History of the Jews in Bessarabia

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(Redirected from
Bessarabian Jews
)

The history of the Jews in Bessarabia, a historical region in Eastern Europe, dates back hundreds of years.

Early history

Jewish man in Chișinău (1900)
Nicholas II
, 1914

Jews are mentioned from very early on in the

Principality of Moldavia, but they did not represent a significant number. Their main activity in Moldavia was commerce, but they could not compete with Greeks and Armenians, who had knowledge of Levantine commerce and relationships.[citation needed
]

Several times, when Jewish merchants created monopolies in some places in north Moldavia, Moldavian rulers sent them back to

Petru Şchiopul (1583–1591), who favored the English merchants led by William Harborne.[1]

In the 18th century, more Jews started to settle in Moldavia. Some of them were in charge of the Dniester crossings, replacing Moldavians and Greeks, until the captain of Soroca demanded their expulsion.

Others traded with

spirits (horilka), first brought in from Ukraine, afterward building local velniţas (pre-industrial distilleries) on boyar manors. The number of Jews increased significantly during the Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812), when the Podolia-Moldavia border was open.[1]

When this war ended, in 1812, Bessarabia (eastern half of the

Principality of Moldavia
) was annexed by the Russian Empire.

Governorate of Bessarabia (1812–1917)

Status

The 1818 Statutory Law (Aşezământul) of the Governorate of Bessarabia mentions Jews as a separate state (social class), which was further divided into merchants, tradesmen, and land-workers. Unlike the other states, Jews were not allowed to own agricultural land, with the exception of "empty lots only from the property of the state, for cultivation and for building factories". Jews were allowed to keep and control the sale of spirits on government and private manors, to hold "mills, velniţas, breweries, and similar holdings", but were explicitly disallowed to "rule over Christians". During the 1817 census, there were 3,826 Jewish families in Bessarabia (estimated at 19,000 people, or 4.2% of the total population).[1]

Rural colonies

Over the next generations, the Jewish population of

Tsar Nicholas I issued an ukaz (decree) that allowed Jews to settle in Bessarabia "in a higher number", giving settled Jews two years free of taxation. At the same time, Jews from Podolia and Kherson Governorates were given five years free of taxation if they crossed the Dniester and settle in Bessarabia.[2]

As a result, the merchant activity was not enough to sustain all Jews, which led the Tsarist authorities to create 17 Jewish agricultural colonies:

simble.
Magen David

In Soroca County

In Orhei County

In Chișinău County

In Bălți County

In Hotin County

In Tighina County

10,589 Jews were settled in these villages, forming 1,082 households. This plan was borrowed from the ideas of Emperor Joseph II of Austria in regard to

Bukovina Jews, but it became impractical as there Jews preferred to leave Bukovina than to settle in villages. The impression that Jews would not stay in the rural areas was proved wrong by the Russian Tzar, as his colonization at first seemed a success. However, after several years, Jews in these rural colonies preferred merchant activities with cattle, leather, wool, tobacco, while their agricultural land was mostly rented out to Christian peasants. After more years, many of these Jews moved to fairs and sold their land to Moldavians. During the 1856 census, there were 78,751 Jews in Bessarabia (about 8% of the total population of 990,000).[2]

Late 19th and early 20th centuries

The Chișinău Choral Synagogue, 1913.
  • 1889: There were 180,918 Jews of a total population of 1,628,867 in Bessarabia, or 11.11%
  • 1897: The
    Jewish population
    had grown to 225,637 of a total of 1,936,392, or 11.65%
  • 1903: Chișinău (then known as Kishinev), in Russian Bessarabia had a Jewish population of 50,000, or 46%, out of a total of approximately 110,000. Jewish life flourished with 16 Jewish schools and over 2,000 pupils in Chişinău alone.

Kishinev pogrom

Main articles: Kishinev pogrom, Blood libel, and Pogrom
Victims of pogrom in Chișinău, 1903

16 February 1903:

Kishinev pogrom
.

In 1903, a

calumny against the Jews (that the boy had been killed to use his blood in preparation of matzo
).

Viacheslav Plehve, the Minister of Interior, supposedly gave orders not to stop the rioters. However, the pogrom lasted for three days, without the intervention of the police. Forty seven (some say 49) Jews were killed, 92 severely wounded, 500 slightly wounded and over 700 houses destroyed. Despite a world outcry, only two men were sentenced to seven and five years and 22 were sentenced for one or two years. This pogrom is considered the first state-inspired action against Jews in the 20th century[citation needed] and was instrumental in convincing tens of thousands of Russian Jews to leave to the West and to Palestine.[citation needed
] Many of the younger Jews, including Mendel Portugali, made an effort to defend the community.

1917–1940

Moldavian Democratic Republic

In the Sfatul Țării, Bessarabian Jews were represented by:

The former four abstained from vote for the Union of Bessarabia with Romania on April 9 [O.S. March 27] 1918, while the latter two were absent.

Greater Romania

Jewish population per county in Greater Romania, according to the 1930 census
  • 1920: The Jewish population had grown to approx. 267,000.
  • 1930: Romanian census registers 270,000 Jews

The Holocaust

Chişinău
ghetto, August 1941
Chişinău
ghetto, August 1941
Chişinău
ghetto, August 1941

In 1941, the

SS and commanded by Otto Ohlendorf entered Bessarabia. They were instrumental in the massacre of many Jews in Bessarabia, who did not flee in face of the German advance. On 8 July 1941, Mihai Antonescu
, deputy prime minister and Romania's ruler at the time, made a declaration in front of the Ministers' Council:

… With the risk of not being understood by some traditionalists which may be among you, I am in favour of the forced migration of the entire Jew element from Bessarabia and Bukovina, which must be thrown over the border. Also, I am in favor of the forced migration of the Ukrainian element, which does not belong here at this time. I don't care if we appear in history as barbarians. The Roman Empire has made a series of barbaric acts from a contemporary point of view and, still, was the greatest political settlement. There has never been a more suitable moment. If necessary, shoot with the machine gun. (This quote can be found in "The Stenograms of the Ministers' Council, Ion Antonescu's Government", vol. IV, July–September 1941 period, Bucharest, year 2000, page 57) (Stenogramele şedinţelor Consiliului de Miniştri, Guvernarea Ion Antonescu, vol. IV, perioada iulie-septembrie 1941, București, anul 2000, pagina 57).

The killing squads of

Transnistria
, a region that was under Romanian military control during 1941–1944.

In

ghettos organized in several towns, as well as in camps (there was a comparable number of Jews from Transnistria in those camps) many people died from starvation, bad sanitation, or by being shot by special Nazi units right before the arrival of Soviet troops in 1944. The Romanian military administration of Transnistria kept very poor records of the people in the ghettos and camps. The only exact number found in Romanian sources is that 59,392 died in the ghettos and camps from the moment those were open until mid-1943.[4][self-published source?] This number includes all internees regardless of their origin, but does not include those that perished on the way to the camps, those that perished between mid-1943 and spring 1944, as well as the thousands who perished in the immediate aftermath of the Romanian army's taking control of Transnistria (see Odessa massacre
).

In June–July 1941, about 10,000 (mostly civilians) were killed during the military action in the region in 1941 by German Einzatsgruppe D units and on some occasions by some Romanian troops. In

Mărculeşti
, 486 Soviet POWs of Jewish origin (many conscripted locals), who were left behind by the Soviet army because of wounds, to avoid being surrounded, were shot. Approximately 40 corpses of Jews were found dumped at the outskirts of Orhei, executed either by the German or Romanian units.

Brizula

From 1941 to 1942, 120,000 Jews from Bessarabia, all of Bukovina, and the Dorohoi county in Romania proper, were deported to ghettos and concentration camps in

Transnistria
, with only a small portion returning in 1944. The ones who died did so in the most inhuman and horrible conditions. (In the same ghettos and camps there were many Jews from that region as well, responsibility for whose death lies on the Romanian authorities that occupied it in 1941–44.)

The remainder of the 270,000 Jewish community of the region survived World War II. Mostly these were Bessarabian Jews who wisely retreated before the departure of the Soviet troops in mid-July 1941. However, the only good thing that can be said about their fate during 1941–1944 was that they survived, because the conditions under which they traveled to the interior of the USSR (e.g., to Uzbekistan) in the summer of 1941 and their conditions at their arrival were very bad. Around 15,000 Jews from

Transnistria. At the end of the war, the remaining Jewish community of Bukovina decided to move to Israel
.

As a result of the departure of the

Galicia
moved to the city. However, they were generally excluded from the Soviet apparatus and higher positions in the economy and administration, which was formed mostly by people known to be loyal to the Soviet system sent from eastern Ukraine or from other parts of the USSR.

Present day

Menora.
Stamp of Moldova

By the end of 1993, there were an estimated 15,000 Jews in the

Russian
.

Demographics

Jews in Bessarabia
County 1817 census 1856 census 1897 census 1930 census 1941 census 1942 1959 census 1970 census 1979 census 1989 census 2002, 2004
census
Hotin County N/A N/A c. 54,000 35,985 N/A N/A N/A1 N/A1 N/A1 N/A1 N/A1 Ukrainian part
N/A2 N/A2 N/A2 N/A2 1072 Moldovan part
Soroca County N/A N/A c. 31,000 29,191 N/A N/A N/A3 N/A3 N/A3 N/A3 1243
Bălți County N/A N/A c. 17,000 31,695 N/A N/A N/A4 N/A4 N/A4 N/A4 4594
Orhei County N/A N/A c. 26,000 ... N/A N/A N/A5 N/A5 N/A5 N/A5 975
Lăpușna County
 N/A N/A c. 53,000 ... N/A N/A N/A6 N/A6 N/A6 N/A6 2,7086
Tighina County N/A N/A c. 16,000 ... N/A N/A N/A7 N/A7 N/A7 N/A7 4377
Cahul County N/A N/A c. 11,000 4,434 N/A N/A N/A8 N/A8 N/A8 N/A8 678
Ismail County N/A N/A 6,306 N/A N/A N/A9 N/A9 N/A9 N/A9 N/A9
Cetatea Albă County N/A N/A c. 11,000 11,390 N/A N/A Ukrainian part
N/A10 N/A10 N/A10 N/A10 110 Moldovan part
Total 19,130 78,751 225,637[5] ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Notes:

1 4 districts of Chernivtsi Oblast of Ukraine
2 Briceni and Edineț Districts of Moldova
3

Floreşti districts
of Moldova
4
Ungheni districts, and municipality of Bălți
in Moldova
5
Orhei, Dubăsari, and Criuleni Districts
of Moldova
6
Chişinău
in Moldova
7
Basarabeasca districts, and municipality of Tighina (Bender)
in Moldova
8
Taraclia districts, and Gagauzia
in Moldova
9 9 districts and 2 cities of
Odessa Oblast of Ukraine

10 Ștefan Vodă District of Moldova

Sources:

  • Recensământul General al Populaţiei României din 29 Decemvrie 1930. Vol. II: Neam, Limbă Maternă, Religie. București 1938.
  • Moldovan Census (2004)

According to the 1930 Romanian Census, Jews were distributed in Bessarabia as follows:

According to the 2004 Census, there are 4,000 Jews in the Bessarabian part of Moldova (excluding

Transnistria
), including:

There were also 867 Jews in Transnistria, including

See also

Further reading

References

  1. ^ a b c Ion Nistor, Istoria Basarabiei, Cernăuţi, 1923, reprinted Chişinău, Cartea Moldovenească, 1991, pp. 201-02
  2. ^ a b Ion Nistor, pp. 208–10
  3. ^ "The Jewish Community of Kishinev". The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot. Archived from the original on 24 June 2018. Retrieved 24 June 2018.
  4. ^ Maresal Ion Antonescu, worldwar2.ro; accessed 27 August 2017.
  5. ^ "Moldova". Jewish Virtual Library.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jewish people of Bessarabia.
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