Bharatendu Harishchandra
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Bharatendu Harishchandra | |
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British India | |
Pen name | Rasa |
Occupation | Novelist, poet, playwright |
Language | Hindi |
Notable works | Andher Nagari |
Bharatendu Harishchandra (9 September 1850 – 6 January 1885) was an Indian poet, writer and playwright. He authored several dramas, life sketches and travel accounts, using new media such as reports, publications, letters to editors of publications, translations, and literary works to shape public opinion.[1][2] 'Bharatendu Harishchandra' is often considered as the father of Hindi literature and Hindi theatre.[3][4] He has been hailed as a Yug Charan for his writings depicting the exploitative nature of the British Raj.[5]
Writing under the
Biography
Born into the
Harishchandra edited the magazines Kavi Vachan Sudha, Harishchandra Magazine, Harishchandra Patrika and Bal Vodhini.[8]
He wrote under the pseudonym Girdhar Das. He was titled "Bharatendu" ("The moon of India") at a public meeting by scholars of
He was married and had one daughter.
Hindu traditionalism
According to
He used
Although Urdu was used as the lingua franca across North India since the 18th Century, Harishchandra espoused the cause of reviving Hindi as part of his cultural and nationalist activities. He "combined pleas for [the] use of
Major works
Plays
Bharatendu Harishchandra soon became a director, manager, and playwright. He used theatre as a tool to shape public opinion. His major plays are:
- Vaidika Himsa Na Bhavati, 1873 (वैदिक हिंसा न भवति)
- Satya Harishchandra, 1876 (सत्य हरिश्चन्द्र)
- Bharat Durdasha, 1875
- Niladevi, 1881 (नीलदेवी)
- Andher Nagari (अन्धेर नगरी, City of Darkness), 1881: A popular play of modern Hindi drama and a political satire. Translated and performed in many Indian languages by prominent Indian directors like B. V. Karanth, Prasanna, Arvind Gaur and Sanjay Upadhyaya.
Poetry
- Bhakta Sarvagya (भक्त सर्वज्ञ)
- Prem Malika (प्रेम मालिका), 1872
- Prem Madhuri (प्रेम माधुरी), 1875
- Prem Tarang (प्रेम तरंग),1877
- Prem Prakalpa (प्रेम प्रकल्प), Prem Phulwari (प्रेम फुलवारी) and Prem Sarowar (प्रेम सरोवर), 1883
- Holi (होली), (1874)
- Madhumukul (मधुमुकुल), 1881
- Raga Sangrah (राग संग्रह), 1880
- Varsha Vinod (वर्षा विनोद), 1880
- Vinay Prem Pachasa (विनय प्रेम पचासा), 1881
- Phulon Ka Guchchha (फूलों का गुच्छा), 1882
- Chandravali (चन्द्रावली), 1876 and Krishnacharitra (कृष्णचरित्र), 1883
- Uttarardha Bhaktamal (उत्तरार्द्ध भक्तमाल), 1876–77
निज भाषा उन्नति अहै, सब उन्नति को मूल ।
बिन निज भाषा-ज्ञान के, मिटत न हिय को सूल ।।
विविध कला शिक्षा अमित, ज्ञान अनेक प्रकार।
सब देसन से लै करहू, भाषा माहि प्रचार ।।
Translation:
Progress is made in one's own language (the mother tongue), as it the foundation of all progress.
Without the knowledge of the mother tongue, there is no cure for the pain of heart.
Many arts and education infinite, knowledge of various kinds.
Should be taken from all countries, but be propagated in one's mother tongue.
Translations
- Harsha's Ratnavali (रत्नावली)
- Vishakhadatta's Mudrarakshasa (मुद्राराक्षस)
- Ramprasad Sen's Vidyasundar (विद्यासुन्दर) from Bengali
- Karpuramanjari (कर्पूरमञ्जरी) from Prakrit
- Merchant of Veniceas Durlabh Bandhu (दुर्लभ बन्धु) Invaluable Friend
Essay collection
- Bharatendu Granthavali (भारतेन्दु ग्रन्थावली), 1885
Bharatendu Harishchandra Awards
The Ministry of Information and Broadcasting of India gives the Bharatendu Harishchandra Awards since 1983 to promote original writings in Hindi mass communication.[11]
See also
References
- ISBN 0-19-567473-1
- ^ ISBN 978-0-521-63974-3.
- ISBN 0-8204-6822-3.
- ISBN 0-520-06367-8.
- ^ a b Lāla, Vaṃśīdhara (1989). Bhāratīya svatantratā aura Hindī patrakāritā (in Hindi). Bihāra Grantha Kuṭīra.
भारतेन्दु युग चारण थे । उनकी पत्रिकाओं में भारतीयों के हृदय की धड़कन सुनायी पड़ती है । अंग्रेजी - राज्य में जनता की गुलामी के बन्धन और उनके शोषण की उन्होंने सच्ची तस्वीर खींची । उन्होंने अंग्रेजों के तथाकथित न्याय , जनतंत्र और उनकी सभ्यता का पर्दाफाश किया । उनके इस कार्य की सराहना करते हुए डा ० रामविलास शर्मा ने लिखा- ' देश के रूढ़िवाद का खंडन करना और महंतों , पंडे - पुरोहितों की लीला की लीला प्रकट करना निर्भीक पत्रकार हरिश्चन्द्र का ही काम था ।
- ^ a b Awadesh Pradhan, The Spiritual and Cultural Ethos of Modern Hindi Literature, Prabuddha Bharata, July 2009.
- ^ Ramchandra Shukla, Hindi Sahitya ka Itihaas (History of Hindi Literature), 1928.
- ISBN 0-19-563961-8.
- ISBN 978-0-333-90425-1.
- ^ Dalmia, Vashudha (1997). Bharatendu Harischandra And Nineteenth Century. New Delhi. p. 370.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ "Bharatendu Harishchandra Awards Presented" (Press release). Indian Ministry of Information & Broadcasting. 8 January 2003.
External links
- Works by or about Bharatendu Harishchandra at Internet Archive
- Works by Bharatendu Harishchandra at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
- Works by Bharatendu Harishchandra at Open Library
- Bharatendu Harishchandra Archived 12 January 2013 at archive.today at Kavita Kosh (Hindi)
- Plays of Bharatendu Harishchandra at Gadya Kosh
- Poetry by Bharatendu Archived 3 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine