Beyoğlu

Coordinates: 41°01′43″N 28°58′29″E / 41.02861°N 28.97472°E / 41.02861; 28.97472
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For the funicular station, see Beyoğlu (Tünel).
Beyoğlu
Istanbul
Government
 • Mayorİnan Güney (CHP)
Area
9 km2 (3 sq mi)
Population
 (2022)[1]
225,920
 • Density25,000/km2 (65,000/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+3 (TRT)
Area code0212
Websitewww.beyoglu.bel.tr

Beyoğlu (Turkish:

Istanbul Province, Turkey.[2] Its area is 9 km2,[3] and its population is 225,920 (2022).[1] It is on the European side of Istanbul, Turkey, separated from the old city (historic peninsula of Constantinople) by the Golden Horn. It was known as the region of Pera (Πέρα, meaning "Beyond" in Greek) surrounding the ancient coastal town Galata which faced Constantinople across the Horn. Beyoğlu continued to be named Pera during the Middle Ages
and, in western languages, into the early 20th century.

According to the prevailing theory, the Turkish name of Pera, Beyoğlu, meaning "Son of a

Republic of Turkey.[5] Once a predominantly Christian (Armenians, Greeks, and Turkish Levantine) neighbourhood,[6][7] its population today mostly consists of Turks and Kurds who moved there after the Republic of Turkey was founded in 1923 and after Istanbul pogrom
in 1955.

The district encompasses other neighborhoods located north of the Golden Horn, including Galata (the medieval Genoese citadel from which Beyoğlu itself originated, which is today known as Karaköy), Tophane, Cihangir, Şişhane, Tepebaşı, Tarlabaşı, Dolapdere and Kasımpaşa, and is connected to the old city center across the Golden Horn through the Galata Bridge, Atatürk Bridge and Golden Horn Metro Bridge. Beyoğlu is the most active art, entertainment and nightlife centre of Istanbul.

History

Map of Constantinople (1422) by Florentine cartographer Cristoforo Buondelmonti, showing (a greatly enlarged) Pera (Beyoğlu) at the north of the Golden Horn, with the peninsula of Constantinople to the south.
Catholic church
in Istanbul and Turkey.

The area now known as Beyoğlu has been inhabited since

Dying Galatian statue. The name may have also derived from the Italian word Calata, meaning "downward slope", as Galata, formerly a colony of the Republic of Genoa
between 1273 and 1453, stands on a hilltop that goes downwards to the sea.

Genoese and Venetian periods

The area came to be the base of European merchants, particularly from Genoa and Venice, in what was then known as Pera. Following the Fourth Crusade in 1204, and during the Latin Empire of Constantinople (1204–1261), the Venetians became more prominent in Pera. The Dominican Church of St. Paul (1233), today known as the Arap Camii, is from this period.[9]

In 1273 the

Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos granted Pera to the Republic of Genoa in recognition of Genoa's support of the Empire after the Fourth Crusade and the sacking of Constantinople in 1204. Pera became a flourishing trade colony, ruled by a podestà
.

The Genoese Palace (Palazzo del Comune) was built in 1316[10] by Montano de Marinis, the Podestà of Galata (Pera), and still remains today in ruins, near the Bankalar Caddesi (Banks Street) in Karaköy, along with its adjacent buildings and numerous Genoese houses from the early 14th century.

In 1348 the Genoese built the famous Galata Tower, one of the most prominent landmarks of Istanbul. Pera (Galata) remained under Genoese control until May 29, 1453, when it was conquered by the Ottomans along with the rest of the city, after the Siege of Constantinople.

Galata Tower (1348) was built by the Genoese at the northern apex of the citadel of Galata.

During the Byzantine period, the Genoese Podestà ruled over the Italian community of Galata (Pera), which was mostly made up of the Genoese, Venetians, Tuscans and Ragusans.

Venice, Genoa's archrival, regained control in the strategic citadel of Galata (Pera), which they were forced to leave in 1261 when the Byzantines retook Constantinople and brought an end to the Latin Empire (1204–1261) that was established by Enrico Dandolo, the Doge of Venice.

Following the Turkish siege of Constantinople in 1453, during which the Genoese sided with the Byzantines and defended the city together with them, the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II allowed the Genoese (who had fled to their colonies in the Aegean Sea such as Lesbos and Chios) to return to the city, but Galata was no longer run by a Genoese Podestà.

Venice immediately established political and commercial ties with the Ottoman Empire, and a Venetian Bailo was sent to Pera as an ambassador, during the Byzantine period. It was the Venetians who suggested Leonardo da Vinci to Bayezid II when the Sultan mentioned his intention to construct a bridge over the Golden Horn, and Leonardo designed his Galata Bridge in 1502.

The Bailo's seat was the "Venetian Palace", originally built in Beyoğlu in the early 16th century and replaced by the existing palace building in 1781; which later became the "Italian Embassy" after the unification of Italy in 1861, and the "Italian Consulate" in 1923, when Ankara became the new Turkish capital.

The Ottoman Empire had an interesting relationship with the Republic of Venice. Even though the two states often went to war over the control of East Mediterranean territories and islands, they were keen on restoring their trade pacts once the wars were over, such as the renewed trade pacts of 1479, 1503, 1522, 1540 and 1575 following major sea wars between the two sides. The Venetians were also the first Europeans to taste Ottoman delicacies such as coffee, centuries before other Europeans saw coffee beans for the first time in their lives during the Battle of Vienna in 1683. These encounters can be described as the beginning of today's rich "coffee culture" in both Venice (and later the rest of Italy) and Vienna.

Following the conquest of Constantinople and Pera in 1453, the coast and the low-lying areas were quickly settled by the Turks, but the European presence in the area did not end. Several Roman Catholic churches, as

St. Anthony of Padua, SS. Peter and Paul in Galata and St. Mary Draperis
were established for the needs of the Levantine population.

Nineteenth-century

A reception held at the Naum Theatre in honour of Giuseppe Garibaldi, who had lived and worked (as a teacher) in the Pera district of Constantinople (Istanbul) between 1828 and 1831.[11] The Naum Theatre seen in this illustration served as the chief opera house of Constantinople, until it was destroyed by a fire 1870.

During the 19th century it was again home to many European traders,[

municipal government and even an underground railway, the Tünel, inaugurated in 1875 as the world's second subway line (after London's Underground) to carry the people of Pera up and down from the port of Galata and the nearby business and banking district of Karaköy, where the Bankalar Caddesi (Avenue of the Banks), the financial center of the Ottoman Empire, is located. The theatre, cinema, patisserie and café culture that still remains strong in Beyoğlu dates from this late Ottoman period. Shops like İnci, famous for its chocolate mousse and profiteroles
, predate the founding of the republic and survived until recently.

Pera and Galata in the late 19th and early 20th centuries were a part of the Municipality of the Sixth Circle (French: Municipalité du VIème Cercle), established under the laws of 11 Jumada al-Thani (Djem. II) and 24 Shawwal (Chev.) 1274, in 1858; the organisation of the central city in the city walls, "Stamboul" (Turkish: İstanbul), was not affected by these laws. All of Constantinople was in the Prefecture of the City of Constantinople (French: Préfecture de la Ville de Constantinople).[13]

The foreign communities also built their own schools, many of which went on to educate the elite of future generations of Turks, and still survive today as some of the best schools in Istanbul (see

list of schools in Istanbul
).

The rapid

modernization which took place in Europe and left Ottoman Turkey behind was symbolized by the differences between Beyoğlu, and the historic Turkish quarters such as Eminönü and Fatih across the Golden Horn, in the Old City. When the Ottoman sultans finally initiated a modernization program with the Edict of Tanzimat
(Reorganization) in 1839, they started constructing numerous buildings in Pera that mixed traditional Ottoman styles with newer European ones.

In addition, Sultan

Abdülmecid stopped living in the Topkapı Palace and built a new palace near Pera, called the Dolmabahçe Palace, which blended the Neo-Classical, Baroque and Rococo
styles.

20th-21st centuries

Greek shops on İstiklal Avenue in Beyoğlu, 1930s.
Monument of the Republic
(1928)

When the Ottoman Empire collapsed and the Turkish Republic was founded (during and after the

First World War) Pera, which became known as Beyoğlu in English in the modern era, went into gradual decline. The decline accelerated with the departure of the large Greek population of Beyoğlu and adjacent Galata as a result of Turkish pressure over the Cyprus conflict, during the 1950s and 1960s. The widespread political violence between leftist and rightist groups which troubled Turkey in the late 1970s also severely affected the lifestyle of the district, and accelerated its decline with the flight of the middle-class citizens to newer suburban areas such as Levent and Yeşilköy
.

By the late 1980s, many of the grandiose Neoclassical and Art Nouveau apartment-blocks, formerly the residences of the late Ottoman élite, became home to immigrants from the countryside. While Beyoğlu continued to enjoy a reputation for its cosmopolitan and sophisticated atmosphere until the 1940s and 1950s, by the 1980s the area had become economically and socially troubled.[citation needed]

The first decades of the 21st century have witnessed the rapid gentrification of these neighborhoods. Istiklal Avenue has once again become a destination for tourists, and formerly bohemian neighborhoods like Cihangir have once again become fashionable and quite expensive. Some 19th and early 20th century buildings have been tastefully restored, while others have been converted into mammoth luxury malls of dubious aesthetic value.[citation needed] As newer, more international and affluent residents have begun to creep down the hills into Tophane and Tarlabasi, disagreements with more conservative elements in the neighborhoods have become common.

The low-lying areas such as Tophane, Kasımpaşa and Karaköy, and the side-streets of the area consist of older buildings.[citation needed]

Infrastructure

Roads

Parallel to İstiklal Avenue runs the wide bi-directional boulevard named Tarlabaşı Caddesi, which carries most of the traffic through the area and was constructed in the 1980s. The streets on either side of this road contain historic buildings and churches. The once cosmopolitan areas surrounding them have deteriorated. However, recent gentrification projects have seen some of the buildings restored. Istanbul's first beltway, the Kasımpaşa-Hasköy Tunnel, Piyalepaşa Avenue, Meclis-i Mebusan Avenue and Kulturuş Deresi Avenue are other major thoroughfares. Many Istanbul bus lines and the

Istanbul Metrobus
(only the Halıcıoğlu stop) provide transportation to the district.

Rail transport

F1 and Tünel also provide transport for the district.[14]

Culture

Atatürk Cultural Center is the main opera hall in the city.

Foreigners, especially from Euro-Mediterranean and West European countries, have long resided in Beyoğlu. There is a

Sufi
orders, such as the Cihangirî (pronounced Jihangiri) order, were founded here.

Most of the

embassies until 1923, when Ankara became the new Turkish capital) are still in this area; the Italian, British, German, Greek, Russian, Dutch, and Swedish
consulates are significant in terms of their history and architecture.

Beyoğlu is also home to many high schools like

Liceo Italiano, Beyoğlu Anatolian High School, Beyoğlu Kız Lisesi, Zografeion Lyceum
, Zappeion Lyceum, and numerous others.

The unique international art project United Buddy Bears was presented in Beyoðlu during the winter of 2004–2005.[15]

Tourism

The main thoroughfare is

İstiklâl Caddesi, running into the neighbourhood from Taksim Square, a pedestrianised 1 mile (1.6 km) long street of shops, cafés, patisseries, restaurants, pubs, winehouses and clubs, as well as bookshops, theatres, cinemas and art galleries. Some of İstiklâl Avenue has a 19th-century metropolitan character, and the avenue is lined with Neoclassical and Art Nouveau buildings. The nostalgic tram which runs on İstiklal Avenue, between Taksim Square and Tünel
, was also re-installed in the early 1990s with the aim of reviving the historic atmosphere of the district.

Çiçek Pasajı (Cité de Péra) on İstiklal Avenue

Some of the city's historic pubs and winehouses are located in the areas around İstiklal Avenue (İstiklal Caddesi) in Beyoğlu. The 19th century

Russian Revolution of 1917, many impoverished noble Russian women, including a Baroness, sold flowers here.[19] By the 1940s the building was mostly occupied by flower shops, hence the present Turkish name Çiçek Pasajı (Flower Passage).[19] Following the restoration of the building in 1988, it was reopened as a galleria of pubs and restaurants.[19]

Bankalar Caddesi (Banks Street) in the Galata quarter of Beyoğlu was the financial center of the Ottoman Empire.

Pano, established by Panayotis Papadopoulos in 1898, and the neighbouring Viktor Levi, established in 1914, are among the oldest winehouses in the city and are located on Kalyoncu Kulluk Street near the British Consulate and Galatasaray Square. Cumhuriyet Meyhanesi (literally Republic Winehouse), renamed in the early 1930s but originally established in the early 1890s, is another popular historic winehouse and is located in the nearby Sahne Street, along with the Hazzopulo Winehouse, established in 1871, inside the Hazzopulo Pasajı which connects Sahne Street and Meşrutiyet Avenue. The famous Nevizade Street, which has rows of historic pubs next to each other, is also in this area. Other historic pubs are found in the areas around Tünel Pasajı and the nearby Asmalımescit Street. Some historic neighbourhoods around İstiklal Avenue have recently been recreated, such as Cezayir Street near

Sultan Ahmed Mosque
and Galata Tower.

Cezayir Street, also known as Rue Française, is famous for its pubs and restaurants playing live music.

Throughout Beyoğlu, there are many night clubs for all kinds of tastes. There are restaurants on the top of historic buildings with a view of the city. Asmalımescit Street has rows of traditional Turkish restaurants and Ocakbaşı (grill) houses, while the streets around the historic Balıkpazarı (Fish Market) is full of eateries offering seafood like fried

kokoreç
. Beyoğlu also has many elegant pasaj (passages) from the 19th century, most of which have historic and classy chocolateries and patisseries along with many shops lining their alleys. There is also a wide range of fast-food restaurants in the district.

Apart from the hundreds of shops lining the streets and avenues of the district, there is also a business community. Odakule, a 1970s high rise building (the first "structural expressionism" style building in Turkey) is the headquarters of İstanbul Sanayi Odası (ISO) (Istanbul Chamber of Industry) and is located between İstiklal Avenue and Tepebaşı, next to the Pera Museum. Most of the upper floors of the buildings in Beyoğlu are office space, and small workshops are found on the side streets.

Landmarks

Pera Museum
Hagia Triada Greek Orthodox Church

Istanbul Modern, located near Karaköy Port on the Bosphorus, frequently hosts the exhibitions of renowned Turkish and foreign artists.

Pera Museum exhibits some of the works of art from the late Ottoman period, such as the Kaplumbağa Terbiyecisi (Turtle Trainer) by Osman Hamdi Bey. Apart from its permanent collection, the museum also hosts visiting exhibitions, which included the works of renowned artists such as Rembrandt.

Doğançay Museum, Turkey's first contemporary art museum dedicated to the works of a single artist, officially opened its doors to the public in 2004. While the museum almost exclusively displays the works of its founder Burhan Doğançay, a contemporary artists, one floor has been set aside for the works of the artist's father, Adil Doğançay.

Hotel Pera Palace was built in the district in 1892 for hosting the passengers of the Orient Express. Agatha Christie wrote the novel Murder on the Orient Express
in this hotel. Her room is conserved as a museum.

Archeparchy of Diyarbakir
.

The only Jewish Museum of Turkey, which has been converted from a synagogue, is located in the Karaköy quarter, which was known as Galata in the medieval period.

İstiklal Avenue is also located in the historic Beyoğlu (Pera) district. The famous street with shops, cafes, cinemas and other venues stretches for 1.4 kilometres (0.87 mi) and hosts up to 3 million people each day.[20]

The 1948-opened Atlas Cinema is situated in a 1877-built historic building at Istiklal Avenue.[21]

Food and drink

Further information: İstiklal Avenue

Education

Gate of the Galatasaray High School

Primary and secondary schools in the district:

Universities

The original campus of the Ottoman Imperial School of Medicine, established in 1827, was in Galatasaray, Pera.[26] After a fire in 1848 it temporarily moved to the Golden Horn.[27]

Lycée Saint-Joseph, Istanbul was in Pera after its establishment;[28] its official founding year is 1870.[29]

Quarters and neighborhoods

Quarters within Beyoğlu

There are 45

neighbourhoods in Beyoğlu District:[30]

International relations

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Turkey
See also:
Ottoman Empire-United States relations

In the Ottoman period the embassy of the United States to the Ottoman Empire was located in Pera.[31]

Twin towns — sister cities

Beyoğlu is

twinned with:[32]

Friendly cities

[32]

See also

References

  1. ^
    TÜİK
    . Retrieved 12 July 2023.
  2. ^ Büyükşehir İlçe Belediyesi, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
  3. ^ "İl ve İlçe Yüz ölçümleri". General Directorate of Mapping. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
  4. ^ "How Istanbul's districts got their names?". Daily Sabah. 22 March 2016.
  5. ^ "İtalya Hakkında Makaleler - ISTANBUL'DA BIR VENEDIK SARAYI". Italyaonline.net. Retrieved 2014-02-08.
  6. ISBN 9781135214159
    .
  7. ISBN 9780253018427
    .
  8. ISBN 9781845113346
    .
  9. ^ Müller-Wiener (1977), p. 79
  10. ^ Bereket Han, Osmanlı Bankası Müzesi Archived April 10, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  11. ^ "Casa Garibaldi, Istanbul". 14th Istanbul Biennial. Retrieved 2020-03-20.
  12. ^
    OCLC 865002828
    .
  13. Clarendon Press. p. 149
    .
  14. ^ "Hatlarımız". Metro Istanbul (in Turkish). Retrieved 20 February 2024.
  15. ^ "Buddy Baer". Buddy-baer.com. Retrieved 2014-02-08.
  16. ^ "Naum Tiyatrosu - 19.Yüzyıl İstanbul'unun İtalyan Operası - Emre Aracı - Yapı Kredi Kültür Sanat Yayıncılık A.Ş". Ykykultur.com.tr. Archived from the original on 2014-02-01. Retrieved 2014-02-08.
  17. ^ "The Great Fire of Pera in 1870". Retrieved 2017-08-24.
  18. ^ "Naum Tiyatrosu'Nun Perde Arkasi". Oynakbeyi. Archived from the original on 2014-02-02. Retrieved 2014-02-08.
  19. ^ a b c d e f g Tarihi Çiçek Pasajı Archived September 28, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  20. ^ "İstiklal Caddesi". Lonely Planet.
  21. ^ Erbil, Ömer (24 December 2020). "İki yıl önce restorasyona alınmıştı! Atlas Sineması gün sayıyor". Hürriyet (in Turkish). Retrieved 9 February 2021.
  22. ^ Home page. Deutsche Schule Istanbul. Retrieved on 17 January 2015. "TR-34 420 Beyoğlu-Istanbul Șahkulu Bostanı Sokak No. 10"
  23. ^ "Contact." Lycée Français Pierre Loti d'Istanbul. Retrieved on 20 February 2015. "Adresse: Haydar Aliyev Caddesi n°128" and "Adresse: Tomtom Kaptan Sok. Beyoğlu"
  24. ^ "Iletisim". Beykent University. Retrieved 2019-07-09. Taksim Yerleşkesi Cihangir Mahallesi, Sıraselviler Cd. No:65, Beyoğlu / İstanbul
  25. ^ "Home". Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University. Archived from the original on 2009-02-21. Retrieved 2019-07-09. Meclis-i Mebusan Caddesi No: 24Fındıklı 34427 İstanbul
  26. ^ Sarell, R. "Turkey." In: Dobell, Horace Benge (editor). Reports on the Progress of Practical & Scientific Medicine in Different Parts of the World, Volume 2. Longmans, Green, Reader & Dyer, 1871. Start: p. 532. CITED: p. 536.
  27. ^ Sarell, R. "Turkey." In: Dobell, Horace Benge (editor). Reports on the Progress of Practical & Scientific Medicine in Different Parts of the World, Volume 2. Longmans, Green, Reader & Dyer, 1871. Start: p. 532. CITED: p. 537.
  28. ^ "History". Lycée Saint-Joseph, Istanbul. Retrieved 2020-05-08.
  29. ^ "tanitim-sj-tr.pdf" (PDF). Lycée Saint-Joseph. Retrieved 2020-05-08. - See school logo.
  30. ^ Mahalle, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
  31. ^ "Unstated". Servet-i Fünun (1423): cover. 1919-08-21. - caption is in French
  32. ^ a b "Kardeş Şehirler". beyoglu.bel.tr (in Turkish). Beyoğlu. Archived from the original on 2020-02-06. Retrieved 2020-01-18.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Beyoğlu.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Galata.
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