Bharatiya Janata Party
Bharatiya Janata Party | |||
---|---|---|---|
Abbreviation | BJP | ||
President | J. P. Nadda[1] | ||
General Secretary | General Secretary (Organisation): B. L. Santhosh[2] Other General Secretaries
Joint General Secretary: Shiv Prakash General Secretaries: Arun Singh Kailash Vijayvargiya Dushyant Kumar Gautam Tarun Chugh Vinod Tawde Sunil Bansal National Executive[3] | ||
Parliamentary Chairperson | Narendra Modi (Prime Minister) | ||
Lok Sabha Leader | Narendra Modi (Leader of the House in Lok Sabha)[4] | ||
Rajya Sabha Leader | Piyush Goyal (Leader of the House in Rajya Sabha) | ||
Treasurer | Rajesh Agarwal[5] | ||
Founder | |||
Founded | 6 April 1980[7] | ||
Split from | Janata Party[7] | ||
Preceded by | Bharatiya Jana Sangh (1951–1977)[7] Janata Party (1977–1980)[7] | ||
Headquarters | 6-A, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Marg, New Delhi, Delhi, India[8] | ||
Newspaper | Kamal Sandesh (English and Hindi)[9] Kamal Barta (Bengali)[10] | ||
Think tank | Public Policy Research Centre[11][12] | ||
Student wing | Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad (unofficial)[13] | ||
Youth wing | Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha[14] | ||
Women's wing | BJP Mahila Morcha[15] | ||
Labour wing | Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh[16] | ||
Peasant's wing | Bharatiya Kisan Sangh[17] | ||
Ideology | |||
Political position | Right-wing[24] | ||
International affiliation | Asia Pacific Democrat Union[25] | ||
Colours | Saffron[26] | ||
ECI Status | National Party[27] | ||
Alliance | National Democratic Alliance (All India)[28] State Legislative Assemblies | 1,484 / 4,036
(4013 MLAs & 23 Vacant) (State Legislative Councils | 165 / 426
(403 MLCs & 23 Vacant) (see complete list) |
Number of states and union territories in government | 18 / 31 (28 States and 3 UTs)[33] | ||
Election symbol | |||
Lotus | |||
Party flag | |||
Website | |||
www | |||
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Bharatiya Janata Party |
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About |
Committees |
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The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP;
The party's origins lie in the Bharatiya Jana Sangh, which was founded in 1951 by Indian politician Shyama Prasad Mukherjee, after he left Hindu Mahasabha to form a party as the political wing of RSS.[40][41] After the Emergency of 1975–1977, the Jana Sangh merged with several other political parties to form the Janata Party; it defeated the then-incumbent Indian National Congress in the 1977 general election. After three years in power, the Janata Party dissolved in 1980, with the members of the erstwhile Jana Sangh reconvening to form the modern-day BJP. Although initially unsuccessful—winning only two seats in the 1984 general election, it grew in strength on the back of the movement around Ram Janmabhoomi in Uttar Pradesh. Following victories in several state elections and better performances in national elections, the BJP became the largest political party in the Parliament in 1996; however, it lacked a majority in the lower house of Parliament, and its government, under its then-leader Atal Bihari Vajpayee, lasted for only 13 days.[42]
After the 1998 general election, the BJP-led coalition known as the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) under prime minister Vajpayee formed a government that lasted for a year. Following fresh elections, the NDA government—again headed by Vajpayee—lasted for a full term in office; this was the first non-Congress government to do so. In the 2004 general election, the NDA suffered an unexpected defeat, and for the next ten years, the BJP was the principal opposition party. Narendra Modi, then the chief minister of Gujarat, led the party to a landslide victory in the 2014 general election. Modi has since led the NDA government as Indian prime minister, including being re-elected in the 2019 general election. As of December 2023[update], the alliance governs 17 Indian states and union territories.
The official ideology of the BJP is
Name, symbol, and themes
The name as well as the symbol of the party were selected by the founders. The name “Bharatiya Janata Party” literally translates to “Indian People's Party”. The Symbol of the party is the flower Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera).[47] Lotus has a cultural significance within India as well as Hinduism. The symbol has been regarded as a symbol of peace and prosperity within Hinduism. Likewise, during the independence movement of India, the symbol was used by Indian nationalist as a symbol of revolt against the British Raj.[48] Lotus is also recognised as the national flower of India. Thus, use of the symbol gives the party a nationalist as well as Hindutva appeal.[49] Besides these, the party also heavily uses the Saffron colour in its promotional materials and campaigning. Similar to Lotus, the Saffron colour also has a major significance within Hinduism.[47] The most common flag used by the party is predominantly saffron with a stripe of green in the left. Within the Saffron part of the flag, the lotus symbol is also integrated.[50] This perticular colour scheme used in the flag assists the party to project itself as a secular party. Meanwhile, this also helps the party to maintain a religious undertone for its core electorate and Hindu nationalistic supporter groups.[50]
History
Predecessors
Bharatiya Jana Sangh (1951–77)
The BJP's origins lie in the
The Jana Sangh's first major campaign, begun in early 1953, centred on a demand for the complete integration of
After assembly elections across the country in 1967, the party entered into a coalition with several other parties, including the
Janata Party (1977–80)
In 1975, Prime Minister
The national leadership of the former Jana Sangh consciously renounced its identity, and attempted to integrate with the political culture of the Janata Party, based on Gandhian and Hindu traditionalist principles. Political scientist
BJP (1980–present)
Formation and early days
Although the newly formed BJP was technically distinct from the Jana Sangh, the bulk of its rank and file were identical to its predecessor, with Vajpayee being its first president.
Ram Janmabhoomi movement
The failure of Vajpayee's moderate strategy led to a shift in the ideology of the party toward a policy of more hardline Hindu nationalism.
In September 1990, Advani began a
On 6 December 1992, the RSS and its affiliates organised a rally involving more than 100,000 VHP and BJP activists at the site of the mosque.[71] The rally developed into a frenzied attack that ended with the demolition of the mosque.[71] Over the following weeks, waves of violence between Hindus and Muslims erupted all over the country, killing over 2,000 people.[71] The government briefly banned the VHP, and many BJP leaders, including Advani were arrested for making inflammatory speeches provoking the demolition.[72][73] Several historians have said that the demolition was the product of a conspiracy by the Sangh Parivar, and not a spontaneous act.[71] In the parliamentary elections in 1996, the BJP capitalised on the communal polarisation that followed the demolition to win 161 Lok Sabha seats, making it the largest party in parliament.[42] Vajpayee was sworn in as Prime Minister but was unable to attain a majority in the Lok Sabha, forcing the government to resign after 13 days.[42]
A 2009 report, authored by Justice Manmohan Singh Liberhan, found that 68 people were responsible for the demolition, mostly leaders from the BJP.[73] Among those named were Vajpayee, Advani, and Murli Manohar Joshi. The report also criticised Kalyan Singh, Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh during the demolition.[73] He was accused of posting bureaucrats and police officers who would stay silent during the demolition.[73] In 2020, the Supreme Court of India acquitted all of the accused in the demolition including Advani and Joshi.[74]
Vajpayee era (1998, 1999–2004)
A coalition of regional parties formed the government in 1996, but this grouping was short-lived, and mid-term polls were held in 1998. The BJP contested the elections leading a coalition called the
On 13 October 1999, without the AIADMK, the NDA won 303 seats in parliament and thus an outright majority. The BJP had its highest-ever tally of 183. Vajpayee became Prime Minister for the third time; Advani became Deputy Prime Minister
2002 Gujarat violence
On 27 February 2002, a train carrying Hindu pilgrims was burned outside the town of Godhra, killing 59 people. The incident was seen as an attack upon Hindus, and sparked off massive anti-Muslim violence across the state of Gujarat that lasted several weeks.[81] The death toll estimated was as high as 2000, while 150,000 were displaced.[82] Rape, mutilation, and torture were also widespread.[82][83] The then-Gujarat chief minister Narendra Modi and several high-ranking government officials were accused of initiating and condoning the violence, as were police officers who allegedly directed the rioters and gave them lists of Muslim-owned properties.[84] In April 2009, a Special Investigation Team (SIT) was appointed by the Supreme Court to investigate and expedite the Gujarat riots cases. In 2012, Modi was cleared of complicity in the violence by the SIT. BJP MLA Maya Kodnani, who later held a cabinet portfolio in the Modi government, was convicted of having orchestrated one of the riots and sentenced to 28 years imprisonment;[85][86] she was later acquitted by the Gujarat High Court.[87] Scholars such as Paul Brass, Martha Nussbaum and Dipankar Gupta have said that there was a high level of state complicity in the incidents.[88][89][90]
In opposition (2004–2014)
Vajpayee called for early elections in 2004, six months ahead of schedule. The NDA's campaign was based on the slogan "India Shining", which sought to depict it as responsible for a rapid economic transformation of the country.[91] However, the NDA unexpectedly suffered a heavy defeat, winning only 186 seats in the Lok Sabha, compared to the 222 of the Congress and its allies. Manmohan Singh succeeded Vajpayee as Prime Minister as the head of the United Progressive Alliance. The NDA's failure to reach out to rural Indians was provided as an explanation for its defeat, as was its divisive policy agenda.[91][92]
In May 2008, the BJP won the state elections in Karnataka. This was the first time that the party won assembly elections in any South Indian state. In the 2009 general elections, its strength in the Lok Sabha was reduced to 116 seats. It lost the Karnataka assembly election in 2013.[93]
Modi era (2014–present)
First Modi government (2014–2019)
In the
Political analysts have suggested several reasons for this victory, including the popularity of Modi, and the loss of support for the Congress due to the corruption scandals in its previous term.[99] The BJP was also able to expand its traditionally upper-caste, upper-class support base and received significant support from middle-class and Dalit people, as well as among Other Backward Classes.[100][97] Its support among Muslims remained low; only 8% of Muslim voters voted for the BJP.[100][97] The BJP was also very successful at mobilizing its supporters and raising voter turnout among them.[97]
After winning the election, the organisation of the BJP became more centralised with Modi at the helm.[101] People loyal to Modi were rewarded leadership positions across various states within India.[102] Amit Shah, a close confidant of Modi, was appointed as the president of the BJP in 2014.[103] Contextually, many veteran leaders of the party like Lal Krishna Advani, Murli Manohar Joshi, and Jaswant Singh amongst others were allegedly sidelined.[104]
In 2016, the BJP joined the International Democratic Union, a grouping of various centre-right and right-wing political parties across the globe.[105] However, in 2024, the party was removed from the membership of the grouping.[106]
During Modi's first term as prime minister, the BJP expanded its presence in several states where it had previously been a minor player, and it regained power in other states where it had been in opposition for a considerable period. Assam, Tripura, Arunachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Haryana, and Jammu and Kashmir saw an increase in the BJP's influence, and the party entered government in several of these states.[107]
Second Modi government (2019–2024)
In 2019, the BJP won the general election with an increased majority. Soon after returning to power, on 5 August 2019, the Modi administration revoked the special status, or limited autonomy, granted under Article 370 of the Indian Constitution to Jammu and Kashmir—a region administered by India as a state. This state consists of the larger part of Kashmir which has been the subject of a dispute among India, Pakistan, and China since 1947.[108][109]
Later in 2019, the Modi administration introduced the
Ideology and political positions
Social policies and Hindutva
Part of a series on |
Conservatism |
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The official philosophy of the BJP is "
The BJP's Hindutva ideology has been reflected in many of its government policies. It supports the construction of the
Links between the BJP and the RSS grew stronger under the Modi administration. The RSS provided organisational support to the BJP's electoral campaigns, while the Modi administration appointed a number of individuals affiliated with the RSS to prominent government positions.[124] In 2014, Yellapragada Sudershan Rao, who had previously been associated with the RSS, became the chairperson of the Indian Council of Historical Research (ICHR).[125] Historians and former members of the ICHR, including those sympathetic to the BJP, questioned his credentials as a historian, and stated that the appointment was part of an agenda of cultural nationalism.[125][126][127] Over its first term the Modi administration appointed other RSS members to lead universities and research institutions, and recruitment of faculty members favoring the RSS increased. Scholars Nandini Sundar and Kiran Bhatty write that many of these appointees did not possess the qualifications for their positions.[44] The Modi administration also made numerous changes in government-approved history textbooks. These changes de-emphasizing the role of Jawaharlal Nehru, and glorifying that of Modi himself, while also portraying Indian society as harmonious, without conflict or inequity.[44][128]
The BJP supports a
The BJP opposes
In 2013, the
Economic policies
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Neoliberalism |
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The BJP's economic policy has changed considerably since its founding. There is a significant range of economic ideologies within the party. In the 1980s, like the
The two NDA governments in the period 1998–2004 introduced significant deregulation and privatisation of government-owned enterprises. It also introduced tariff-reducing measures. These reforms built off of the initial economic liberalisation introduced by the P. V. Narasimha Rao-led Congress government in the early 1990s.[149] India's GDP growth increased substantially during the tenure of the NDA. The 2004 campaign slogan India Shining was based on the party's belief that the free market would bring prosperity to all sectors of society.[150] After its unexpected defeat, commentators said that it was punished for neglecting the needs of the poor and focusing too much on its corporate allies.[91][92][151]
This shift in the economic policies of the BJP was also visible in state governments, especially in Gujarat, where the BJP held power for 16 years.[152] Modi's government, in power from 2002 to 2014, followed a strongly neo-liberal agenda, presented as a drive towards development.[153][154] Its policies have included extensive privatisation of infrastructure and services, as well as a significant rollback of labour and environmental regulations. While this was praised by the business community, commentators criticised it as catering to the BJP's upper-class constituency instead of the poor.[153]
The economic policies of Modi's government focused on privatisation and liberalisation of the economy, based on a
Defence and counterterrorism
Compared to Congress, the BJP takes a more aggressive and nationalistic position on defence policy and terrorism.
Although previous Congress governments developed the capability for a nuclear weapons test, the Vajpayee government broke with India's historical strategy of avoiding it and authorised Pokhran-II, a series of five nuclear tests in 1998.[165] The tests came soon after Pakistan tested a medium-range ballistic missile. They were seen as an attempt to display India's military prowess to the world, and a reflection of anti-Pakistan sentiment within the BJP.[165]
The Vajpayee government ordered the Indian armed forces to expel the Pakistani soldiers occupying Kashmir territory, later known as the Kargil War.[168][169] Although the government was later criticised for the intelligence failures that did not detect Pakistani presence, it was successful in ousting them from the previously Indian-controlled territory.[168][169]
After the terrorist attack on the Indian Parliament in December 2001, the NDA government passed the Prevention of Terrorism Act.[166] The aim of the act was to improve the government's ability to deal with terrorism.[166] It initially failed to pass in the Rajya Sabha; therefore, the NDA took the extraordinary step of convening a joint session of the Parliament, where the numerical superior Lok Sabha allowed the bill to pass.[166] The act was subsequently used to prosecute hundreds of people accused of terrorism.[166] However, it was criticised by opposition parties and scholars for being an infringement upon civil liberties, and the National Human Rights Commission of India stated that it had been used to target Muslims.[166] It was later repealed by the Congress-led UPA government in 2004.[170]
The Modi government has conducted several strikes on territory controlled by neighbouring countries on counterterrorism grounds. This included a
The Modi government considers national security to be one of their key focuses and has implemented many long-standing defence reforms.[173][174] In August 2019, the Modi government established the post of the Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) to ensure better coordination between all three services, a reform that was widely requested after the 1999 Kargil War.[175] The Department of Military Affairs was also established and put under the CDS.[176]
Foreign policy
The historical stance of the BJP towards foreign policy, like the Bharatiya Jana Sangh, was based on an aggressive Hindu nationalism combined with economic protectionism.[177] The Bharatiya Jana Sangh was founded with the explicit aim of reversing the partition of India; as a result, its official position was that the existence of Pakistan was illegitimate.[177] This antagonism toward Pakistan remains a significant influence on the BJP's ideology.[177][178] During the Cold War, the party and its affiliates strongly opposed India's long standing policy of non-alignment, and instead advocated closeness to the United States.[177] In the post-Cold War era, the party has largely embraced the Indian foreign policy consensus of improving relations with the United States,[179] while stressing a desire for a more multipolar world order.[180]
The Vajpayee government's foreign policy in many ways represented a radical shift from BJP orthodoxy while maintaining some aspects of it.
The Vajpayee administration also offered political support to the U.S. War on Terror, in the hope of better addressing India's issues with terrorism and insurgency in Kashmir. This led to closer defence ties with the US, including negotiations for the sale of weapons.[167] However, the BJP strongly condemned the 2003 invasion of Iraq, stating that it "deplores the unjustified military action resorted to by the United States, Britain and their allies against Iraq".[184] The BJP also opposed the 2011 military intervention in Libya and urged the Lok Sabha to pass a unanimous resolution condemning it.[185]
The Modi government initially took a pragmatic stance towards Pakistan, attempting to improve relations with
Organisation and structure
The organisation of the BJP is strictly hierarchical, with the
Below the president is the
In April 2015, the BJP stated that it had more than 100 million registered members, which would make it the world's largest political party by primary membership.[196][197] As of September 2022[update], the party does not have a single Muslim representative in the parliament and state assemblies.[198][199]
The BJP is a cadre-based party. It has close connections with other organisations with similar ideologies, such as the RSS, ABVP, BYSS, VHP and other Sangh Parivar-related oragnisations. The cadres of these groups often supplement the BJP's. Its lower members are largely derived from the RSS and its affiliates, loosely known as the Sangh Parivar:[116]
- The Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad (All India Students' Union), the students' wing of the RSS[116]
- The Bharatiya Kisan Sangh (Indian Farmer's Union), the farmers' division[116]
- The Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh (Indian Labourers Union), the labour union associated with the RSS[116]
The party has subsidiary organisations of its own, such as:
- The BJP Mahila Morcha (BJP Women's Front), its women's division[116]
- The Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha (Indian People's Youth Front), its youth wing[116]
- The BJP Minority Morcha (BJP Minority Front), its minority division[116]
In terms of members, BJP claims to have over 170 million members[200][201] as of October 2022, and it's considered to be among the world's largest political parties.[202]
Electoral performance
The Bharatiya Janata Party was officially founded in 1980, and the first general election it contested was in 1984, in which it won only two Lok Sabha seats. Following the election in 1996, the BJP became the largest party in the Lok Sabha for the first time, but the government it formed was short-lived.[42] In the elections of 1998 and 1999, it remained the largest party, and headed the ruling coalition on both occasions.[43] In the 2014 general election, it won an outright majority in parliament. From 1991 onwards, a BJP member has led the Opposition whenever the party was not in power.[203][f]
Lok Sabha seats
Year | Legislature | Party leader | Seats won | Change in seats | Percentage of votes |
Vote swing | Outcome | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1984 | 8th Lok Sabha | Atal Bihari Vajpayee | 2 / 543
|
2 | 7.74% | – | Opposition | [204] |
1989 | 9th Lok Sabha | Lal Krishna Advani
|
85 / 543
|
83 | 11.36% | 3.62% | NF
|
[205] |
1991 | 10th Lok Sabha | 120 / 543
|
35 | 20.11% | 8.75% | Opposition | [206] | |
1996 | 11th Lok Sabha | Atal Bihari Vajpayee | 161 / 543
|
41 | 20.29% | 0.18% | Government, later opposition | [207] |
1998 | 12th Lok Sabha | 182 / 543
|
21 | 25.59% | 5.30% | Government | [208] | |
1999 | 13th Lok Sabha | 182 / 543
|
23.75% | 1.84% | Government | [209] | ||
2004 | 14th Lok Sabha | 138 / 543
|
44 | 22.16% | 1.69% | Opposition | [210] | |
2009 | 15th Lok Sabha | Lal Krishna Advani
|
116 / 543
|
22 | 18.80% | 3.36% | Opposition | [211] |
2014 | 16th Lok Sabha | Narendra Modi | 282 / 543
|
166 | 31.34% | 12.54% | Government | [212] |
2019 | 17th Lok Sabha | 303 / 543
|
21 | 37.46% | 6.12% | Government | [213][214] |
As of 11 January 2024[update], 12 states have
In four other states and in the
The BJP has previously held power in
In addition to the NDA, the BJP is also a part of a regional political alliance in Northeast India named the North-East Democratic Alliance.[215][216][217]
Legislative presence
Lower House | |||
---|---|---|---|
Legislature | Seats | Legislative leader | Status |
Lok Sabha | 290 / 543
|
Narendra Modi | Government |
Andhra Pradesh | 0 / 175
|
No Representation | |
Arunachal Pradesh | 54 / 60
|
Pema Khandu | Government |
Assam | 63 / 126
|
Himanta Biswa Sarma | Government |
Bihar | 78 / 243
|
Samrat Choudhary | Government |
Chhattisgarh | 54 / 90
|
Vishnu Deo Sai | Government |
Delhi | 8 / 70
|
Ramvir Singh Bidhuri | Opposition |
Goa | 28 / 40
|
Pramod Sawant | Government |
Gujarat | 156 / 182
|
Bhupendrabhai Patel | Government |
Haryana | 41 / 90
|
Nayab Singh Saini | Government |
25 / 68
|
Jai Ram Thakur | Opposition | |
0 / 90
|
President Rule | ||
26 / 81
|
Amar Kumar Bauri | Opposition | |
66 / 224
|
R. Ashoka | Opposition | |
0 / 140
|
No Representation | ||
163 / 230
|
Mohan Yadav | Government | |
103 / 288
|
Devendra Fadnavis | Government | |
37 / 60
|
N. Biren Singh | Government | |
2 / 60
|
Sanbor Shullai | Government | |
2 / 40
|
Others | ||
12 / 60
|
Y. Patton
|
Government | |
22 / 147
|
Jayanarayan Mishra | Opposition | |
9 / 33
|
A. Namassivayam | Government | |
2 / 117
|
Others | ||
115 / 200
|
Bhajan Lal Sharma | Government | |
12 / 32
|
Narendra Kumar Subba | Government | |
4 / 234
|
Nainar Nagendran | Others | |
8 / 119
|
Alleti Maheshwar Reddy | Others | |
32 / 60
|
Manik Saha | Government | |
252 / 403
|
Yogi Adityanath | Government | |
47 / 70
|
Pushkar Singh Dhami | Government | |
68 / 294
|
Suvendu Adhikari | Opposition | |
Upper House | |||
Rajya Sabha | 94 / 245
|
Piyush Goyal | Government |
Andhra Pradesh | 0 / 58
|
No Representation | |
Bihar | 24 / 75
|
Hari Sahni | Government |
34 / 75
|
Kota Srinivas Poojary | Opposition | |
22 / 78
|
Pravin Darekar | Government | |
1 / 40
|
A.Venkata Narayana Reddy | Others | |
82 / 100
|
Keshav Prasad Maurya | Government |
List of heads of government
List of prime ministers
No. | Portrait | Prime minister | Constituency | Term in office | Lok Sabha | Cabinet | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Start | End | Tenure | ||||||
1 | Atal Bihari Vajpayee | Lucknow
|
16 May 1996 | 1 June 1996 | 16 days | 11th | Vajpayee I | |
19 March 1998 | 22 May 2004 | 6 years, 64 days | 12th | Vajpayee II | ||||
13th | Vajpayee III | |||||||
2 | Narendra Modi | Varanasi
|
26 May 2014 | Incumbent | 9 years, 308 days | 16th | Modi I | |
17th | Modi II |
List of incumbent chief ministers
As of 11 January 2024[update], 52 people from Bharatiya Janata Party have held the position of a chief minister, 12 of whom are incumbent.
No. | State | Portrait | Name | Cabinet | Governing coalition | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Arunachal Pradesh | Pema Khandu | Khandu IV | BJP | ||
NPP | ||||||
2 | Assam | Himanta Biswa Sarma | Sarma | BJP | ||
AGP | ||||||
UPPL | ||||||
3 | Chhattisgarh | Vishnudeo Sai
|
Sai | BJP | ||
4 | Goa | Pramod Sawant | Sawant II | BJP | ||
MGP | ||||||
IND | ||||||
5 | Gujarat | Bhupendrabhai Patel | Patel II | BJP | ||
6 | Haryana | Nayab Singh Saini | Saini
|
BJP | ||
HLP | ||||||
IND | ||||||
7 | Madhya Pradesh | Mohan Yadav | Yadav | BJP | ||
8 | Manipur | N. Biren Singh | Singh II | BJP | ||
NPP | ||||||
NPF | ||||||
IND | ||||||
9 | Rajasthan | Bhajan Lal Sharma | Sharma | BJP | ||
10 | Tripura | Manik Saha | Saha II | BJP | ||
IPFT | ||||||
11 | Uttar Pradesh | Yogi Adityanath | Adityanath II | BJP | ||
AD(S)
| ||||||
NP | ||||||
12 | Uttarakhand | Pushkar Singh Dhami | Dhami II | BJP |
See also
- Leader of the Bharatiya Janata Party in the Parliament of India
- List of political parties in India
- List of presidents of the Bharatiya Janata Party
- List of state presidents of the Bharatiya Janata Party
- Organisation of the Bharatiya Janata Party
- Politics of India
- List of ruling political parties by country
References
Explanatory notes
- ^ in 2002
- ^ Sharma (2019), p. 523: "First, citizenship status biased towards religious identity is by no means a new idea.... A careful study of the policies and laws related to citizenship, adopted since independence, substantiates the assertion that citizenship in India has always been based on an implicit belief that India is for Hindus."
- ^ Sen (2018), pp. 10–11: "Nehru's response [to Patel's warning] made it clear that Muslim migrants from Pakistan could not join the ranks of refugees in India... Thus, despite broad public statements promising citizenship to all displaced persons from Pakistan, Hindu migrants alone counted as citizen-refugees in post-partition India."
- ^ Jayal (2019), pp. 34–35: "While some elements of religious difference had... been covertly smuggled in earlier, this bill seeks to do so overtly."
- ^ Jayal (2019), pp. 33–50: "While some elements of religious difference had... been covertly smuggled in earlier, this bill seeks to do so overtly."
- ^ For the electoral results of the BJP's predecessors, see the JP and BJS articles.
Citations
- ^ Ananya Das (20 January 2020). "Jagat Prakash Nadda: BJP's new national president rises through the ranks, faces several challenges". Zee News. Archived from the original on 28 March 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
- ^ Gyan Varma (15 July 2019). "Meet BL Santhosh, newly appointed general secretary of BJP". live mint. Archived from the original on 28 March 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
- ^ "Bharatiya Janata Party Constitution". BJP official website. Bharatiya Janata Party. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 November 2017. Retrieved 15 May 2020.
- ^ "BJP announces new parliamentary committee; Modi leader in Lok Sabha, Rajnath his deputy". India Today. 12 June 2019. Archived from the original on 6 April 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
- ^ "Rajesh Agarwal gets BJP treasurer post". United News of India. 27 September 2020. Archived from the original on 17 October 2020. Retrieved 12 October 2020.
- ^ "What you need to know about India's BJP". AlJazeera. 23 May 2019. Archived from the original on 13 May 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
- ^ a b c d "BJP's foundation day: Brief history of the achievements and failures of the party". The Indian Express. 6 April 2019. Archived from the original on 11 May 2019. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
- ^ "BJP Gets A New Address; Soul Of New Office Is The Party Worker, Says PM Modi". NDTV.com. Archived from the original on 6 April 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
- ^ Siddhartha Rai (27 January 2017). "PM Modi goes cashless, buys lifetime subscription of BJP mouthpiece Kamal Sandesh through cheque". India Today. Archived from the original on 28 March 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
- ^ Sengupta, Tamal. "Bengal BJP revamps party mouthpiece before 2018 panchayet elections". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 14 April 2023. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
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Further reading
- Ahuja, Gurdas M. (2004). Bharatiya Janata Party and Resurgent India. Ram Company.
- Andersen, Walter K.; Damle, Shridhar D. (1987) [Originally published by Westview Press]. The Brotherhood in Saffron: The Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and Hindu Revivalism. Delhi: Vistaar Publications.
- Bhambhri, C.P. (2001). Bharatiya Janata Party : Periphery to Centre. Delhi: Shipra. ISBN 978-81-7541-078-7.
- ISBN 978-0-8122-7583-4.
- Chadha, Kalyani; Guha, Pallavi (2016). "The Bharatiya Janata Party's online campaign and citizen involvement in India's 2014 election". International Journal of Communication. 10. Archived from the original on 16 May 2021. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
- Ganguly, Sumit (2015). "Hindu nationalism and the foreign policy of India's Bharatiya Janata Party" (PDF). Transatlantic Academy Paper Series. 2: 1–15. ISBN 978-1-5292-0460-5. Archived from the original(PDF) on 4 March 2021. Retrieved 11 January 2021.
- Graham, B. D. (1990). Hindu Nationalism and Indian Politics: The Origins and Development of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-38348-6.
- Harriss, John (2015). "Hindu Nationalism in Action: The Bharatiya Janata Party and Indian Politics". South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies. 38 (4): 712–718. S2CID 147615034.
- Malik, Yogendra K.; Singh, V.B. (1994). Hindu Nationalists in India : The Rise of the Bharatiya Janata Party. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. ISBN 978-0-8133-8810-6.
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- Jaffrelot, Christophe (July 2003). "Communal Riots in Gujarat: The State at Risk?" (PDF). Heidelberg Papers in South Asian and Comparative Politics: 16. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 December 2013. Retrieved 5 November 2013.
- Jain, Varsha; B.E., Ganesh (2020). "Understanding the Magic of Credibility for Political Leaders: A Case of India and Narendra Modi". Journal of Political Marketing. 19 (1–2): 15–33. S2CID 202247610.
- Mishra, Madhusudan (1997). Bharatiya Janata Party and India's Foreign Policy. New Delhi: Uppal Pub. House. ISBN 978-81-85565-79-8.
- ISBN 978-8129134295.
- Nag, Kingshuk. Atal Bihari Vajpayee (Rupa Publications, 2016).
- Palshikar, Suhas, Sanjay Kumar, and Sanjay Lodha, eds. Electoral Politics in India: The Resurgence of the Bharatiya Janata Party (Taylor & Francis, 2017).
- Raghavan, G.N.S. New Era in the Indian Polity, A Study of Atal Bihari Vajpayee and the BJP (1996).
- Sanjeev Kr, H. M. (2007). "Foreign Policy Position of Bharatiya Janata Party Towards Issues of India Pakistan Relations". The Indian Journal of Political Science. 68 (2): 275–291. from the original on 13 January 2021. Retrieved 11 January 2021.
- Sharma, C.P. Thakur, Devendra P. (1999). India under Atal Behari Vajpayee : The BJP Era. New Delhi: UBS Publishers' Distributors. ISBN 978-81-7476-250-4.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - Stein, Burton (2010). A history of India (edited by David Arnold. 2nd ed.). Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-9509-6.
- Rao, Ramesh (2001). Coalition conundrum: the BJP's trials, tribulations, and triumphs. Har Anand. ISBN 9788124108093.
External links
- Official website
- BJP web resources provided by GovPubs at the University of Colorado Boulder Libraries
- BJP at Curlie
- Works by or about Bharatiya Janata Party at Internet Archive
- Bharatiya Janata Party at the Encyclopædia Britannica