Bible translations into German

German language

translations of the Bible have existed since the Middle Ages. The most influential is Luther's translation, which established High German

as the literary language throughout Germany by the middle of the seventeenth century and which still continues to be most widely used in the German-speaking world today.

Pre-Lutheran Germanic Bibles

The earliest known and partly still available

Wulfila (c. 311–380). This version, translated primarily from the Greek, established much of the Germanic Christian vocabulary that is still in use today. Later Charlemagne promoted Frankish Bible translations in the 9th century.^{[citation needed]} There were Bible translations present in manuscript form at a considerable scale already in the thirteenth and the fourteenth century (e.g. the New Testament in the Augsburger Bible of 1350 and the Old Testament in the Wenceslas Bible of 1389). There are still approximately 1,000 manuscripts or manuscript fragments of Medieval German Bible translations extant.^[1]

Printed Bibles

There is ample evidence for the general use of the entire vernacular German Bible in the fifteenth century.

High German vernacular Bible, at Strasbourg. This edition was based on a no-longer-extant fourteenth-century manuscript translation of the Vulgate from the area of Nuremberg. By 1518, it had been reprinted at least 13 times.^[3]

The Sensenschmidt Bible was published around 1476‒1478. In 1478–1479, two editions were published in

Low Rhenish dialect and another in Low Saxon. In 1483, the Koberger was printed .^[4] In 1494, another Low German Bible was published in the dialect of Lübeck

, and in 1522, the last pre-Lutheran Bible, the Low Saxon Halberstadt Bible was published.

In 1477, in Delft, Holland, an Old Testament (except the Psalms) was printed in Middle Dutch. An accompanying New Testament seems to have been lost.

In total, there were at least eighteen complete German Bible editions, ninety editions in the vernacular of the Gospels and the readings of the Sundays and Holy Days, and some fourteen German Psalters by the time Luther first published his own New Testament translation.

Anabaptist translation by Ludwig Hetzer and Hans Denck was published at Worms in 1529.^[5]

Overview of the German Bibles before Luther

Name	Year	Place of printing	Printer/Illustrator	Chronological order
Mentelin-Bibel	1466	Straßburg	Johannes Mentelin	1.
Eggestein-Bibel	vor 1470	Straßburg	Heinrich Eggestein	2.
Zainer-Bibel	1475	Augsburg	Günther Zainer	3./4.
Pflanzmann-Bibel	1475	Augsburg	Jodocus Pflanzmann^[6]	4./3.
Sensenschmidt-Bibel	1476–78	Nürnberg	Andreas Frisner, Johann Sensenschmidt	5.
Zainer-Bibel	1477	Augsburg	Günther Zainer	6.
Sorg-Bibel	1477	Augsburg	Anton Sorg	7.
Kölner Bibeln	1478/79	Köln	Heinrich Quentell oder Bartholomäus von Unckell	Low Rhenish
Kölner Bibeln	1478/79	Köln	Heinrich Quentell oder Bartholomäus von Unckell	Low Saxon
Sorg-Bibel	1480	Augsburg	Anton Sorg	8.
Koberger-Bibel	1483	Nürnberg	Anton Koberger	9.
Grüninger-Bibel	1485	Straßburg	Johann Grüninger	10.
Schönsperger-Bibel	1487	Augsburg	Johann Schönsperger d. Ä.	11.
Schönsperger-Bibel	1490	Augsburg	Johann Schönsperger d. Ä.	12.
Lübecker Bibel (1494)	1494	Lübeck	Steffen Arndes/Meister der Lübecker Bibel	Low Saxon
Otmar-Bibel	1507	Augsburg	Johann Otmar	13.
Otmar-Bibel	1518	Augsburg	Silvan Otmar	14.
Halberstädter Bibel	1522	Halberstadt	Lorenz Stuchs	Low Saxon

Luther's Bible

The most important and influential translation of the Bible into German is the Luther Bible, completed in 1534. It was the first translation (mainly) from the original Hebrew and Greek and not translated from the Latin Vulgate.^[7] The influence that Martin Luther's translation had on the development of the German language is often compared to the influence the King James Version had on English. The Luther Bible is currently used in a revised version from 1984, which was adapted to the new German orthography in 1999. Here also some revisions have taken place, e.g. "Weib" > "Frau". Despite the revisions, the language is still somewhat archaic and difficult for non-native speakers who want to learn the German language using a German translation of the Bible. Another revision was published in 2017; in this version, some of the text that had been 'toned down' in previous revisions has been reverted to Luther's stronger formulations.

Other translations after Luther's

Froschauer Bible

Froschauer Bible, containing more than 200 illustrations, became notable as a masterpiece of printing at the time. The translation is mainly due to Zwingli and his friend Leo Jud

, pastor at the St. Peter parish. The translation of the Old Testament was revised in 1540, that of the New Testament in 1574. Verse numbering was introduced in 1589.

Catholic

Catholic translations continued to be produced: in 1526, Beringer's translation of the New Testament was published at

Jesuit theologians published at Mainz in 1661, 1662, and so on. Th. Erhard, OSB, did a revision published at Augsburg in 1722, which was in its sixth edition by 1748. G. Cartier's revision was published at Konstanz in 1751. The revision by Ignatius von Weitenauer, SJ, was published at Augsburg in twelve volumes from 1783 to 1789.^[8]

Mendelssohn

Song of Solomon

was posthumously published in 1788.

Later Bible translations

A

Tanakh by Athias was published in 1666, and reprinted in the Biblia Pentapla at Hamburg

in 1711.

Daniel Gotthilf Moldenhawer's translation was published in 1774, Simon Grynaeus' in 1776, and Vögelin's of the new testament in 1781.

Heinrich Braun, OSB, did a new translation of the Vulgate, published at Augsburg from 1788 to 1797.

Joseph Franz Allioli's revision, published at Landshut in 1830 and 1832, and often republished.^[8]

Dominic de Brentano translated the

Pentateuch and Anton Dereser translated the rest of the Bible; this was published at Frankfurt in sixteen volumes from 1815 to 1828, and then was revised by Johann Martin Augustin Scholz and published in seventeen volumes from 1828 to 1837.^[9]

Wilhelm Martin Leberecht de Wette and Johann Christian Wilhelm Augusti did a translation that was published at Heidelberg from 1809 to 1814, and the revision by Wette was published from 1831 to 1833. Rabbi Michael Sachs worked with Arnheim and Füchs on a new translation of the Tenakh published at Berlin in 1838.

Loch and Reischl did a translation from the Vulgate, compared with the Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek, published at Regensburg from 1851 to 1866.^[8]

Contemporary Bible translations

A modern German translation is the

Protestant Church of Germany refused to continue the cooperation for the current revision of the Einheitsübersetzung.^[10]

Other well known German language Bible versions are:

Elberfelder, Schlachter

, Buber-Rosenzweig (OT only), Pattloch, Herder, Hoffnung für Alle (Hope for All), Die Gute Nachricht (The Good News), Gute Nachricht Bibel (Good News Bible, revision of "Gute Nachricht"), Bibel in gerechter Sprache (Bible in equitable language, i.e. non-sexist).

Notes

^ ^a ^b ^c Arblaster, Juhász & Latré 2002, p. 116.
^ jhsonline.org/Articles/article_115.pdf
^ "The Mentelin Bible. | Library of Congress".
^ Bible.https://www.wdl.org/en/item/18183/
^ Keller, Ludwig (1885), Die Reformation und die alteren Reformparteien (in German), p. 432
^ Heimo Reinitzer: Pflanzmann, Jodocus. In: Verfasserlexikon. Band VII, Sp. 575–577.
^ C. Burger, "Luther's Thought Took Shape in Translation of Scripture and Hymns", in The Oxford Handbook of Martin Luther's Theology (Oxford University Press, 2014).
^ ^a ^b ^c CathEnc 1911.
^ "Dereser, Anton", Catholic Encyclopedia, 1911
^ "Orientierungshilfe - Revision der Einheitsübersetzung - EKiR-News - 2005 - Evangelische Kirche im Rheinland - EKiR.de" [Orientation about the revision of the unity translation - Church News 2005 - Protestant Church of the Rheinland] (in German). 28 September 2005. Retrieved 16 April 2017.

References

Arblaster, Paul; Juhász, Gergely; Latré, Guido, eds. (2002), Tyndale's Testament, Brepols,
ISBN 2-503-51411-1
.

"Versions of the Bible", Catholic Encyclopaedia, 1911.