Białystok
Białystok | ||
---|---|---|
Kościuszko (Market) Square with old town hall | ||
County city county | | |
Established | 1437 | |
City rights | 1692 | |
Districts | ||
Government | ||
• City mayor | UTC+2 (CEST) | |
Postal code | 15-001 to 15-999 | |
Area code | +48 85 | |
Car plates | BI | |
Highways | ||
Website | www |
Białystok[a] is the largest city in northeastern Poland and the capital of the Podlaskie Voivodeship. It is the tenth-largest city in Poland, second in terms of population density, and thirteenth in area.
Białystok is located in the Białystok Uplands of the
The first settlers arrived in the 14th century. The town grew and received its municipal charter in 1692. Białystok has traditionally been one of the leading centers of academic, cultural, and artistic life in Podlachia, and the most important economic center in northeastern Poland. Białystok was once an important center for light industry, which was the reason for the substantial growth of the city's population. The city continues to reshape itself into a modern middle-sized city. Białystok, in 2010, was on the short-list, but ultimately lost the competition, to become a finalist for European Capital of Culture in 2016.
Etymology
Although nowadays "stok" is translated as "slope", the initial name of the settlement came from the river flowing through it. In old Polish, biały stok was white river (biały - white, stok - stream; river that "slides" down the slope). So inconspicuous today, the Biała River (usually called Białka), flowing through the city center, gave it its name.
Due to changing borders and demographics over the centuries, the city has been known as
: Белосток (Belostok, Byelostok).History
Archaeological discoveries show that the first settlements in the area of present-day Białystok occurred during the Stone Age. Tombs of ancient settlers can be found in the district of Dojlidy.[10] In the early Iron Age, people settled in the area producing kurgans, the tombs of the chiefs in the area located in the current village of Rostołty.[11] Since then, the Białystok area has been at the crossroads of cultures. Trade routes linking the Baltic to the Black Sea favored the development of settlements with Yotvingia-Ruthenian-Polish cultural characteristics.[11]
The city of Białystok has existed for five centuries and during this time the fate of the city has been affected by various political and economic forces.
Surviving documents attest that around 1437 a representative of the Raczków family, Jakub Tabutowicz of the coat of arms Łabędź, received from Michael Žygimantaitis, son of the Grand Duke of Lithuania Sigismund Kęstutaitis, a wilderness area along the river Biała that marked the beginning of Białystok as a settlement.[12][13] Thereafter, Białystok was part of Lithuania for 132 years until the Union of Lublin in 1569, when it was given to Poland but remained very close to its border with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania until the last partition of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1795. Białystok was administratively part of the Podlaskie Voivodeship, after 1569 also part of the Lesser Poland Province of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland.
From 1547, the settlement was owned by the Wiesiołowski family, which founded the first school.
In 1661 it was given to
The end of the eighteenth century saw the
At the end of the nineteenth century, as a result of the influx due to
The first
During
After the wars and the reestablishment of independent Poland, Polish education in Białystok was restored and the textile industry was revived.
With the beginning of
In the course of the
The city fell under the control of the
After the war, the city became capital of the initial
Geography
Białystok is situated in the Białystok Uplands (
The highest point of the city lies at a height of 175 m (574 ft) on the Pietrasze Forest. The lowest point lies at a height of 118 m (387 ft) on the river valley of the Biała.[62] A characteristic element of the relief of the city area are clear depressions in the surface of the moraine plateau, which are used by the rivers Biała, Horodnianka, and Czaplinianka.
Forests are an important part of the city character, they currently occupy approximately 1,846 ha (4,560 acres) (18% of the administrative area of the city) which places it as the fifth most "wooded" city in Poland; behind Katowice (38%), Bydgoszcz (30%), Toruń (22.9%) and Gdańsk (17.6%).[63]
There are a total of 9 parks in the city (on municipal plots), of which 5 are historic parks with a total area of about 59.06 ha, entered into the municipal register of monuments, and 4 are city parks with an area of about 21.68 ha.[64]
Part of
The 40 ha (99 acres) of forests lying in the vicinity of the Dojlidy Ponds are administered by the Białystok Central Sports and Recreation Center(Polish: Białostocki Ośrodek Sportu i Rekreacji – BOSiR). The Dojlidy Ponds recreation area includes a public beach, walking trails, birdwatching and fishing.[68]
Climate
The city has a warm-summer continental or hemiboreal climate (Dfb) according to the Köppen climate classification system under the 0 °C (32 °F) isotherm for the average temperature of the coldest month, or an oceanic climate (Cfb) if the −3 °C (27 °F) isotherm is used. The city would have been classified as being in the Dfb zone regardless of the accepted isotherm for climatological normals as recent as 1981–2010,[69] but as a consequence of climate change, the winters have warmed up so that the climate in the city may be classified as oceanic. Białystok is one of the coldest cities in Poland by annual temperature and one with the climate having the most continental characteristics, as is the case for much of north-eastern Poland, with the mean yearly temperature of 7.7 °C (46 °F) and the length of the growing season amounting to 205 days, shorter than elsewhere in Poland.[70]
While winters are rather mild compared to other cities on the similar latitude, such as
The centre of Białystok, as most urban areas, experiences the
Climate data for Białystok (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 15.9 (60.6) |
16.4 (61.5) |
21.8 (71.2) |
29.3 (84.7) |
31.7 (89.1) |
32.8 (91.0) |
36.0 (96.8) |
35.2 (95.4) |
33.6 (92.5) |
25.4 (77.7) |
18.5 (65.3) |
13.8 (56.8) |
36.0 (96.8) |
Mean maximum °C (°F) | 6.3 (43.3) |
8.2 (46.8) |
15.4 (59.7) |
23.2 (73.8) |
27.0 (80.6) |
29.4 (84.9) |
30.9 (87.6) |
30.8 (87.4) |
25.9 (78.6) |
20.1 (68.2) |
13.2 (55.8) |
7.6 (45.7) |
32.4 (90.3) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −0.4 (31.3) |
1.1 (34.0) |
6.1 (43.0) |
13.6 (56.5) |
19.2 (66.6) |
22.2 (72.0) |
24.3 (75.7) |
23.7 (74.7) |
18.1 (64.6) |
11.7 (53.1) |
5.2 (41.4) |
1.0 (33.8) |
12.2 (54.0) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | −2.8 (27.0) |
−1.9 (28.6) |
1.7 (35.1) |
7.9 (46.2) |
13.1 (55.6) |
16.4 (61.5) |
18.4 (65.1) |
17.5 (63.5) |
12.6 (54.7) |
7.4 (45.3) |
2.7 (36.9) |
−1.2 (29.8) |
7.7 (45.9) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −5.4 (22.3) |
−4.9 (23.2) |
−2.4 (27.7) |
2.2 (36.0) |
6.8 (44.2) |
10.3 (50.5) |
12.6 (54.7) |
11.6 (52.9) |
7.7 (45.9) |
3.6 (38.5) |
0.2 (32.4) |
−3.6 (25.5) |
3.2 (37.8) |
Mean minimum °C (°F) | −18.5 (−1.3) |
−16.3 (2.7) |
−11.1 (12.0) |
−5.0 (23.0) |
−0.7 (30.7) |
3.8 (38.8) |
6.9 (44.4) |
5.3 (41.5) |
0.1 (32.2) |
−5.1 (22.8) |
−8.3 (17.1) |
−14.7 (5.5) |
−21.8 (−7.2) |
Record low °C (°F) | −35.4 (−31.7) |
−32.9 (−27.2) |
−24.0 (−11.2) |
−8.3 (17.1) |
−4.5 (23.9) |
−0.2 (31.6) |
4.2 (39.6) |
0.2 (32.4) |
−5.1 (22.8) |
−11.2 (11.8) |
−20.7 (−5.3) |
−29.3 (−20.7) |
−35.4 (−31.7) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 33.8 (1.33) |
31.4 (1.24) |
34.6 (1.36) |
37.7 (1.48) |
69.1 (2.72) |
65.4 (2.57) |
86.5 (3.41) |
69.4 (2.73) |
56.0 (2.20) |
47.2 (1.86) |
39.2 (1.54) |
39.9 (1.57) |
610.2 (24.02) |
Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) | 10.2 (4.0) |
10.9 (4.3) |
7.5 (3.0) |
2.2 (0.9) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.5 (0.2) |
3.5 (1.4) |
5.5 (2.2) |
10.9 (4.3) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 16.50 | 14.91 | 14.17 | 11.23 | 12.67 | 13.27 | 14.53 | 11.70 | 11.83 | 12.97 | 15.23 | 16.00 | 165.01 |
Average snowy days (≥ 0 cm) | 19.6 | 17.8 | 10.0 | 1.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 5.0 | 14.4 | 68.7 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
88.4 | 85.1 | 77.8 | 69.8 | 71.2 | 73.1 | 75.4 | 77.2 | 82.5 | 85.5 | 90.0 | 90.4 | 80.5 |
Average dew point °C (°F) | −5 (23) |
−5 (23) |
−2 (28) |
2 (36) |
8 (46) |
11 (52) |
14 (57) |
13 (55) |
10 (50) |
5 (41) |
2 (36) |
−2 (28) |
4 (40) |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 38.1 | 57.4 | 122.1 | 185.7 | 254.1 | 259.3 | 256.9 | 250.5 | 161.8 | 102.1 | 38.4 | 28.9 | 1,755.3 |
Source 1: Institute of Meteorology and Water Management[73][74][75][76][77][78][79][80] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Meteomodel.pl (records, relative humidity 1991–2020),[81][82][83] Time and Date (dewpoints, 2005-2015)[84] |
Climate data for Bialystok ( Dojlidy ), elevation: 148 m, 1961-1990 normals and extremes
| |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 10.9 (51.6) |
16.4 (61.5) |
21.8 (71.2) |
27.4 (81.3) |
30.1 (86.2) |
32.4 (90.3) |
34.8 (94.6) |
34.6 (94.3) |
29.8 (85.6) |
25.4 (77.7) |
16.8 (62.2) |
13.8 (56.8) |
34.8 (94.6) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −2.2 (28.0) |
−0.6 (30.9) |
4.4 (39.9) |
12.0 (53.6) |
18.4 (65.1) |
21.5 (70.7) |
22.6 (72.7) |
22.1 (71.8) |
17.4 (63.3) |
11.5 (52.7) |
4.6 (40.3) |
0.2 (32.4) |
11.0 (51.8) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | −4.8 (23.4) |
−3.8 (25.2) |
0.2 (32.4) |
6.7 (44.1) |
12.9 (55.2) |
16.1 (61.0) |
17.3 (63.1) |
16.3 (61.3) |
12.0 (53.6) |
7.2 (45.0) |
2.2 (36.0) |
−2.1 (28.2) |
6.7 (44.0) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −7.7 (18.1) |
−6.8 (19.8) |
−3.4 (25.9) |
1.9 (35.4) |
7.0 (44.6) |
10.2 (50.4) |
11.7 (53.1) |
11.1 (52.0) |
7.6 (45.7) |
3.6 (38.5) |
−0.1 (31.8) |
−4.6 (23.7) |
2.5 (36.6) |
Record low °C (°F) | −35.4 (−31.7) |
−32.9 (−27.2) |
−24.0 (−11.2) |
−8.3 (17.1) |
−4.5 (23.9) |
0.7 (33.3) |
5.0 (41.0) |
0.2 (32.4) |
−5.1 (22.8) |
−9.9 (14.2) |
−20.7 (−5.3) |
−26.2 (−15.2) |
−35.4 (−31.7) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 35 (1.4) |
26 (1.0) |
31 (1.2) |
36 (1.4) |
56 (2.2) |
74 (2.9) |
80 (3.1) |
70 (2.8) |
52 (2.0) |
46 (1.8) |
46 (1.8) |
40 (1.6) |
592 (23.2) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 8.8 | 7.0 | 7.9 | 7.7 | 9.5 | 9.9 | 10.0 | 8.9 | 8.7 | 8.4 | 9.7 | 10.1 | 106.6 |
Source: NOAA[85] |
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
See or edit raw graph data.
Urban layout
Bialystok is roughly circular, centered around the Central market square and Branicki Palace. Originally, the city's territory was about 50 hectares. Originally, Białystok was located at the intersection of two local roads and had two most important monuments: a church (with the current brick church from 1626) with an accompanying market square and a Gothic castle owned by the noble Wiesiołowski family, the former owners of the town. The current layout of the market square is the result of an urban design carried out by two members of the noble Branicki family, Stefan Mikołaj and his son Jan Klemens. The project which was aimed at rebuilding the layout of the city was initiated by Stefan Mikołaj Branicki at the end of the 17th and early 18th centuries. He established a new market (Polish: Nowy Rynek) (part of the western side of Kosciuszki Square with the town hall, located on the western side of Sienkiewicza Street). The route leading towards Suraż was moved to a new location (today's Suraska Street) forming straight road section ending in the southern corner of the market square and creating a new viewing corridor. This design decision made it possible to erect new buildings so that the old part of the settlement and the Jewish quarter were no longer visible. The second viewing corridor was created by shifting the existing route leading towards Choroszcz to the northern corner of the market square.[86]
The communication system serving the entire city was made of streets radiating out from the
After the First World War, the first attempts were made to organize the city, which had so far developed without plans - between the palace grounds and arable land. At the request of the Association of Polish Cities, in the years 1938-1939 a general urban concept of the city was created by Ignacy Tłoczek. The plan called for the creation of new communication routes, relieve the center, demolish the Chanajki district, create a housing estate and connect with it the unique green areas around the city with new tree plantings. The Second World War prevented the comprehensive implementation of this plan. As a result of war damage, many buildings partially or completely destroyed, especially at the city center. The reconstruction of the town began with the restoration of the activity of textile factories. It was conditioned by the desire to improve the economic situation of the city as quickly as possible.
The average height of buildings in the city is not high. The center is dominated by buildings not exceeding 25 meters in height, and the outskirts of the city are mainly occupied by low-rise single-family houses. Taller buildings dominate in two residential districts. They are the districts of Piasta (located to the south of the city center) and the Dziesięciny estate (located to the northwest of the city center). Dominants in Białystok are located mainly in the center and they are also there located two most important city icons: the Church of St. Roch and the Parish Church, which are on one axis. Each of the districts also has its dominant, which is usually a church or an Orthodox church. The most important space in the city is
Throughout the years it expanded to include nearby villages: In the mid-eighteenth century
Districts
The city of Białystok is divided into 29 administrative units, known in
The center of the city,
The city covers 10,213 ha (25,240 acres)
Metropolitan Białystok
Metropolitan Białystok was designated by the Voivodeship of the Regulation No. 52/05 of 16 May 2005 [97] to help develop the region economically. In 2006, the metropolitan area population was 450,254 inhabitants.[98] The municipalities adjacent to Białystok are slowly losing their agricultural character, becoming residential suburban neighborhoods with single-family housing and small businesses.[99]
Demographics
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1931 | 91,101 | — |
1950 | 68,503 | −24.8% |
1960 | 120,921 | +76.5% |
1970 | 168,500 | +39.3% |
1980 | 224,187 | +33.0% |
1990 | 270,568 | +20.7% |
2000 | 289,233 | +6.9% |
2010 | 295,198 | +2.1% |
2020 | 296,958 | +0.6% |
source [100] |
In June 2020, the population of the city was 296,958.[101][99] Among the cities of Poland, Białystok is second in terms of population density, tenth in population, and thirteenth in area.[102] Historically, Białystok has been a destination for internal and foreign immigration, especially from
In 1936, Białystok had a population of 99,722, of whom: 50.9% (50,758) were Poles, 42.6% (42,482) Jews, 2.1% (2,094) Germans and 0.4% (359) Russians; 46.6% (45,474) adhered to the Catholic religion, 43% (42,880) to Judaism, 8.2% (8,177) to Eastern Orthodoxy and 2.9% (2,892) to Evangelicalism.[103] World War II changed all of this: in 1939, around 107,000 people lived in Białystok,[106] but by 1946, the population had dropped to 56,759, with much less ethnic diversity than it had had previously, due primarily to the murder of its large Jewish population.[53] Currently the city's population is 97% Polish, 2.5% Belarusian and 0.5% of a number of minorities including Russians, Lithuanians, and Ukrainians.[107] Most of the modern-day population growth is based on internal migration within Poland and urbanization of surrounding areas.[107]
Politics
City government
Białystok, like other major cities in Poland, is a
For the 2010–2011 fiscal year the city received revenue (taxes levied + investments) of 1,409,565,525 zł, expended 1,676,459,102 zł leaving a budget deficit of 266,893,577 zł.[111] The deficit was covered by short-term borrowing of 166,893,577 zł and the issuance of 100 million zł in municipal bonds.[111]
Other levels of governmental representation
It is also the seat of government for the
International relations
There are nine consulates in Białystok, a
Białystok is
Former twin towns:
- Irkutsk, Russia
- Kaliningrad, Russia
- Pskov, Russia
- Tomsk, Russia
On 3 March 2022, Białystok ended its partnership with the Russian cities of Irkutsk, Kaliningrad, Pskov and Tomsk, and also with the Belarusian city of Grodno as a reaction to the
Eastern Partnership cities:
Former partnership:
- Grodno, Belarus
Military units
The construction of the
Throughout the interwar period and the existence of the Second Polish Republic, the city enjoyed the presence of the 42nd Infantry Regiment (barracks at Wygoda), 10th Lithuanian Uhlan Regiment (Kawaleryjska Street) and the 14th Horse Artillery Squadron (Polish: 14 Dywizjon Artylerii Konnej) (Bema Street), the command of the Podlaska Cavalry Brigade and spare center (Skladowej-Curie Street, then Piwna), units of the Armed Forces of the Second Polish Republic.[130]
The
The Cavalry Brigade "Białystok" (BK "Białystok") of the Polish Army Second Republic was formed in February 1929. On April 1, 1937, BK "Białystok" was renamed the Podlaska Cavalry Brigade(Polish: Podlaska Brygada Kawalerii).[132][133] Its headquarters was located in Białystok and operated as part of Independent Operational Group Narew.[133] It was formed from the Cavalry Brigade "Białystok", which existed between February 1929, and March 30, 1937.[132] After the Soviet invasion of Poland, remnants of the Brigade fought both Wehrmacht and Red Army troops, capitulating on October 6, 1939.[133]
During December 1993 an order of the Chief of the General Staff of the Polish Armed Forces created the 18th Mechanized Brigade (Polish: 18 Brygada Zmechanizowana) at the garrison in Białystok.[131] The unit was formed from the 3rd Mechanized Regiment (Polish: 3 Pułk Zmechanizowany) and was subordinated to the commander of the 1st Warsaw Mechanized Division (Polish: 1 Warszawskiej Dywizji Zmechanizowanej im. Tadeusza Kościuszki).[131] On December 31, 2001, as a result of the restructuring of the Armed Forces, the 18th Mechanized Brigade was disbanded and in its place was created the 18th Territorial Defense Battalion.[131]
Economy
In the nineteenth century, Białystok was an important center for light industry, which was the reason for the substantial growth of the city's population. The tradition continued with many garment factories established in the twentieth century, such as Fasty in the district of
The unemployment rate for November 2020 in Białystok was 6.8%.[134] The 2009 average household had a monthly per capita income of 1018.77 zł [135] and monthly per capita expenses of 823.56 zł[136]
The city has a number of nearby border crossings.
The leading industries in the city's economy are food processing (production of meat products, fruit and vegetable products, the production of
Some major employers who are based in Białystok include:
- Dojlidy Brewery in the district of Dojlidy produces the second most popular beer in Poland, Żubr.[138]
- Standard Motor Products Poland Ltd. headquartered in Białystok began manufacturing ignition coils for original equipment manufacturers 30 years ago.[140]
- "Supon" Białystok is the leading Polish producer of fire fighting equipment.[141]
- SavaPol, Sp.z o.o. is a manufacturer of stationary and mobile concrete mixing equipment based in Białystok.[142]
- Biazet S.A. is a large manufacture of household appliances, including vacuum cleaners, coffee makers, and LED lighting located in Białystok.[143]
- Agnella, a major Polish producer of carpets and similar products is in Białystok, located in the district of Białostoczek.[144]
- Rosti Poland Sp. z o.o., has provided for more than 60 years precision injection molded products for some of the world's leading brands.[145]
- Biaglass Huta Szkla Białystok Sp. z o.o., established in 1929, produces mouth blown glass lampshades and related products. Biaglass belongs to elite group of Glass Works in Europe, where 100% of the lighting glass is mouth-blown.[146]
- Chłodnia Białystok S.A (Cold Store Białystok S.A.), established in 1952, is one of the largest Polish producers of frozen vegetables, fruits and ready-to-heat meals.[147]
- Podlaskie Zakłady Zbożowe S.A. was established on 1 July 2000 as a result of privatizing The Regional Establishment of Corn and Milling Industry 'PZZ' in Białystok. It is one of the leading firms in Podlaskie region in the department of preservation and processing of grain with elevators in Białystok, Grajewo and Suwałki.[148]
Innovations
In order to increase the attractiveness of the city of Białystok for investments based on modern technologies, the Bialystok Science and Technology Park was opened in 2014, which is to initiate the development of infrastructure conducive to increasing innovation among local and regional enterprises.[149]
Amongst companies based in the Park are the Institute of Innovative Technologies EMAG,[150] the Department of Prevention of Metabolic Diseases Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, and a biometric photographs company PhotoAid.[151]
Public utilities
In 2015, the length of the active water supply network in Białystok was 540.7 km. Compared to 2010, this length increased by 72.6 km, and compared to the previous year by 13.3 km. At the end of 2015, there were 20,508 residential buildings in the city connected to the water supply system. In the years 2010 - 2015, this number was constantly increasing. For comparison, at the end of 2010, there were 18,654 residential buildings connected to the water supply network, 19,307 at the end of 2012, and 20,171 at the end of 2014.[152]
Culture and tourism
Białystok is one of the largest cultural centers in the Podlaskie Voivodeship. The attractions include performing arts groups, art museums, historical museums, walking tours of architectural/cultural aspects and a wide variety of parks and green spaces. Białystok in 2010 was on the short-list, but ultimately lost the competition, to become a finalist for European Capital of Culture in 2016.[153]
Performing arts
The city has a number of performing arts facilities including:
The
The
The Podlaskie Opera and Philharmonic – European Art Centre in Białystok is the largest institute of arts in Northeastern Poland and the most modern cultural center in this region of Europe. In its amphitheatre every year at the end of June Halfway Festival takes place.[156]
Museums
There are a number of museums in the city including:
The Historical Museum in Białystok (
The Army Museum in Białystok (Polish: Muzeum Wojska w Białymstoku) was established in September 1968 as a branch of the Podlaskie Museum to house the research and collections of many people connected with the military history of north-eastern Poland.[158]
The Ludwik Zamenhof Centre (Polish: Centrum im. Ludwika Zamenhofa w Białymstoku) has a permanent exhibition, "Bialystok of Young Ludwik Zamenhof", and various temporary exhibitions, concerts, film projections, and theatre performances. The Centre has a branch of Lukasz Gornicki's Podlaska Library dedicated to the Esperanto language.
The Sybir Memorial Museum (Polish: Muzeum Pamięci Sybiru) is a historical museum opened in 2021 and dedicated to the memory of Poles as well as people from other nationalities who were the victims of forced deportations to Siberia perpetrated by Russia and the Soviet Union.[159]
The Alfons Karny Sculpture Museum contains a collection of sculptures by Białystok native Alfons Karny.
Parks and green spaces
Around 32% of the city is occupied by parks, squares and forest preserves which creates a unique and healthy climate.[160] The green spaces include:
Planty is a 14.94 ha (36.9 acres) park created between 1930 and 1938, under the auspices of the then voivode Marian Zyndram-Kościałkowski in the areas adjacent to Branicki Palace.[164] The modernist composition of the park was designed by Stanislav Gralla.[165]
Architecture
The various historically driven changes have had a very significant influence on the architectural space of the city. Most other Polish cities have suffered similarly, but the processes in Białystok, have had a particularly intense course. Numerous historic works of architecture no longer exist, while many others have been rebuilt to their original configuration. Very few historic buildings of the city have been preserved – the sights are merely an echo of the old historical shape of Białystok.[166]
Main sights include:
- Townhall, built in 18th century in Baroque style
- Branicki Palace, built in 18th century in Baroque style
- Other palaces: Branicki Guest Palace, Lubomirski Palace, Hasbach Palace, Nowik Palace
- Orthodox Cathedral of St. Nicholas, built in 1843–1846 in Neoclassicist style
- Białystok railway station, built in 1861 in Neoclassicist style
- Catholic Cathedral, dating back to 16th century, rebuilt in 1900-1905 in Gothic Revival style
- St. Adalbert Church, built in 1909–1912 in Romanesque Revial style, former Lutheran, today Roman-Catholic
- St. Roch Church, built in 1927–46, Expressionist
- Aleksandr Węgierki Drama Theatre, built in 1938, modernist
- Socialist realist building of the University of Białystok (former regional headquarters of the Polish United Workers' Party)
- Church of the Resurrection, built in 1991–1996 in Neo-Baroque style as a copy of destroyed Basilian Church and Monastery in Berezwecz
- Opera and Philharmonic, built in 2006-2012, Postmodern style
- Daughters of Charity Monastery
- Former Arsenal
- Former Masonic Lodge
-
Town Hall
-
Branicki Palace
-
Lubomirski Palace
-
Hasbach Palace
-
Orthodox Cathedral of St. Nicholas
-
Catholic Cathedral
-
St. Adalbert Church
Sports
The city has both professional and amateur sports teams, and a number of venues where they are based.
Podlasie Białystok is one of the top athletics clubs in Poland, multiple times Polish Team Champions, most recently in 2022.[171]
Lowlanders Białystok is an American football club, that plays in the Polish American Football League (Polish: Polska Liga Futbolu Amerykańskiego) PLFA I Conference.[172] The Lowlanders were the champions of the PLFA II Conference in 2010 with a perfect season (8 wins in eight meetings). Because of the win, they were advanced to the upper conference (PLFA I) in 2011.[172]
Other notable clubs include men's football team Hetman Białystok (with additional boxing and contract bridge sections),[173] basketball club Żubry Białystok ,[174] and football club Włókniarz Białystok with both men's and women's sections,[175] however, all of the aforementioned teams play in the lower leagues as of 2022–23.
Media
Białystok has a wide variety of media outlets serving the city and surrounding region. There are two locally published daily newspapers,
Religion
In the early 1900s, Białystok was reputed to have the largest concentration of Jews of all the cities in the world.[182] In 1931, 40,000 Jews lived in the city, nearly half the city's inhabitants.[183] The city is the seat of the
Białystok is home to more than two thousand Muslims (mainly Tatars). There is an Islamic Centre,[187] a House of Prayer, and various organisations. There is a magazine issued – "Pamięć i trwanie" ("Memory and persistence").
The city is the site of the Divine Mercy Sanctuary with the main relics of Michał Sopoćko.[188]
-
Old Parish Church
-
Basilica of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary
-
Church of the Lord's Resurrection
-
All Saints' Church
-
Lipowa Street
Transport
The city is and has been for centuries, the main hub of transportation for the
A traffic management system has been operating in Białystok since 2015. At 120 intersections, traffic lights are coordinated in such a way that cars and buses covered the route as quickly as possible. Special cameras record traffic, travel time. Drivers receive this information on 19 boards set among others at the intersections on Wasilkowska Street, Antoniuk-Fabryczny Street and Kleeberga Street.[191]
Railways
Passenger trains connect from
Buses
There is an extensive bus network that covers the entire city by three bus services, but no tram or subway exists. The three bus operators (KPKM, KPK and KZK) are owned by the city and each shares approximately a third of the lines and the bus fleet.[194]
Roads and highways
The National Roads (Polish: Droga krajowa) running through Białystok:
- DK 8 / E67: Budzisko (Lithuania–Poland border) – Białystok – Warsaw – Wrocław – Kudowa-Zdrój (Czech–Polish border)
- DK 19: Rzeszów – Lublin – Bielsk Podlaski – Białystok – Kuźnica (Belarus–Poland border)
- DK 65: Gołdap (Poland–Russia border)-Ełk-Białystok-Bobrowniki (Belarus–Poland border)
The expressways (Polish: Droga ekspresowa) near Białystok:
- S 8 / E67: Białystok – Warsaw – Wrocław
- S 19 (projected): Rzeszów – Lublin – Bielsk Podlaski – Białystok – Kuźnica (Belarus–Polish border)
The Voivodeship roads (Polish: Droga wojewódzka) running through Białystok::
- DW 669: Trasa Niepodległości (Narodowych Sił Zbrojnych Street, Niepodległości Avenue, Padarewskiego Avenue)
- DW 675: Tysiąclecia Państwa Polskiego Avenue (Polish: aleja Tysiąclecia Państwa Polskiego)
- DW 676: Porosły - Białystok - Supraśl - Krynki
- DW 678: Białystok - Wysokie Mazowieckie
In
- Poviat Road 1432 B: Białystok (Ciołkowskiego and Baranowicka streets) - Zielona,
- Poviat Road 1483 B: Białystok (Filipowicza) - Hryniewicze
- Poviat Road 1484 B: Białystok (Mickiewicza Street) - Stanisławowo
- Poviat Road 1485 B: Białystok (Plażowa Street) - Dojlidy Górne
- Poviat Road 1493 B: Białystok (Wiosenna Street) - Olmonty
- Poviat Road 1535 B: Białystok (Popiełuszki, Hetmańska and Wierzbowa Streets) - Choroszcz
- Poviat Road 1550 B: Białystok (Niewodnicka, Meksykańska, Nowosielska and Elewatorska streets) - Klepacze - Niewodnica Kościelna,
- Poviat Road 1559 B: Białystok - Kleosin
Bicycle
By 2020, there were already over 158 km of bicycle paths in Bialystok.[197] The municipal bicycle renting system is called BiKeR and was opened in 2014. The system initially based on 30 stations equipped with 300 bikes. The city has four public bicycle repair stations, in which one can fix their private bikes. The stations are located in places where the highest traffic of city bikes was observed.[191]
Airports
A civil airport,
Education
Higher education in the city can be traced back to the second half of the eighteenth century when the ownership of the city was inherited by Field Crown Hetman Jan Klemens Branicki.[20] As a patron of the arts and sciences, Branicki encouraged numerous artists and scientists to settle in Białystok to take advantage of Branicki's patronage.[199] In 1745 Branicki established Poland's first military college, the School of Civil and Military Engineering, in the city.[199]
Since the fall of communism many privately funded institutions of higher educations have been founded and their number is still increasing. Currently Białystok is home to one principal public university (University of Białystok)[200] and two other public specialist universities (Białystok Technical University[201] and Medical University of Białystok[202]). Some institutions, such as Musical Academy in Białystok,[203] are branches of their parent institutions in other cities, usually in Warsaw.
Notable residents
Over the centuries, a number of people from Białystok have been prominent in the fields of science, language, politics, religion, sports, visual arts and performing arts. This environment was created in the mid-eighteenth century by the patronage of
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Notes
- ^
- Pronunciation:
- Polish: [bjaˈwɨstɔk] ⓘ
- Lithuanian: Baltstogė, Balstogė
- Belarusian: Беласток, BGN/PCGN romanization: Byelastok, Belarusian Latin alphabet: Biełastok
- Ukrainian: Білосток, transcription: Bilostok
- Yiddish: ביאַליסטאָק, transcription: Byalistok, Bjalistok
- Russian: Белосток, transcription: Belostok
- Latin: Bialostoc
- ^ The mentioned roads don't pass through the city
Further reading
- Łukasz Kaźmierczak, Trzy procent odmienności (Three percent of different) – article describing results of Polish census 2002 and minorities in Poland, citing census data (in Polish)
- Janusz Żarnowski, "Społeczeństwo Drugiej Rzeczypospolitej 1918–1939", Warszawa 1973 (in Polish)
- Eugeniusz Mironowicz, "Białoruś", Trio, Warszawa, 1999, ISBN 83-85660-82-8(in Polish)
- Yvette Walczak, "Let Her Go!", Naomi Roth Publishing, London, 2012, ISBN 978-0-9537585-2-4
External links
- Białystok travel guide from Wikivoyage
- Osiedla.Białystok.pl Archived 2013-02-22 at the Wayback Machine (in Polish)
- VisitBiałystok.com (in Polish, English, and Russian)
- Białystok's official website at the Wayback Machine (archived February 22, 2013) (in English and Polish)
- Official Site Białystok City Transport (in Polish)
- Google Transit in Białystok
- Białystok, Poland at JewishGen
- Białystok at the B&F Compendium of Jewish Genealogy