β-Endorphin
Names | |
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IUPAC name
L-Tyrosylglycylglycyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-methionyl-L-threonyl-L-seryl-L-glutaminyl-L-lysyl-L-seryl-L-glutaminyl-L-threonyl-L-prolyl-L-leucyl-L-valyl-L-threonyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-lysyl-L-asparaginyl-L-alanyl-L-isoleucyl-L-isoleucyl-L-lysyl-L-asparaginyl-L-alanyl-L-tyrosyl-L-lysyl-L-lysylglycyl-L-glutamine
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Identifiers | |
3D model (
JSmol ) |
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ChEBI | |
ChemSpider | |
ECHA InfoCard
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100.056.646 |
IUPHAR/BPS |
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PubChem CID
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UNII | |
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Properties | |
C158H251N39O46S | |
Molar mass | 3465.03 g·mol−1 |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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β-Endorphin (beta-endorphin) is an
There are multiple forms of β-endorphins with the full sequence of
Function of β-endorphin has been known to be associated with
Formation and structure
β-Endorphin is found in neurons of the
A significant factor that differentiates β-endorphin from other endogenous opioids is its
Function and effects
β-Endorphin function is said to be divided into two main categories: local function and global function. Global function of β-endorphin is related to decreasing bodily stress and maintaining homeostasis resulting in pain management, reward effects, and behavioral stability. β-Endorphin in global pathways diffuse to different parts of the body through cerebral spinal fluid in the spinal cord, allowing for β-endorphin release to affect the peripheral nervous system. Localized function of β-endorphin results in release of β-endorphin in different brain regions such as the amygdala or the hypothalamus.
Opioid agonist
β-Endorphin is an agonist of the
Pain management
β-Endorphin has been primarily studied for its influence on
β-Endorphin has approximately 18 to 33 times the analgesic potency of morphine,[18] though its hormonal effect is species dependent.[8]
Exercise
β-Endorphin release in response to exercise has been known and studied since at least the 1980s.
Sunlight
There is evidence that β-endorphin is released in response to ultraviolet radiation, either through sun exposure or artificial tanning.[21] This is thought to contribute to addiction behavior among excessive sunbathers and users of artificial tanning despite health risks.
Mechanism of action
β-Endorphin acts as an agonist that binds to various types of
History
β-Endorphin was discovered in camel pituitary extracts by C.H. Li and David Chung.
References
- ^ ISBN 978-0-07-148127-4.
Opioid Peptides
β-Endorphin (also a pituitary hormone) ...
Opioid peptides are encoded by three distinct genes. These precursors include POMC, from which the opioid peptide β-endorphin and several nonopioid peptides are derived, as discussed earlier; proenkephalin, from which met-enkephalin and leu-enkephalin are derived; and prodynorphin, which is the precursor of dynorphin and related peptides. Although they come from different precursors, opioid peptides share significant amino acid sequence identity. Specifically, all of the well-validated endogenous opioids contain the same four N-terminal amino acids (Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe), followed by either Met or Leu ... Among endogenous opioid peptides, β-endorphin binds preferentially to μ receptors. ... Shared opioid peptide sequences. Although they vary in length from as few as five amino acids (enkephalins) to as many as 31 (β-endorphin), the endogenous opioid peptides shown here contain a shared N-terminal sequence followed by either Met or Leu. - PMID 22300099.
- PMID 33396962.
- ^ DBGET
- ^ PMID 25879522.
- ^ PMID 26903509.
- ^ PMID 7520295.
- ^ PMID 291954.
- ^ a b Borsodi A, Caló G, Chavkin C, Christie MJ, Civelli O, Cox BM, Devi LA, Evans C, Henderson G, Höllt V, Kieffer B, Kitchen I, Kreek MJ, Liu-Chen LY, Meunier JC, Portoghese PS, Shippenberg TS, Simon EJ, Toll L, Traynor JR, Ueda H, Wong YH (15 March 2017). "Opioid receptors: μ receptor". IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. Retrieved 26 May 2017.
Principal endogenous agonists (Human)
β-endorphin (POMC, P01189), [Met]enkephalin (PENK, P01210), [Leu]enkephalin (PENK, P01210) ...
Comments: β-Endorphin is the highest potency endogenous ligand - PMID 28419415.
- PMID 22020140.
- PMID 9860808.
- S2CID 4345632.
- PMID 18567959.
- ^ PMID 20397507.
- ^ PMID 28235500.
- PMID 28213891.
- PMID 8780.
- ^ S2CID 6435497.
- ^ Goldberg J (19 February 2014). "Exercise and Depression". WebMD. Retrieved 14 July 2014.
- ^ "Addicted to the Sun". hms.harvard.edu. 19 June 2014. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
- PMID 1063395.
External links
- CID 16132316 from PubChem – β-endorphin
- CID 3081525 from PubChem – β-endorphin (1-9)
- CID 133304 from PubChem – β-endorphin (2-9)
- β-endorphin at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)