 2 December 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2018.
- ^ a b MacEacheran, Mike (28 September 2020). "The British town with a third 'nationality'". www.bbc.com. Archived from the original on 21 November 2020. Retrieved 20 January 2021.
- ^ Visitberwick.com. What we are. Archived 3 December 2018 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 2 December 2018.
- ^ a b Dawson, Katie (1 May 2010). "Berwick-upon-Tweed: English or Scottish?". Archived from the original on 27 December 2020. Retrieved 20 January 2021.
- ^ Kerr, Rachel (8 October 2004). "A tale of one town". BBC News. Archived from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 20 January 2021.
- ^ "Devolution is silencing Berwick's Scots voices". www.scotsman.com. 26 August 2004. Archived from the original on 2 February 2022. Retrieved 20 January 2021.
- ^ "'Return to fold' call for Berwick". BBC News. 10 February 2008. Archived from the original on 13 February 2008. Retrieved 17 July 2008.
- ^ '"Scots plan to capture 20 miles of England". The Sunday Post. 10 February 2008.
- ^ Hamilton, Alan (13 February 2008). "Berwick thinks it's time to change sides... again". The Times. Retrieved 14 February 2008.
- ^ "Phonetic Description of Scottish Language and Dialects". Dictionary of the Scots Language. p. 16. Archived from the original on 12 June 2012. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
- ^ "Sound Map 2". Dictionary of the Scots Language. Archived from the original on 16 April 2014. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
- ISBN 978-3-8253-0934-3.
- ISBN 978-0-7486-0754-9.
- English English.
- ^ Llamas, Carmen; Watt, Dominic (3 April 2008). "Rhoticity in four Scottish/English border localities". Archived from the original on 26 November 2009. Retrieved 23 October 2008.
"[it] could be argued based on the data in Watt (2006) that Berwick English is increasingly convergent with other non-rhotic English varieties in northern England, and increasingly divergent from Scottish varieties with which it has traditionally shared numerous properties.
- ISBN 978-0-7486-3577-1.
- ISBN 978-0-7146-5249-8.
- ISBN 978-0-582-29306-9.
- ^ a b "New Club in East of Scotland". eosfl.com. Archived from the original on 22 February 2016. Retrieved 29 May 2016.
- ^ a b "Club joins East of Scotland League". nonleaguescotland.org.uk. Archived from the original on 12 August 2016. Retrieved 29 May 2016.
- ^ "Chatton (Northumberland, England) Full Freeview transmitter". May 2004. Retrieved 27 August 2023.
- ^ "Selkirk (The Scottish Borders, Scotland) Full Freeview transmitter". May 2004. Retrieved 27 August 2023.
- ^ a b QI: Quite Interesting (9 December 2016). "Who was the only survivor of the Crimean War?". YouTube. Archived from the original on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
- ^ a b Spicer, Graham (24 July 2006). "Myth Or Reality? Berwick Revisits Its 'War With Russia'". Culture 24. Archived from the original on 22 October 2010. Retrieved 1 December 2009.
- Central Council for Church Bell Ringers. Archivedfrom the original on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
- ^ "Before and after: historic buildings restored and transformed". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 4 July 2018. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
- ^ Johnson, Phil (25 July 2020). "Union Chain Bridge gets international badge of honour to mark bicentenary". The Scotsman. Retrieved 20 August 2022.
- ^ "About". Kings Arms Hotel Berwick. 21 January 2015. Archived from the original on 21 January 2015. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
- ^ Historic England. "Former Corn Exchange (1380349)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
- ^ Lowry, L. S. "Dewar's Lane, Berwick-Upon-Tweed". Art Fund. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
- ^ Scaife, Chris: The Caves of Northumberland, Sigma Leisure, 2019
- ^ "Berwick-upon-Tweed climate information". Met Office. Archived from the original on 9 July 2020. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
- ^ "Berwick-upon-Tweed 1991–2020 averages". Met Office. Archived from the original on 2 February 2022. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
- ^ "Monthly weather forecast and Climate – Reading, United Kingdom". Weather Atlas. Archived from the original on 19 November 2021. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
Bibliography
- Burnett, George, ed. (1886). The Exchequer Rolls of Scotland. Vol. IX: 1480–1487. Edinburgh. pp. 63–64, 81, 145, 157.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) Record that payments were made to Robert Lauder of The Bass as Captain and Keeper of the castle at Berwick-upon-Tweed in 1480 and 1481. - Eddington, Alexander (1926). Castles and Historic Homes of the Border – Their Traditions and Romance (1st ed.). Edinburgh & London: Oliver and Boyd. pp. 58–59.
- Hewlings (1993). "Hawksmoor's Brave Designs for the Police". In Bold, John; Cheney, Edward (eds.). English Architecture Public and Private: Essays for Kerry Downes. London: ISBN 978-1852850951.
- Pevsner, Nikolaus; Richmond, Ian A; Grundy, John; McCombie, Grace; Ryder, Peter; Welfare, Peter (1992) [1957]. Northumberland. The Buildings of England. Yale: Yale University Press.
- Scott, John (1888). Berwick-upon-Tweed, The History of the Town and Guild. London.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
External links
- Berwick-upon-Tweed Town Council
- Berwick Shipyard – images and history of Berwick's shipbuilding
- Things to do in Berwick-upon-Tweed Official Visitor Information
- The British town with a third 'nationality' – BBC Travel