Betacoronavirus

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This article is about the genus of coronavirus. It is not to be confused with the Beta variant of the SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes COVID-19.
Betacoronavirus
Murine coronavirus virion electron micrograph, schematic structure, and genome
electron micrograph
, schematic structure, and genome
Virus classification Edit this classification
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Orthornavirae
Phylum: Pisuviricota
Class: Pisoniviricetes
Order: Nidovirales
Family: Coronaviridae
Subfamily:
Orthocoronavirinae
Genus: Betacoronavirus
Subgenera and species

See text

Betacoronavirus (β-CoVs or Beta-CoVs) is one of four genera (

Delta-) of coronaviruses. Member viruses are enveloped, positive-strand RNA viruses that infect mammals, including humans. The natural reservoir for betacoronaviruses are bats and rodents. Rodents are the reservoir for the subgenus Embecovirus, while bats are the reservoir for the other subgenera.[1]

The coronavirus genera are each composed of varying viral lineages with the betacoronavirus genus containing four such lineages: A, B, C, D. In older literature, this genus is also known as "group 2 coronaviruses". The genus is in the subfamily

Orthocoronavirinae in the family Coronaviridae, of the order Nidovirales
.

The betacoronaviruses of the greatest clinical importance concerning humans are

MERS-CoV (the cause of MERS) of lineage C. MERS-CoV is the first betacoronavirus belonging to lineage C that is known to infect humans.[3][4]

Etymology

The name "betacoronavirus" is derived from

nidus, which means 'nest'. It refers to this order's production of a 3′-coterminal nested set of subgenomic mRNAs during infection.[5]

Structure

MERS-CoV: structure, attachment, entrance, and genomic composition

Several structures of the spike proteins have been resolved. The receptor binding domain in the alpha- and betacoronavirus spike protein is cataloged as

ACE2
receptor.

The viruses of subgenera Embecovirus differ from all others in the genus in that they have an additional shorter (8 nm) spike-like protein called hemagglutinin esterase (HE) (P15776). It is believed to have been acquired from influenza C virus.[5][8]

Genome

Genomes of alphacoronaviruses and betacoronaviruses

Coronaviruses have a large

nonstructural proteins (see UniProt annotation of SARS rep, P0C6X7
).

As of May 2013, GenBank has 46 published complete genomes of the α- (group 1), β- (group 2), γ- (group 3), and δ- (group 4) CoVs.[9]

Recombination

SARS-CoV, appears to have had a complex history of recombination between ancestral coronaviruses that were hosted in several different animal groups.[11][12]

Pathogenesis

Replication cycle of viruses of genus Betacoronavirus

Alpha- and betacoronaviruses mainly infect bats, but they also infect other species like

rodents.[13][14][15]
Betacoronaviruses that have caused epidemics in humans generally induce fever and respiratory symptoms. They include:

Classification

MERS-CoV

Within the genus Betacoronavirus (Group 2 CoV), four subgenera or lineages (A, B, C, and D) have traditionally been recognized.[5] The four lineages have also been named using Greek letters or numerically.[9] A fifth subgenus, Hibecovirus, was added more recently.[16] Member subgenera and species include:[17]

Embecovirus (lineage A)

Main article: Embecovirus

Betacoronavirus 1

China Rattus coronavirus HKU24
Human coronavirus HKU1
Murine coronavirus

  • Mouse hepatitis virus

Myodes coronavirus 2JL14

Sarbecovirus (lineage B)

Main article:
Sarbecovirus

Severe acute respiratory syndrome–related coronavirus (SARSr-CoV or SARS-CoV)

Coronaviruses
HCoV-229E virus
Types
Diseases
Vaccines
Epidemics and pandemics
See also

Merbecovirus (lineage C)

Main article: Merbecovirus

Hedgehog coronavirus 1

Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (MERS-CoV)

Pipistrellus bat coronavirus HKU5
Tylonycteris bat coronavirus HKU4

Nobecovirus (lineage D)

Main article: Nobecovirus

Eidolon bat coronavirus C704
Rousettus bat coronavirus GCCDC1
Rousettus bat coronavirus HKU9

Hibecovirus

Main article: Hibecovirus

Bat Hp-betacoronavirus Zhejiang2013

See also

  • Animal viruses

References

  1. doi:10.3390/w12061598
    .
  2. ^ "Phylogeny of SARS-like betacoronaviruses". nextstrain. Retrieved 18 January 2020.
  3. ^ ProMED. MERS-CoV–Eastern Mediterranean (06) (http://www.promedmail.org/)
  4. PMID 23718156
    .
  5. ^
    PMID 21994708
    .
  6. PMID 27696819
    .
  7. PMID 26855426
    .
  8. PMID 28279346
    .
  9. ^
    PMID 23693015
    .
  10. ^
    PMID 31534035
  11. PMID 15019585
  12. PMID 15480857
  13. PMID 17121802
    .
  14. PMID 22398294
    .
  15. PMID 31645223
    .
  16. PMID 30791586
    .
  17. ^ "Virus Taxonomy: 2019 Release". talk.ictvonline.org. International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Retrieved 20 June 2020.

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Betacoronavirus&oldid=1212673122"