Bezeklik Caves

Coordinates: 42°57′21″N 89°32′22″E / 42.95583°N 89.53944°E / 42.95583; 89.53944
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Bezeklik Thousand Buddha Caves
)
Bezeklik Caves
Bezeklik caves
Map showing the location of Bezeklik Caves
Map showing the location of Bezeklik Caves
Location of Bezeklik Caves in China
Coordinates42°57′21″N 89°32′22″E / 42.95583°N 89.53944°E / 42.95583; 89.53944

The Bezeklik Thousand Buddha Caves (

West Uyghur kingdom around the 10th to 13th centuries.[2]

Bezeklik murals

Uyghur rule (9th–13th centuries).[5]
Phoenix-headed konghou, 10th century A.D., cave 48.[6]

There are 77

Sakyamuni’s "promise" or "praṇidhi" from his past life.[8]

Professor James A. Millward described the

the Uyghurs not only adopted the writing system and religious faiths of the Indo-European Sogdians, such as Manichaeism, Buddhism, and Christianity, but also looked to the Sogdians as "mentors" while gradually replacing them in their roles as Silk Road traders and purveyors of culture.[12] Indeed, Sogdians wearing silk robes are seen in the praṇidhi scenes of Bezeklik murals, particularly Scene 6 from Temple 9 showing Sogdian donors to the Buddha.[4] The paintings of Bezeklik, while having a small amount of Indian influence, is primarily influenced by Chinese and Iranian styles, particularly Sasanian Persian landscape painting.[13] Albert von Le Coq was the first to study the murals and published his findings in 1913. He noted how in Scene 14 from Temple 9 one of the West Eurasian-looking figures with green eyes, wearing a green fur-trimmed coat and presenting a bowl with what he assumed were bags of gold dust, wore a hat that he found reminiscent of the headgear of Sasanian Persian princes.[14]

The Buddhist Uyghurs of the

Buddhist Uyghurs in Turfan failed to retain the memory of their ancestral legacy and falsely believed that the "infidel Kalmuks" (Dzungars) were the ones who built Buddhist monuments in their area.[16]

The murals at Bezeklik have suffered considerable damage. Many of the temples were damaged by the local Muslim population whose religion

India
.

A digital recreation of the Bezeklik murals removed by explorers was shown in Japan.[2][20]

Gallery

  • View of the valley
    View of the valley
  • View of caves
    View of caves
  • Closer view of caves
    Closer view of caves
  • Frescoes of Buddhas
    Frescoes of Buddhas
  • Frescoes of Buddhas
    Frescoes of Buddhas
  • A Uyghur prince
    A Uyghur prince
  • Uyghur princesses, cave 9, Museum für Asiatische Kunst
    Uyghur princesses, cave 9, Museum für Asiatische Kunst
  • Uyghur Princes wearing robes and headdresses, cave 9.
    Uyghur Princes wearing robes and headdresses, cave 9.
  • Praṇidhi scene No. 5, Temple No. 9
    Praṇidhi scene No. 5, Temple No. 9
  • Details from Praṇidhi scene No. 5. Buddhist monks of Tocharian[21] or Sogdian[4] origin on left, and East Asian on right
    Details from Praṇidhi scene No. 5. Buddhist monks of Tocharian[21] or Sogdian[4] origin on left, and East Asian on right
  • A Uyghur painting from the Bezeklik murals
    A Uyghur painting from the Bezeklik murals
  • Praṇidhi scene No. 6, Temple No. 9
    Praṇidhi scene No. 6, Temple No. 9
  • Details showing Sogdian donors to the Buddha
    Details showing
    Buddha
  • An Indian brahmin figure from Cave 9, dated 8th-9th century AD, wall painting
    An Indian brahmin figure from Cave 9, dated 8th-9th century AD, wall painting
  • Fragment of a Buddhist Wall Painting
    Fragment of a Buddhist Wall Painting
  • Tradesmen, Tang dynasty
    Tradesmen, Tang dynasty
  • Uyghur female donor from the Bezeklik murals
    Uyghur female donor from the Bezeklik murals
  • Uyghur noble from the Bezeklik murals
    Uyghur noble from the Bezeklik murals

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ "Bizaklik Thousand Buddha Caves". travelchinaguide.com. Retrieved 2007-09-21.
  2. ^ a b Reconstruction of Bezeklik murals at Ryukoku Museum
  3. ^ von Le Coq, Albert. (1913). Chotscho: Facsimile-Wiedergaben der Wichtigeren Funde der Ersten Königlich Preussischen Expedition nach Turfan in Ost-Turkistan Archived 2016-12-04 at the Wayback Machine. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer (Ernst Vohsen), im Auftrage der Gernalverwaltung der Königlichen Museen aus Mitteln des Baessler-Institutes, p. 28, Tafel 20. (Accessed 3 September 2016).
  4. ^
    ISSN 2191-6411. See also endnote #32
    . (Accessed 3 September 2016.)
  5. .
  6. ^ "箜篌故事:凤首丝绸之路上的凤首箜篌" [Konghou Story: The Phoenix-headed Konghou on the Silk Road] (in Chinese). 23 August 2016. 图4 柏孜克里克第48窟中的凤首箜篌 公元十世纪 (translation: Figure 4 The phoenix-headed Konghou in Cave 48, Bezeklik, 10th century AD)
  7. ^ "Bizaklik Thousand Buddha Caves". showcaves.com. Retrieved 2007-09-21.
  8. ^ The Lost Murals of Bezeklik Thousand Buddha Caves
  9. . Retrieved 10 March 2014.
  10. . See figure 4. "The high genetic heterogeneity of the Early Medieval period is vividly exemplified by 12 individuals from the Uyghur period cemetery of Olon Dov (OLN; Figure 2) in the vicinity of the Uyghur capital of Ordu-Baliq. Six of these individuals came from a single tomb (grave 19), of whom only two are related (OLN002 and OLN003, second-degree; Table S2D); the absence of closer kinship ties raises questions about the function of such tombs and the social relationships of those buried within them. Most Uyghur-period individuals exhibit a high but variable degree of West Eurasian ancestry—best modeled as a mixture of Alans, a historic nomadic pastoral group likely descended from the Sarmatians and contemporaries of the Huns (Bachrach, 1973), and an Iranian-related (BMAC-related) ancestry—together with Ulaanzuukh_SlabGrave (ANA-related) ancestry (Figure 3E). The admixture dates estimated for the ancient Türkic and Uyghur individuals in this study correspond to ca. 500 CE: 8 ± 2 generations before the Türkic individuals and 12 ± 2 generations before the Uyghur individuals (represented by ZAA001 and Olon Dov individuals)."
  11. .
  12. .
  13. .
  14. ^ von Le Coq, Albert. (1913). Chotscho: Facsimile-Wiedergaben der Wichtigeren Funde der Ersten Königlich Preussischen Expedition nach Turfan in Ost-Turkistan Archived 2016-12-04 at the Wayback Machine. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer (Ernst Vohsen), im Auftrage der Gernalverwaltung der Königlichen Museen aus Mitteln des Baessler-Institutes, p. 28. (Accessed 3 September 2016).
  15. .
  16. ^ Gibb, Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen; Lewis, Bernard; Kramers, Johannes Hendrik; Pellat, Charles; Schacht, Joseph (1998). The Encyclopaedia of Islam. Brill. p. 677.
  17. ^
    ISBN 978-1-60606-013-1. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on 2012-10-30.
  18. .
  19. .
  20. ^ Ryukoku University Digital Archives Research Center
  21. ^ von Le Coq, Albert. (1913). Chotscho: Facsimile-Wiedergaben der Wichtigeren Funde der Ersten Königlich Preussischen Expedition nach Turfan in Ost-Turkistan Archived 2016-12-04 at the Wayback Machine. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer (Ernst Vohsen), im Auftrage der Gernalverwaltung der Königlichen Museen aus Mitteln des Baessler-Institutes, Tafel 19 Archived 2017-05-25 at the Wayback Machine. (Accessed 3 September 2016).

Further reading

  • Chotscho : vol.1
  • Altbuddhistische Kultstätten in Chinesisch-Turkistan : vol.1
  • Kitsudo, Koichi (2013). "Historical Significance of Bezeklik cave 20 in the Uyghur Buddhism" in Buddhism and Art in Turfan: From the Perspective of Uyghur Buddhism: Buddhist Culture along the Silk Road: Gandhåra, Kucha, and Turfan, Section II. Kyoto: 141-168 (texts in English and Japanese).
  • Polichetti, Massimiliano A.. 1999. “A Short Consideration Regarding Christian Elements in a Ninth Century Buddhist Wall-fainting from Bezeklik”. The Tibet Journal 24 (2). Library of Tibetan Works and Archives: 101–7. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43302426.

External links