Academy Award for Best Original Song
Academy Award for Best Original Song | |
---|---|
Country | United States |
Presented by | Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) |
First awarded | 1934 |
Most recent winner | Billie Eilish, Finneas O'Connell "What Was I Made For?" (2023) |
Website | oscars |
The Academy Award for Best Original Song is one of the awards given annually to people working in the motion picture industry by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). It is presented to the songwriters who have composed the best original song written specifically for a film. The performers of a song are not credited with the Academy Award unless they contributed either to music, lyrics, or both in their own right. The songs that are nominated for this award are typically performed during the ceremony and before this award is presented.
The award category was introduced at the
Eligibility
As of 2019[update], the Academy's rules stipulate that "an original song consists of words and music, both of which are original and written specifically for the motion picture. There must be a clearly audible, intelligible, substantive rendition (not necessarily visually presented) of both lyric and melody, used in the body of the motion picture or as the first music cue in the end credits."[1]
The original requirement was only that the nominated song appear in a motion picture during the previous year. This rule was changed after the 1941 Academy Awards, when "The Last Time I Saw Paris", from the film Lady Be Good, with music by Jerome Kern and lyrics by Oscar Hammerstein II, won. Kern was upset that his song won because it had been published and recorded before it was used in the film. Kern was upset because he thought that "Blues in the Night" by Harold Arlen (Music) and Johnny Mercer (lyrics) should have won. Kern's song was actually written in 1940, after the Germans occupied Paris at the start of World War II. It was recorded by Kate Smith and peaked at No. 8 on the bestseller list before it was used in the film.
Kern got the Academy to change the rule so that only songs that are "original and written specifically for the motion picture" are eligible to win.
This rule means that when a film is
There was a debate whether
Number of nominations and submissions
Until the Academy Awards for 1945 (awarded in 1946) any number of songs could be nominated for the award. For the 1945 awards, 14 songs were nominated.
From 1946 to 2011, each member of the Music Branch of the Academy was asked to vote using a points system of 10, 9.5, 9, 8.5, 8, 7.5, 7, 6.5 or 6 points. Only those songs that received an average score of 8.25 or more were eligible for nomination. If no song qualified, there would be no nominees. And if only one song achieved that score, it and the song receiving the next highest score would be the two nominees. This system usually resulted in five nominations each year, except for 2010 when four were nominated, 1988, 2005, and 2008, when only three were nominated; and 2011 when only two were nominated.[5][6]
Following the two song competition in 2011, the rules were changed once more. The number of nominations is now contingent upon the number of submissions. Depending on the number received by the Academy there would be five, three or no nominations each year.[7] Since then, there have always been five nominees, except in 2013 when one was disqualified.
The first film to receive multiple nominations was
Performances at the awards ceremony
Nominated songs are usually performed live at the televised Academy Awards ceremonies. Although pre-televised ceremonies were broadcast on the radio, the tradition of performing the nominated songs did not begin until the 18th Academy Awards in 1946, in which performers included Frank Sinatra, Kathryn Grayson, Dinah Shore, and Dick Haymes.
In the early years, the songs were usually not performed by the original artists, as in the film. For example, in 1965,
However, since Oscar nominees for 1970, 1971 and 1972 had all been major hit records by other artists, in 1973 the rule was amended again, and it became standard to first offer either the original artist or artists who performed the song in the film a chance to perform it at the ceremony, followed by the artist or artists who had the hit record with it.
When neither of those is able to do so (or in rare cases where the telecast producers decide to go with someone else), the Academy chooses more well-known entertainers to perform the song at the ceremony. For example,
That same year, the song "Al otro lado del río" (On The Other Side Of The River), which was featured in the film The Motorcycle Diaries, won the award, becoming the first song in Spanish and the second in a foreign language to receive such an honor (the first winner was the title tune to Never on Sunday, which was sung in Greek in the film by its star, Melina Mercouri). It was written by Uruguayan composer Jorge Drexler, but the producers would not let Drexler perform the song during the show for fear of losing ratings. Instead, the song was performed by Carlos Santana and Antonio Banderas. Drexler's acceptance speech for the award consisted of him singing a few lines a cappella and closed by simply saying "thank you".
In 1985, Phil Collins was passed over to perform his nominated composition "Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)". According to representatives of both Collins' record company and Columbia Pictures, this was because the producers of the telecast were not familiar with his work. Ann Reinking performed the song instead, with Collins sitting in the audience.[10]
At the
In 2009, Peter Gabriel, who was originally scheduled to perform his nominated song "Down to Earth" during the live broadcast, declined to perform after learning that he would be allowed to sing only 65 seconds of the song during the ceremony's Best Original Song nominee performance medley.[12] Gabriel still attended the ceremony, with John Legend performing the song in his place, backed by the Soweto Gospel Choir.
The
It was originally announced that the
It was announced soon after thatIn 2021, performances of the nominees for Best Original Song were shown during the ceremony's pre-show, Oscars: Into the Spotlight. The live performances returned for the next year's ceremony.
Winners and nominees
1930s
1940s
1950s
1960s
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
2020s
See also
- Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Song
- Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song
- Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media
Notes
- ^ The nominations list and awards dinner program from 1942 list "Pig Foot Pete" as a nomination for Hellzapoppin', released in Los Angeles in 1942. The song does not appear in the film, but rather in Keep 'Em Flying, a 1941 release from the same production company and studio. The song would have been ineligible for nomination.
- ^ In 1943, "That Old Black Magic" was nominated under the title "Black Magic" as it was submitted by Paramount Pictures' Music Department. Academy records have since been revised to reflect the more common title.
- ^ A nomination for "This Is Always" from Three Little Girls in Blue, with music by Harry Warren and lyrics by Mack Gordon, was revoked shortly after nominations were announced. The song had been removed from the final cut of the film, rendering it ineligible. "I Can't Begin to Tell You" from The Dolly Sisters became the fifth nominee following a revote.[32]
- ^ On January 29, 2014, a nomination for "Alone yet Not Alone" from the film of the same name, with music by Bruce Broughton and lyrics by Dennis Spiegel, was revoked prior to voting. The Academy concluded that Broughton's campaigning via personal communication with music branch members was inconsistent with promotional regulations.[98]
Records
Winners of multiple awards
- Number of nominations in parentheses
- 4: Sammy Cahn (25) (lyricist)
- 4: Johnny Mercer (18) (16 as lyricist, 2 as composer and lyricist)
- 4: Alan Menken (14) (composer)
- 4: Jimmy Van Heusen (14) (composer)
- 3: Paul Francis Webster (16) (lyricist)
- 3: Harry Warren (11) (composer)
- 3: Ray Evans (7) (composer and lyricist)
- 3: Jay Livingston (7) (composer and lyricist)
- 3: Tim Rice (5) (lyricist)
- 2: Alan and Marilyn Bergman (15) (lyricist)
- 2: Randy Newman (13) (composer and lyricist)
- 2: Henry Mancini (11) (composer)
- 2: Ned Washington (11) (lyricist)
- 2: Sammy Fain (10) (composer)
- 2: Howard Ashman (7) (lyricist)
- 2: Jerome Kern (7) (composer)
- 2: Burt Bacharach (5) (composer)
- 2: Oscar Hammerstein II (5) (lyricist)
- 2: Stephen Schwartz(5) (1 as lyricist, 1 as composer and lyricist)
- 2: Elton John (4) (composer)
- 2: Joel Hirschhorn (3) (composer and lyricist)
- 2: Will Jennings (3) (lyricist)
- 2: Al Kasha (3) (composer and lyricist)
- 2: Kristen Anderson-Lopez (3) (composer and lyricist)
- 2: Robert Lopez (3) (composer and lyricist)
- 2: Giorgio Moroder (2) (composer)
- 2: Billie Eilish (2) (composer and lyricist)
- 2: Finneas O'Connell (2) (composer and lyricist)
Most nominations without a win
- 15: Diane Warren (composer and lyricist)
- 8: Mack David (lyricist)
- 5: Harold Adamson (lyricist)
- 5: Nicholas Brodszky (composer)
- 5: Jimmy McHugh (composer)
- 5: John Williams (composer)
- 4: Elmer Bernstein (composer)
- 4: James V. Monaco (composer)
- 4: Cole Porter (composer and lyricist)
- 4: Sting (composer and lyricist)
- 3: Bryan Adams (composer and lyricist)
- 3: Jack Brooks (composer and lyricist)
- 3: George Forrest (lyricist)
- 3: David Foster (composer)
- 3: Kim Gannon (lyricist)
- 3: Ira Gershwin (lyricist)
- 3: Quincy Jones (composer)
- 3: Henry Krieger (composer)
- 3: Robert John "Mutt" Lange (composer and lyricist)
- 3: Jerry Livingston (composer)
- 3: Dory Previn (lyricist)
- 3: J. Ralph (composer)
- 3: Marc Shaiman (composer and lyricist)
- 3: Robert Wright(lyricist)
- 3: Victor Young (composer)
- 2: Ralph Blane (lyricist)
- 2: Frank Churchill (composer)
- 2: Carol Connors (composer and lyricist)
- 2: Bill Conti (composer)
- 2: Fred Ebb (lyricist)
- 2: Roger Edens (composer)
- 2: Eliot Daniel (composer and lyricist)
- 2: Sylvia Fine (composer and lyricist)
- 2: Charles Fox (composer)
- 2: Siedah Garrett (lyricist)
- 2: Friedrich Hollaender (composer)
- 2: James Ingram (composer and lyricist)
- 2: John Kander (composer)
- 2: Burton Lane (composer)
- 2: Hugh Martin (composer)
- 2: Paul McCartney (composer and lyricist)
- 2: Lin-Manuel Miranda (composer and lyricist)
- 2: Larry Morey (lyricist)
- 2: Alfred Newman(composer)
- 2: Lionel Newman (composer)
- 2: James Newton Howard (composer)
- 2: Dolly Parton (composer and lyricist)
- 2: André Previn (composer)
- 2: Don Raye (composer)
- 2: Ayn Robbins (composer and lyricist)
- 2: Bob Russell (lyricist)
- 2: Tom Snow (composer)
- 2: U2 (composer and lyricist)
Foreign-language song winners
The award has only been given to songs in languages other than English four times: in
- Manos Hatzidakis was the first to receive this award for a song originally written in a language other than English, in 1960 for "Never on Sunday" (Greek title "Ta Paidia toy Peiraia") from the Greek film Never on Sunday (Greek title Pote tin Kyriaki).
- 2004. That year another foreign language writing pair were nominated, composer Bruno Coulais and lyricist Christophe Barratier for "Look to Your Path" from the French film The Chorus.
- M.I.A., was also nominated, making it the first time two foreign language songs from the same film were nominated in the category.
- RRR, at the 95th Academy Awardsin 2022.
References
- ^ "92nd Academy Awards of Merit" (PDF). Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. p. 20. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 24, 2019. Retrieved February 12, 2020.
- ^ Susan Sacket, "1941: 'The Last Time I Saw Paris'", Hollywood Sings!, Billboard Books, New York, 1995, pp. 42–43.
- ^ a b Rule Fifteen: Special Rules for the Music Awards | Rules for the 86th Academy Awards | Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences Archived October 25, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ ""Once" Again, a Legit Nominee". The New York Times. January 29, 2008.
- ^ Sacket, "Preface", p. xvii.
- ^ BBC2012Noms (January 24, 2012). "Oscars 2012: Nominees in full". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved January 24, 2012.
{{cite news}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ "Oscar Best Song Category Gets Five Nominee Rule". Billboard. August 31, 2012.
- ^ Academy press release
- ^ a b "Oscars 2022: Why is Encanto's We Don't Talk About Bruno not nominated?". BBC News. February 8, 2022. Retrieved March 30, 2022.
- ISBN 0-8230-7677-6. Retrieved February 20, 2009.
- ^ "Oscar Show Participants Revealed" (Press release). Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. February 14, 2008. Archived from the original on February 18, 2008. Retrieved February 15, 2008.
- ^ UPI.com (February 14, 2009). "Gabriel cancels Oscar night performance". United Press International Inc. Archived from the original on February 15, 2009. Retrieved February 22, 2009.
- ^ Oscar nominee Brett McKenzie in Billboard Magazine
- ^ "Why Best Song nominee Anohni is sitting out the Oscars". www.cbsnews.com. February 26, 2016. Retrieved March 1, 2016.
- ^ "The Oscars Might Only Let Two Original Song Nominees Perform During the Telecast". www.vulture.com. January 24, 2019. Retrieved January 26, 2019.
- ^ "Oscars to Feature All Five Best Song Nominees on Telecast After All". www.variety.com. January 31, 2019. Retrieved January 31, 2019.
- ^ "Oscars: Kendrick Lamar and SZA Will Not Perform 'Black Panther' Song". www.variety.com. February 21, 2019. Retrieved February 21, 2019.
- ^ "Eminem Reveals Why He Finally Performed at the Oscars, 17 Years Later". Variety.com. February 10, 2020.
- ^ "The 7th Academy Awards – 1935". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved January 17, 2018.
- ^ "The 8th Academy Awards – 1936". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved January 17, 2018.
- ^ "The 9th Academy Awards – 1937". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved January 17, 2018.
- ^ "The 10th Academy Awards – 1938". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved January 17, 2018.
- ^ "The 11th Academy Awards – 1939". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved January 17, 2018.
- ^ "The 12th Academy Awards – 1940". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved January 17, 2018.
- ^ "The 13th Academy Awards – 1941". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved January 17, 2018.
- ^ "The 14th Academy Awards – 1942". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved January 17, 2018.
- ^ "The 15th Academy Awards – 1943". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved January 17, 2018.
- ^ "The 16th Academy Awards – 1944". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved January 17, 2018.
- ^ "The 17th Academy Awards – 1945". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved January 17, 2018.
- ^ "The 18th Academy Awards – 1946". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved January 17, 2018.
- ^ "The 19th Academy Awards – 1947". Oscars.org | Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved January 17, 2018.
- ^ "Tune-Swap Effected in Oscar Mix-Up", Variety, February 26, 1947
- ^ "The 20th Academy Awards – 1948". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved January 17, 2018.
- ^ "The 21st Academy Awards – 1949". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved January 17, 2018.
- ^ "The 22nd Academy Awards – 1950". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved January 17, 2018.
- ^ "The 23rd Academy Awards – 1951". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved January 16, 2018.
- ^ "The 24th Academy Awards – 1952". Oscars.org | Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved January 16, 2018.
- ^ "The 25th Academy Awards – 1953". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved January 16, 2018.
- ^ "The 26th Academy Awards – 1954". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved January 16, 2018.
- ^ "The 27th Academy Awards – 1955". Oscars.org | Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved January 16, 2018.
- ^ "The 28th Academy Awards – 1956". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved January 16, 2018.
- ^ "The 29th Academy Awards – 1957". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved January 16, 2018.
- ^ "The 30th Academy Awards – 1958". Oscars.org | Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved January 16, 2018.
- ^ "The 31st Academy Awards – 1959". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved January 16, 2018.
- ^ "The 32nd Academy Awards – 1960". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved January 16, 2018.
- ^ "The 33rd Academy Awards – 1961". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved January 15, 2018.
- ^ "The 34th Academy Awards – 1962". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved January 15, 2018.
- ^ "The 35th Academy Awards – 1963". Oscars.org | Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved January 15, 2018.
- ^ "The 36th Academy Awards – 1964". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved January 15, 2018.
- ^ "The 37th Academy Awards – 1965". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved January 15, 2018.
- ^ "The 38th Academy Awards – 1966". Oscars.org | Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved January 15, 2018.
- ^ "The 39th Academy Awards – 1967". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved January 15, 2018.
- ^ "The 40th Academy Awards – 1968". Oscars.org | Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved January 15, 2018.
- ^ "The 41st Academy Awards – 1969". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved January 15, 2018.
- ^ "The 42nd Academy Awards – 1970". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved January 15, 2018.
- ^ "The 43rd Academy Awards – 1971". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved January 13, 2018.
- ^ "The 44th Academy Awards – 1972". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved January 13, 2018.
- ^ "The 45th Academy Awards – 1973". Oscars.org | Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved January 13, 2018.
- ^ "The 46th Academy Awards – 1974". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved January 13, 2018.
- ^ "The 47th Academy Awards – 1975". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved January 13, 2018.
- ^ "The 48th Academy Awards – 1976". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved January 13, 2018.
- ^ "The 49th Academy Awards – 1977". Oscars.org | Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved January 13, 2018.
- ^ "The 50th Academy Awards – 1978". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved January 13, 2018.
- ^ "The 51st Academy Awards – 1979". Oscars.org | Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved January 13, 2018.
- ^ "The 52nd Academy Awards – 1980". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved January 13, 2018.
- ^ "The 53rd Academy Awards – 1981". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved January 12, 2018.
- ^ "The 54th Academy Awards – 1982". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved January 12, 2018.
- ^ "The 55th Academy Awards – 1983". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved January 12, 2018.
- ^ "The 56th Academy Awards – 1984". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved January 12, 2018.
- ^ "The 57th Academy Awards – 1985". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved January 12, 2018.
- ^ "The 58th Academy Awards – 1986". Oscars.org | Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved January 12, 2018.
- ^ "The 59th Academy Awards – 1987". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved January 12, 2018.
- ^ "The 60th Academy Awards – 1988". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved January 12, 2018.
- ^ "The 61st Academy Awards – 1989". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved January 12, 2018.
- ^ "The 62nd Academy Awards – 1990". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved January 12, 2018.
- ^ "The 63rd Academy Awards – 1991". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved January 12, 2018.
- ^ "The 64th Academy Awards – 1992". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved January 12, 2018.
- ^ "The 65th Academy Awards – 1993". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved January 12, 2018.
- ^ "The 66th Academy Awards – 1994". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved January 12, 2018.
- ^ "The 67th Academy Awards – 1995". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved January 12, 2018.
- ^ "The 68th Academy Awards – 1996". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved January 12, 2018.
- ^ "The 69th Academy Awards – 1997". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved January 12, 2018.
- ^ "The 70th Academy Awards – 1998". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved January 12, 2018.
- ^ "The 71st Academy Awards – 1999". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved January 12, 2018.
- ^ "The 72nd Academy Awards – 2000". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved January 12, 2018.
- ^ "The 73rd Academy Awards – 2001". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved January 12, 2018.
- ^ "The 74th Academy Awards – 2002". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved January 12, 2018.
- ^ "The 75th Academy Awards – 2003". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved January 12, 2018.
- ^ "The 76th Academy Awards – 2004". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved January 12, 2018.
- ^ "The 77th Academy Awards – 2005". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved January 12, 2018.
- ^ "The 78th Academy Awards – 2006". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved January 12, 2018.
- ^ "The 79th Academy Awards – 2007". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved January 12, 2018.
- ^ "The 80th Academy Awards – 2008". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved January 12, 2018.
- ^ "The 81st Academy Awards – 2009". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved January 12, 2018.
- ^ "The 82nd Academy Awards – 2010". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved January 12, 2018.
- ^ "The 83rd Academy Awards – 2011". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved January 12, 2018.
- ^ "The 85th Academy Awards – 2013". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved January 12, 2018.
- ^ Feinberg, Scott (January 29, 2014), "Academy Disqualifies Oscar-Nominated Song 'Alone Yet Not Alone'", The Hollywood Reporter
- ^ "The 86th Academy Awards – 2014". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved January 12, 2018.
- ^ "The 88th Academy Awards – 2016". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved January 12, 2018.
- ^ "The 89th Academy Awards – 2017". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved January 12, 2018.
- ^ "The 90th Academy Awards – 2018". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved January 22, 2018.
- ^ "The 91st Academy Awards – 2019". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved January 22, 2019.