Bhojpuri language
Bhojpuri | |
---|---|
भोजपुरी · 𑂦𑂷𑂔𑂣𑂳𑂩𑂲 | |
Native to | India and Nepal |
Region | Bhojpur-Purvanchal |
Ethnicity | Bhojpuriya |
Native speakers | 51 million, partial count (2011 census)[1] (additional speakers counted under Hindi) |
Early forms | Magadhi Prakrit
|
Dialects |
|
Official status | |
Official language in | Fiji (as Fiji Hindi) |
Recognised minority language in | |
Regulated by |
|
Language codes | |
ISO 639-2 | bho |
ISO 639-3 | bho |
Glottolog | bhoj1244 |
Linguasphere | 59-AAF-sa |
Bhojpuri-speaking regions of India | |
Bhojpuri (IPA:
It is also a minority language in
Name
The oldest presence of the word "Bhojpuri" is found as Bodjpooria in 1789 in the translator's preface of a book titled A Translation of the Sëir Mutaqherin, which is a translation of a Persian book written in 1780 by Ghulam Hussain Khan.[15] The paragraph in which reads:
"Don't make so much noise" said of the them in his Bhojpooria idiom, "we go to-day with the Frenghees, but we all are servant to Chëyt Singh, and may come back tomorrow with him and then question will not be about your roots, but about your wives and daughters."
— A Translation of the Sëir Mutaqherin, Translator's Preface
The word Bhojpuri is derived from
History
Bhojpuri is a descendant of
Initial period (700–1100 A.D.)
The earliest form of Bhojpuri can be traced in the
. This period is also called as Siddha period.1100–1400 A.D.
Between the 11th and 14th centuries A.D. much Bhojpuri folklore such as Lorikayan, Sorathi Birjabh, Vijaymal, Gopichand, Raja Bharthariar came into existence.[28] Alongside these, the Nath Saint composed literature in Bhojpuri. In this period the Bhojpuri language altered and its regional boundaries were established.[29]
Period of saints (1400–1700 A.D.)
In this era, saints from different sects such as Kabir, Dharni Das, Kina Ram and Dariya Saheb used Bhojpuri as their language of discourse. In the same period Arabic and Persian words came into Bhojpuri. Folk songs are also said to have been composed in this era.[30]
Early research period (1700–1900 A.D.)
Kaithi
𑂮𑂹𑂫𑂷𑂮𑂹𑂞𑂱 𑂮𑂹𑂩𑂱 𑂩𑂱𑂣𑂳𑂩𑂰𑂔 𑂠𑂶𑂞𑂹𑂨𑂢𑂰𑂩𑂰𑂉𑂢𑂵𑂞𑂹𑂨-𑂄𑂠𑂱 𑂥𑂱𑂥𑂱𑂡 𑂥𑂱𑂩𑂠𑂫𑂪𑂲 𑂥𑂱𑂩𑂰𑂔𑂧𑂰𑂢 𑂧𑂢𑂷𑂢𑂞 𑂮𑂹𑂩𑂲 𑂧𑂰𑂯𑂰𑂩𑂰𑂔𑂰𑂡𑂱𑂩𑂰𑂔 𑂩𑂰𑂔𑂰 𑂮𑂹𑂩𑂲-𑂔𑂱𑂫 𑂠𑂵𑂫 𑂠𑂵𑂫𑂰𑂢𑂰𑂧𑂹 𑂮𑂠𑂰 𑂮𑂧𑂩 𑂥𑂱𑂔𑂶𑂢𑂰𑃀 𑂄𑂏𑂵 𑂮𑂳𑂫𑂁𑂮 𑂣𑂰𑂁𑂚𑂵 𑂣𑂩𑂰-𑂄𑂏 𑂍𑂵 𑂇𑂣𑂩𑂷𑂯𑂱𑂞 𑂣𑂰𑂓𑂱𑂪 𑂩𑂰𑂔𑂢𑂹𑂯 𑂍𑂵 𑂇𑂣𑂩𑂷𑂯𑂱𑂞 𑂯𑂈𑂯𑂲 𑂮𑂵 𑂯𑂧𑂯𑂳 𑂄𑂣𑂢 𑂇𑂣𑂩𑂷𑂯𑂱𑂞 𑂍𑂆𑂪𑃀 𑂔𑂵 𑂍𑂵𑂇 𑂣𑂩𑂰-𑂃𑂏 𑂧𑂰𑂯 𑂄𑂫𑂵 𑂮𑂵 𑂮𑂳𑂫𑂁𑂮 𑂣𑂰𑂁𑂚𑂵 𑂍𑂵 𑂧𑂰𑂢𑂵, 𑂇𑂔𑂵𑂢 𑂢𑂰𑂫 𑃁𑃀 ११३६ 𑂮𑂰𑂪 𑂧𑂷𑂍𑂰𑂧 𑂠𑂰𑂫𑂰 𑂡𑂳𑂮 𑂮𑂧𑂞 १७८५ 𑂮𑂧𑂶 𑂢𑂰𑂧 𑂥𑂶𑂮𑂰𑂎 𑂮𑂳𑂠𑂱 𑂞𑂱𑂩𑂷𑂠𑂮𑂱 𑂩𑂷𑂔 𑂥𑂳𑂡𑃀 𑂣𑂹𑂩𑂏𑂢𑂵 𑂦𑂷𑂔𑂣𑂳𑂩 𑂏𑂷𑂞𑂩 𑂮𑂫𑂢𑂍 𑂧𑂳𑂪 𑂇𑂔𑂵𑂢 𑂔𑂰𑂞𑂱 𑂣𑂰𑂫𑂰𑂩
𑂮𑂳𑂫𑂁𑂮 𑂔𑂵 𑂣𑂰𑂓𑂱𑂪𑂰 𑂩𑂰𑂔𑂢𑂹𑂯 𑂍𑂵 𑂇𑂣𑂩𑂷𑂯𑂱𑂞 𑂯𑂈𑂯𑂲 𑂮𑂵 𑂯𑂧𑂯𑂳 𑂍𑂆𑂪 𑂃𑂣𑂢 𑂇𑂣𑂩𑂷𑂯𑂱𑂞
Devnagari
स्वोस्ति स्रि रिपुराज दैत्यनाराएनेत्य-आदि बिबिध बिरदवली बिराजमान मनोनत स्री माहाराजाधिराज राजा स्री-जिव देव देवानाम् सदा समर बिजैना। आगे सुवंस पांड़े परा-आग के उपरोहित पाछिल राजन्ह के उपरोहित हऊही से हमहु आपन उपरोहित कईल। जे केउ परा-अग माह आवे से सुवंस पांड़े के माने, उजेन नाव ॥। ११३६ साल मोकाम दावा धुस समत १७८५ समै नाम बैसाख सुदि तिरोदसि रोज बुध। प्रगने भोजपुर गोतर सवनक मुल उजेन जाति पावार
सुवंस जे पाछिला राजन्ह के उपरोहित हऊही से हमहु कईल अपन उपरोहित
English Translation
The statement is that: Suvansa pande of Prayag is the priest of the past Rājās, so I also made him my priest. Whosoever among the Ujjen (Rajputs) comes to Prayag should have regard for him. Year 1136 place Dawa (The old place of the Rajas of Bhojpur, now a village) samat 1785 (A.D. 1728) date 13th of the bright part of Baisakha, Wednesday Paragana Bhojpur, Gotra Sawanak, origin Ujen, caste Pawara.
Suvans, who is the priest of the past Rājās, him I also made my priest.
Horil Siha (King of Bhojpur), Origin and Development of Bhojpuri, pp 218-219
In this period the British established themselves as the colonial power in India, and scholars from Britain conducted the first academic study of Bhojpuri. Bhojpuri folk literature was researched, and the Bhojpuri region was mapped for the first time. In this period Bhojpuri became an international language.
British scholars like Buchanan, Beames and
Present period (1900–present)
In 19th century, notable works like Devakshara Charita, Badmash Darpan were published. Bhikhari Thakur, in 20th century contributed significantly to Bhojpuri literature and theatre with his notable plays like Bidesiya, Beti Bechwa, Gabarghichor and novels like Bindia and Phulsunghi were published. In 1962, the first Bhojpuri film, Ganga Maiyya Tohe Piyari Chadhaibo was released and became the founding stone of the Bhojpuri film industry.
Geographic distribution
The Bhojpuri-speaking region covers the area of 73,000 square kilometres approximately in India and Nepal
Bhojpuri is spoken by descendants of
Classification
Bhojpuri is an
Bhojpuri is classified as an Eastern Indo-Aryan Language because it has similar inflexion system to the other languages of the same family such as Bengali, Maithili and Odia. For example, the pronunciation of the vowel a is broad in Eastern Indo-Aryan languages, and sounds like o in Bengali, on moving westwards it becomes less broad but still can be differentiated from the sharp cut a in Middle Indo-Aryan.[clarification needed] In Bhojpuri, the clear cut a and the drawled a, which sounds like aw in the word awl[clarification needed] are present and the contrast between the two gives a different tone to the language.[40] This drawled a is represented by Avagraha (ऽ), for instance, the word dekh'la, you see, is written as देेखऽलऽ.[41] Other property of Eastern Indo Aryan languages is that the adjectives does not change with the noun. For instance moṭā feminine form moṭī in Hindi but in Bhojpuri only moṭ is used as in Bengali. The past and future tense in Bhojpuri is formed in same way as other Eastern Indo-Aryan Languages, by adding a suffix stating from -la and -ba respectively to the verb. Form example, I shall See, in Bengali is dekh-bo and in Bhojpuri is dekh-ab.[42]
Some scholars has also divided the East Indo Aryan or Magadhan languages in to three sub-groups viz. Western, Central and Eastern. Bengali, Assamese, Odia belongs to Eastern Magadhan, Maithili and Magahi to Central and Bhojpuri to western.[43][44][45][46] Bhojpuri is classified as Western Magadhan because it has some properties which are peculiar to itself and are not present in other Magadhan Languages. Some striking differences are:[42]
- raürā or raüwā as an honorfic pronoun for second person along with the apne form is used Bhojpuri. apne form is their in other Magadhan Languages but raüwā is totally absent.
- Verb substantive in other Magadhan language is of -acch for but Bhojpuri has -baṭe and hawe.[47][48]
- The simple present is made by Bhojpuri by adding a suffix starting from -la with the verb, but this is totally absent in the other languages of Magadhan group. Hence, he sees, is dēkhe-lā in Bhojpuri but in but dekhait-chhi in Maithili and dekhechhi in Bengali.
Dialects
Bhojpuri has several dialects: Southern Standard Bhojpuri, Northern Standard Bhojpuri, Western Standard Bhojpuri,[49] and Nagpuria Bhojpuri.[50][13]
Southern Standard Bhojpuri is prevalent in the
Northern Bhojpuri is common in the western
Western Bhojpuri is prevalent in the areas of
Nagpuria Bhojpuri is the southernmost popular dialect, found in the Chota Nagpur Plateau of Jharkhand, particularly parts of Palamu, South Chotanagpur and Kolhan divisions. It is sometimes referred to as Sadari.[52][53]
A more specific classification recognises the dialects of Bhojpuri as Bhojpuri Domra, Madhesi, Musahari, Northern Standard Bhojpuri (Basti, Gorakhpuri, Sarawaria), Southern Standard Bhojpuri (Kharwari), Western Standard Bhojpuri (Benarsi, Purbi) and Nagpuriya Bhojpuri.
Phonology
Front | Central | Back | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Close | i ɪ | u | ||
Close-mid | e | o | ||
Mid | ə | |||
Open-mid | ɛ | ɔ | ||
Open | æ | a |
Labial | (Denti-) Alveolar |
Retroflex | (Alveolo-) palatal |
Velar | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n
|
ɳ | ɲ | ŋ | ||
Stop/
Affricate |
voiceless | p | t̪
|
ʈ | tɕ | k | |
voiced | b | d̪
|
ɖ | dʑ | ɡ | ||
aspirated | pʰ | t̪ʰ | ʈʰ | tɕʰ | kʰ | ||
breathy voiced | bʱ | d̪ʱ | ɖʱ | dʑʱ | ɡʱ | ||
Fricative
|
s | h | |||||
Rhotic | plain | ɾ | ɽ | ||||
breathy
|
ɾʱ | ɽʱ | |||||
Approximant
|
w ~ ʋ | l
|
j |
Among the seven languages which are
Bhojpuri has 6 vowel
Grammar
According to George Abraham Grierson, the grammar of Bhojpuri is simpler than other languages of the same family.[42] Nouns in Bhojpuri have three forms: short, long and redundant. The adjectives of nouns do not change with genders. Plurals are made by adding either the suffix -na or ni with the nouns or adding the multitudes such as sabh (all) or lōg (people).
Examples:[42]
Definition | Singular Form | Plural Form |
---|---|---|
House | ghar | gharan |
Horse | ghoṛā | ghoṛan |
Boy | laïkā | laïkan/laïka sabh |
King | rājā | rājā lōg |
Except few instances the
Numerals of Bhojpuri take the classifier gō and ṭhō, which emphasises the countability and totality both. To show inclusiveness and exclusiveness, Bhojpuri used the suffixes -o and -e as in ham āmo khāïb (I will eat mangoes too) verses ham āme khāïb (I will eat only mangoes). These suffixes can be added to any lexical category such as numerals, adjectives etc.[59]
The auxiliaries in Bhojpuri are formed on five bases viz. ha, ho, hokh, bāṭ, rah. These also act as the Copula. The bāṭ form provides for the tenses and the hokh or ho form provides for the modes, where as rah is the past of other three.[36]
Writing system
Bhojpuri was historically written in Kaithi script,[7] but since 1894 Devanagari has served as the primary script. Kaithi has variants as the locality changes, the three classified varianta are Tirhuti, Magahi and Bhojpuri variants. The Bhojpuri variant is used for writing Bhojpuri.[42] Kaithi is now rarely used for Bhojpuri.
Kaithi script was used for administrative purposes in the
By 1894 both Kaithi and Devanagari became common scripts to write official texts in Bihar. At present almost all Bhojpuri texts are written in Devanagari, even in islands outside of India where Bhojpuri is spoken. In Mauritius, Kaithi script was historically considered informal, and Devanagari was sometimes spelled as Devanagri. In modern Mauritius, the major script is Devanagari.[60]
Politeness
This article or section appears to contradict itself on the number of levels of politeness.(July 2022) |
Bhojpuri syntax and vocabulary reflects a three-tier system of politeness. Any verb can be conjugated through these tiers. The verb to come in Bhojpuri is aail and the verb to speak is bolal. The imperatives come! and speak! can be conjugated in five ways, each marking subtle variation in politeness and propriety. These permutations exclude a host of auxiliary verbs and expressions, which can be added to verbs to add another degree of subtle variation. For extremely polite or formal situations, the pronoun is generally omitted.
Literary | [teh] āō | [teh] bōl |
---|---|---|
Casual and intimate | [tu] āō | [tu] bōl |
Polite and intimate | [tu] āv' | [tu] bōl' |
Formal yet intimate | [rau'ā] āīñ | [rau'ā] bōlīñ |
Polite and formal | [āpne] āīñ | [āpne] bōlīñ |
Extremely formal | āwal jā'e | bōlal jā'e |
Similarly, adjectives are marked for politeness and formality. The adjective your has several forms with different tones of politeness: tum (casual and intimate), "tōhār" (polite and intimate), "t'hār" (formal yet intimate), rā'ur (polite and formal) and āpke (extremely formal). Although there are many tiers of politeness, Bhojpuri speakers mainly use the form tu to address a younger individual and raua for an individual who is older, or holds a higher position in workplace situations.
Status
Greater official recognition of Bhojpuri, such as by inclusion in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India, has been demanded.[by whom?][61] In 2018, Bhojpuri was given second-language status in Jharkhand state of India.[62]
Bhojpuri is taught in matriculation and at the higher secondary level in the
Literature
Although Bhojpuri is not one of the established literary languages of India, it has a strong tradition of oral literature.[68]
Media
The first journal to be published in Bhojpuri was Bagsar Samāchar which was published in 1915, but was closed in 1918.
Vocabulary
Bhojpuri vocabularies have similarity with other Indo Aryan languages and also have loanwords from Persian. Tiwari, have classified the words of Bhojpuri in to 6 parts:[76]
- Words of Sanskrit origin
- Words with untraceable origin
- Words borrowed from other Indo-Aryan Languages
- Sanskrit words either in original or modified form
- Words of non-Aryan Indian origin
- Foreign Origin (Arabic, British etc.)
Words of Persian origin are roughly classified under the following head:[77]
- Words pertaining to kingly states: amīr, kābū, hajūr
- Words relating to Revenue, Administration and Law: darogā, hak, huliyā
- Words relating to Islam: Allāh, tobā, mahjid
- Words of intellectual culture,music, education: ilīm, ijjat, munsi
- Words of material culture: kāgaj, kismis, sāl
Since, Bengal has been one of the greatest centre for Bhojpuri-speaking people, Bhojpur has taken a number of words from Bengali. It is also probable that words of European original came in Bhojpuri through Bengali.[78]
Weekdays
English | Bhojpuri (Latin script) | भोजपुरी (देवनागरी लिखाई) |
---|---|---|
Sunday | Eitwaar | एतवार |
Monday | Somaar | सोमार |
Tuesday | Mangar | मङर |
Wednesday | Budhh | बुध |
Thursday | Biphey | बियफे |
Friday | Sook | सूक |
Saturday | Sanichar | सनिचर |
Common phrases
English | Bhojpuri |
---|---|
Hello | Raam राम Raam राम / / Parnaam परनाम |
Welcome/Please come in | Aain आईं na ना |
How are you? | Ka का haal हाल ba? बा? / / Kaisan कइसन hava? हवऽ? |
I'm good. And you? / We're good. And you | Hum हम theek ठीक baani. बानी। Aur अउर rauwa? रउवा? / / Humni हमनी theek ठीक hañi. हईं। Aur अउर aap? आप? |
What is your name? | Tohaar तोहार naav नाँव ka का ha? ह? / / Raur राउर naav नाँव ka का ha? ह? |
My name is ... | Hamar हमार naav नाँव ... ... ha ह |
What's up? | Kaa का howat होवत aa? आ? |
I love you | Hum हम tohse तोहसे pyaar प्यार kareni करेनी / / Hum हम tohra तोहरा se से pyaar प्यार kareni करेनी |
English | Bhojpuri |
---|---|
1= one | १= ek = एक |
2= two | २= du = दु |
3= three | ३= teen =तीन |
4= four | ४= char = चार |
5= five | ५= pan = पान |
6= six | ६= chhav = छव |
7= seven | ७= sat = सात |
8= eight | ८= aath = आठ |
9= nine | ९= nav = नव |
10= ten | १०= das = दस |
100= one hundred | १००= ek say = एक सव |
500= five hundred | ५००= pan say = पान सव |
1000= one thousand | १०००= ek hajar = एक हजार |
Example text
The following is Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in four languages:
- Bhojpuri (kaithi) – 𑂃𑂢𑂳𑂒𑂹𑂓𑂵𑂠 १: 𑂮𑂥𑂯𑂱 𑂪𑂷𑂍𑂰𑂢𑂱 𑂄𑂔𑂰𑂠𑂵 𑂔𑂢𑂹𑂧𑂵𑂪𑂰 𑂄𑂇𑂩 𑂋𑂎𑂱𑂢𑂱𑂨𑂷 𑂍𑂵 𑂥𑂩𑂰𑂥𑂩 𑂮𑂧𑂹𑂧𑂰𑂢 𑂄𑂋𑂩 𑂃𑂡𑂱𑂍𑂰𑂩 𑂣𑂹𑂩𑂰𑂣𑂹𑂞 𑂯𑂫𑂵 𑃀 𑂋𑂎𑂱𑂢𑂱𑂨𑂷 𑂍𑂵 𑂣𑂰𑂮 𑂮𑂧𑂕-𑂥𑂴𑂕 𑂄𑂇𑂩 𑂃𑂢𑂹𑂞:𑂍𑂩𑂝 𑂍𑂵 𑂄𑂫𑂰𑂔 𑂯𑂷𑂎𑂞𑂰 𑂄𑂋𑂩 𑂯𑂳𑂢𑂍𑂷 𑂍𑂵 𑂠𑂷𑂮𑂩𑂰 𑂍𑂵 𑂮𑂰𑂟 𑂦𑂰𑂆𑂒𑂰𑂩𑂵 𑂍𑂵 𑂥𑂵𑂫𑂯𑂰𑂩 𑂍𑂩𑂵 𑂍𑂵 𑂯𑂷𑂎𑂪𑂰 𑃁
- Bhojpuri (Devanagari) – अनुच्छेद १: सबहि लोकानि आजादे जन्मेला आउर ओखिनियो के बराबर सम्मान आओर अधिकार प्राप्त हवे। ओखिनियो के पास समझ-बूझ आउर अंत:करण के आवाज होखता आओर हुनको के दोसरा के साथ भाईचारे के बेवहार करे के होखला।[79]
- Sarnámi Hindustani (a dialect of Caribbean Hindustani) – Aadhiaai 1: Sab djanne aadjádi aur barabar paidaa bhailèn, iddjat aur hak mê. Ohi djanne ke lage sab ke samadj-boedj aur hierdaai hai aur doesare se sab soemmat sè, djaane-maane ke chaahin.[80]
See also
- Culture of Bhojpuri Region
- Bhojpuri cinema
Footnotes
References
- ^ "Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues – 2011". www.censusindia.gov.in. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
- ^ Oozeerally, Shameem (March 2013). "The Evolution of Mauritian Bhojpuri: an Ecological Analysis - Mauritius Institute of Education". Retrieved 1 September 2020.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ^ Rambilass, B. "NAITALI - SOUTH AFRICAN BHOJPURI" (PDF). indiandiasporacouncil.org. Retrieved 1 September 2020.
- ^ Sudhir Kumar Mishra (22 March 2018). "Bhojpuri, 3 more to get official tag". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 22 March 2018.
- ^ "New chairman of Bhojpuri Academy | Patna News - Times of India". The Times of India. 28 August 2010.
- ^ a b "Bhojpuri entry, Oxford Dictionaries". Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015.
- ^ a b c Bhojpuri Ethnologue World Languages (2009)[circular reference]
- ISBN 978-93-257-9990-5.
- ^ Gopal Thakur Lohar (4 June 2006). A Sociolinguistic Survey of the Bhojpuri Language in Nepal.
- ISBN 0-19-513977-1, Oxford University Press, Bhojpuri, page 481
- ISBN 978-0-19-513977-8.
- ^ ISBN 978-0415064040, pages 30–32
- ^ a b c d Bhojpuri Archived 25 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine Language Materials Project, University of California, Los Angeles, United States
- ^ Hindustani, Caribbean Archived 13 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine Ethnologue (2013)
- ^ A Translation of the Sëir Mutaqherin. 1789.
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{{cite web}}
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The first quarterly in Bhojpuri Bagsar Samachar came up in 1915 but was closed down in 1918
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- Sarnámi Hindustani). 9 December 2013. p. 2. Retrieved 3 January 2020.
Bibliography
- Rajathi, J and Perumalsamy, P (2021). " Bhojpuri " in Linguistic Survey of India Bihar Volume, New Delhi: Office of the Registrar General pp 293–407.
http://lsi.gov.in/MTSI_app/DraftReport/Bihar/9.%20BHOJPURI.pdf
- Pandey, Rasbihari (1986). Bhōpurī Bhāshā kā itihāsa (in Hindi) (1st ed.). Arrah: Lok Sahitya Sangam.
- Tiwari, Uday Narayan (1960). The Origin And Development Of Bhojpuri. The Asiatic Society.
External links
- The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Bhojpuri, United Nations Information Centre, India (1998)
- Archived open-access recordings of Bhojpuri from Kaipuleohone
- English-Bhojpuri Machine Translation System
- Bhojpuri. Linguistic Survey of India.
- Bhojpuri Language Resource collection of Bhojpuri language documentation in the Computational Resource for South Asian Languages (CoRSAL) archive