Betar (ancient village)
בֵּיתַּר | |
Roman Judea |
Part of a series on the |
Bar Kokhba revolt |
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Betar (Hebrew: בֵּיתַּר), also spelled Beitar, Bethar or Bether, was an ancient Jewish town in the Judean Mountains. Continuously inhabited since the Iron Age,[1] it was the last standing stronghold of the Bar Kokhba revolt, and was destroyed by the Imperial Roman Army under Hadrian in 135 CE.[2][3][4]
Ancient Betar's ruins can be found at the
The Israeli settlement and city Beitar Illit, named after the ancient city, is also located nearby.
Etymology
Bet tar in ancient Hebrew might mean the place of the blade, based on the variant spelling found in the Jerusalem Talmud (Codex Leiden), where the place name is written בֵּיתתֹּר,[7] the name may have simply been a contraction of two words: בית + תר, 'bet + tor', meaning "the house of a dove." Alternatively, the name may have originated from a contraction of בית + יתר, ‘bet + Jether’, meaning “the house of Jether”;[8] Jether was a Judean clan living in this area of the Judean Hills during the First Temple period.[9]
Location
Betar was perched on a hill about 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) southwest of
History and archaeology
Iron Age
The origins of Betar are likely in the
Between the two revolts
Following the destruction of Jerusalem during the First-Jewish Roman war, in 70 CE, Betar's importance grew. It is believed that early in Hadrian's rule, Jewish institutions relocated there, probably due to the city's proximity to the destroyed Jerusalem.[10]
Bar Kokhba revolt
During the
Legio XI[13]
The Babylonian Talmud (Sanhedrin 95; Gittin 58, et al.) and the Midrash (in Lamentations Rabbah) mention the city Betar, the siege, and the fate of its inhabitants. The siege was also mentioned by Eusebius and Hieronymus. According to Eusebius, "The war reached its height in the eighteenth year of the reign of Hadrian in Beththera, which was a strong citadel not very far from Jerusalem; the siege lasted a long time before the rebels were driven to final destruction by famine and thirst and the instigator of their madness paid the penalty he deserved."[10]
According to Kennedy and Riley, the size of the two largest camps discovered nearby (A and B) would indicate that there was enough for 6000 and 1800 soldiers during the siege of the city, respectively. It is not definite that Camps C, E, and F were actually temporary Roman camps, but if they are contemporaneous with the addition of more troops in Camps C, D, E, and F, the overall siege force may have been around 10–12,000 soldiers.[14] A stone inscription bearing Latin characters and discovered near the city shows that the Fifth Macedonian Legion and the Eleventh Claudian Legion took part in the siege.[13]
Aftermath
The destruction of Betar in 135 put an end to the Jewish–Roman wars against Rome, and effectively quashed any Jewish hopes for self-governance in that period. Following the Fall of Betar, the Romans went on a systematic campaign of wiping out the remaining Judean villages, and hunting down refugees and the remaining rebels, with the last pockets of resistance being eliminated by the spring of 136.[15]
Talmud narrative and Jewish tradition
According to the
Siege
According to the Jerusalem Talmud, the city was besieged for three and a half years before it finally fell (Jerusalem Talmud, Taanit 4:5 [13][17]). According to Jewish tradition, the fortress was breached and destroyed on the fast of Tisha B'Av, in the year 135, on the ninth day of the lunar month Av, a day of mourning for the destruction of the First and the Second Jewish Temple.[18] Earlier, when the Roman army had circumvallated the city (from Latin, circum- + vallum, round-about + rampart), some sixty men of Israel went down and tried to make a breach in the Roman rampart, but to no avail. When they had not returned and were presumed to be dead, the Ḥazal permitted their wives to remarry, even though their husbands' bodies had not been retrieved.[19]
Massacre
The massacre perpetrated against all defenders, including the children who were found in the city, is described by the Jerusalem Talmud.[20]
The Jerusalem Talmud relates that the number of dead in Betar was enormous, that the Romans "went on killing until their horses were submerged in blood to their nostrils."
Hadrian had prohibited the burial of the dead, and so all the bodies remained above ground. According to Jewish legend, they miraculously did not decompose.[23] Many years later Hadrian's successor, Antoninus (Pius), allowed the dead to be afforded a decent burial, during which time the Sages of Yavne made it a rule to acknowledge God's goodness by adding "He that is good and who does good" (Hebrew: הטוב והמטיב) in the grace said over meals.[24]
Rabbinical explanation
Rabbinical literature ascribes the defeat to Bar Kokhba killing his maternal uncle, Rabbi Elazar Hamudaʻi, after suspecting him of collaborating with the enemy, thereby forfeiting Divine protection.[25]
Sources
Accounts of the Fall of Betar in
Rabbi Yohanan has related the following account of the massacre:[26] "The brains of three-hundred children were found upon one stone, along with three-hundred baskets of what remained of phylacteries (Hebrew: tefillin) were found in Betar, each and every one of which had the capacity to hold three measures (three seahs, or what is equivalent to about 28 liters). If you should come to take [all of them] into account, you would find that they amounted to three-hundred measures." Rabban [Shimon] Gamliel said: "Five-hundred schools were in Betar, while the smallest of them wasn't less than three-hundred children. They used to say, 'If the enemy should ever come upon us, with these styli [used in pointing at the letters of sacred writ] we'll go forth and stab them.' But since iniquities had caused [their fall], the enemy came in and wrapped up each and every child in his own book and burnt them together, and no one remained except me."
Legacy
Judaism
The fourth blessing that is said by Israel in the Grace over meals is said to have been enacted by Ḥazal in recognition of the dead at Betar who, although not afforded proper burial, their bodies did not putrefy and were, at last, brought to burial.[27]
Folklore
In 1874, French archeologist
Revisionist and Religious Zionism
The name of the
The village of
Beitar Illit, lit. Upper Beitar, is named after the ancient Jewish city of Betar, whose ruins lie 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) away. It was established by a small group of young families from the religious Zionist yeshiva of Machon Meir. The first residents settled in 1990.[33]
References
- ^ A. Oppenheimer, Between Rome and Babylon, 2005, 313-9
- ^ David Ussishkin, "Soundings in Betar, Bar-Kochba's Last Stronghold"
- ^ D. Ussishkin, Archaeological Soundings at Betar, Bar-Kochba's Last Stronghold, Tel Aviv 20, 1993, pp. 66-97.
- ^ K. Singer, Pottery of the Early Roman Period from Betar, Tel Aviv 20, 1993, pp. 98-103.
- ^ Palmer, 1881, p. 312
- ^ Tamén, Conder, Claude R. (1887). Tent Work in Palestine: A Record of Discovery and Adventure (1887 ed.). R. Bentley & Son. p. 143.
- OCLC 829454181.
- ^ "The Clans of Ephrat: Their History and Territory". Tel Aviv. 13. Tel Aviv University Institute of Archaeology: 52. 1986.
- ^ I Chronicles 2:53
- ^ )
- ^ Septuagint (Codex Sinaiticus), p. 59a, Greek: καὶ Καρεμ καὶ Γαλλιμ καὶ Βαιθηρ καὶ Μανοχω, although some texts transcribe "Θεθηρ" instead of "Βαιθηρ".
- ^ OCLC 745203905.
- ^ C. Clermont-Ganneau, Archaeological Researches in Palestine during the Years 1873–74, London 1899, pp. 263-270.
- ^ D. Kennedy & D. Riley, Rome’s Desert Frontier from the Air, (1990) 103ff
- ^ Mohr Siebek et al. Edited by Peter Schäfer. The Bar Kokhba War reconsidered. 2003. P160. "Thus it is very likely that the revolt ended only in early 136."
- ^ Jerusalem Talmud (Ta'anit 4:5 [24b])
- ^ "Jerusalem Talmud Taanit 4:5:13". www.sefaria.org. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
- ^ Mishnah (Taanit 4:6)
- ^ Tosefta (Yevamot 14:8)
- ^ Jerusalem Talmud, Taanit 4:5 (24a); Midrash Rabba (Lamentations Rabba 2:5).
- ^ Ta'anit 4:5
- ^ Palestinian Talmud, Taanit 4:5 (24a–b)
- Babylonian Talmud, Berakhot48b
- Babylonian Talmud (Berakhot48b)
- ^ Jerusalem Talmud Ta'anit iv. 68d; Lamentations Rabbah ii. 2
- ^ Midrash Rabba (Lamentations Rabba 2:5)
- ^ Babylonian Talmud, Berakhot 48b
- ^ Clermont-Ganneau, 1896, Vol. 2, p. 469-470
- ^ Notes by the Rev. J. E. Hanauer, Palestine Exploration Fund - Quarterly Statement for 1894, p. 149
- ^ a b "Youth Movements: Betar". Centenary of Zionism: 1897–1997. Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 4 August 1998. Retrieved 26 September 2020.
- ^ Shavit, Yaakov (1988). Jabotinsky and the Revisionist Movement 1925–1948. Frank Cass. p. 383.
- ^ "About Mevo Beitar". Archived from the original on 2019-12-17. Retrieved 2019-12-17.
- ^ Tzoren, Moshe Michael. "Some Talk Peace, Others Live It". Hamodia Israel News, November 21, 2018, pp. A18-A19.
Bibliography
- Berenbaum, Michael; Skolnik, Fred, eds. (2007). "Bethar (Betar)". Encyclopaedia Judaica. Quoting from Gibson, Shimon. Encyclopaedia Hebraica (2 ed.). Vol. 3 (2 ed.). Thomson Gale. pp. 527–528. ISBN 978-0-02-865931-2.
- Conder, C.R.; Kitchener, H.H. (1883). The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology. Vol. 3. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. (p. 128)
- Palmer, E.H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
- Ussishkin, David, "Archaeological Soundings at Betar, Bar-Kochba's Last Stronghold", in: Tel Aviv. Journal of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University 20 (1993) 66ff.
External links
- Survey of Western Palestine, 1880 Map, Map 17: IAA, Wikimedia commons Coordinates for Bittir (Khurbet el Yehudi): East longitude, 35.08; North latitude, 31.43
- Shimon Gibson (2006), Bethar, Encyclopedia Hebraica
- Prof. David Ussishkin, Soundings in Betar, Bar-Kochba's Last Stronghold.
- Other Midrashic sources can be seen here Archived 2016-04-09 at the Wayback Machine.