Bible translations into Hebrew
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Bible translations into Hebrew primarily refers to translations of the
Hebrew Bible
The
Some modern Israeli editions[clarification needed] of the Bible have running footnotes rendering more archaic Biblical Hebrew words and phrases into Modern Hebrew. A Christian translation of the Hebrew Bible into Modern Hebrew was completed in 2006 and called "the Testimony" or העדות.[3] Published in four volumes, all volumes are translated into simple, modern Hebrew vocabulary by Shoshan Danielson and edited by Baruch Maoz.[4] The "Ram Bible" (Tanakh Ram; תנ"ך רם) began to be published in 2008. Of a planned four volume set, currently the first two, Torah and Early Prophets, are available. These editions include the original text in a parallel column.
Apocrypha
The books of the
Two major annotated Hebrew translations of the apocrypha were published in the 20th century. Both editions include commentaries by the editors, both are vowelized, and both of them incorporate parts of the original Hebrew for
- Avraham Kahana, ed. and trans., Ha-Sefarim ha-Hitsonim. Tel-Aviv: Hotsaat Meqorot, 1937 (2 vols.), most recently reissued in 2006.[8]
- Eliyah Shemuel Hartom (aka. Elia Samuele Artom), ed. and trans., Ha-Sefarim ha-Hitsonim. Tel-Aviv: Yavneh, 1965-69.
Another annotated Hebrew edition of Ben Sira was published by Moshe Zvi Segal in 1953 and subsequently revised; it also takes into account Hebrew copies found in the Cairo Geniza, among the Dead Sea Scrolls, and at Masada. It is current available from the Bialik Institute.[9]
In the early 21st century, the Yad Ben-Zvi Institute in Jerusalem inaugurated a major project of a scholarly publication called Bein Miqra la-Mishnah ("Between the Bible and the Mishnah"), whose scope includes new Hebrew translations and in-depth commentaries on apocryphal books. So far Maccabees 1 & 2 have appeared; Maccabees 3 & 4 and Jubilees are in preparation.[10]
New Testament
Polemical rabbinical translations
Quotes of the New Testament in Hebrew occur in
The Hutter Dodecaglott Bible
The New Testament was first translated into Hebrew by
, in 1599, 1600, in two volumes.Some individual books were translated before Hutter's complete New Testament, such as
Christian translations
As part of the Christian mission to Jews the Greek New Testament has been translated into Hebrew several times since the 19th century. These versions sometimes exist in bilingual editions.
These Christian versions generally use the Hebrew word משיחיים Meshiẖiyyim ("Messianics") for Greek Χριστιανοί, Khristianoi ("Christians") in the text in preference to the Talmudic term נוצרים, Notsrim ("Nazarenes").
The majority of these versions use the
Gospels of Matthew
- 1537, Gospel of Matthew, Sebastian Münster, Basel - based on one of the Rabbinical translations of Matthew.[13]
- 1551, 1550 Gospel of Matthew, J. Quinquarboreus (Jean Cinqarbres) and 1550 Jean Mercier (Hebraist), Paris - confused with Sebastian Münster's adaption of a Rabbinical text of Matthew, but prepared from another of the Rabbinical translations of Matthew, purchased in Italy by bishop Jean du Tillet.
- 1553, Psalms and first 2 chapters of Matthew, Anton Margaritha, Leipzig - a Jewish convert.
- 1869, Gospel of Matthew, Elias Soloweyczyk[14]
- 1875, Gospel of Matthew, William Henry Guillemard, Cambridge[15]
- 1948-1950, Gospels of Matthew and Mark, J.-M. Paul Bauchet, Jerusalem. These are slightly revised versions of Delitzsch.
Gospels of Mark
- 1575, Gospel of Mark, Walther Herbst, Wittemberg
- 1813-1817, New Testament, Thomas Fry and William Bengo' Collyer, London[16][17]
- 1969, The Gospel of Mark, Robert Lisle Lindsey[18]
Gospels of Luke
- 1574, Gospel of Luke, Fredericus Petrus, Lutheran pastor of the church of Brunswick.
- 1735, Gospel of Luke, Heinrich Frommann, Halle[19][20]
Gospels of John
- 1957, Gospel of John, Moshe I. Ben Maeir, Denver
Hebrew Gospels
- 1576, The Anniversary Gospels in four languages, Johannes Claius (Johann Klaj), Leipzig[21]
- 1668, Latin-Hebrew Gospels, Jona, Giovanni Battista (1588–1668),[22](originally Jehuda Jona ben-Isaac), Rome[23]
- 1805, The four gospels, Thomas Yeates, London.[24] Apparently a revision of Jona, Giovanni Battista 1668 (see above)
- 1831, New Testament, Novum Testamentum, Hebraice ed. William Greenfield (philologist), London[25]
New Testament
- 1560s? unpublished manuscript of the New Testament. Erasmus Oswald Schreckenfuchs (1511–1579) Professor of Mathematics, Rhetorics, and Hebrew, first at Tübingen, afterwards at Freiburg in Breisgau.
- 1569, Tremellius publishes an edition of the Syriac Peshitta in Hebrew letters.
- 1599, New Testament in 12 languages, Elias Hutter, Nuremberg
- 1661, New Testament, William Robertson, London. Revised version of Hutter 1599
- 1796, New Testament, Dominik von Brentano, Vienna and Prague
- 1798-1805, NT, Richard Caddick, London. Revised version of Hutter 1599 and Robertson 1661[26]
- 1817, New Testament: Berit hadasha 'al pi Mashiah: ne'etak mi-leshon Yavan lileshon 'Ivri. London: A. Mactintosh, 1817. Early edition of the London Jews' Society's New Testament in Hebrew. T. Fry, G.B. Collier and others
- 1838, New Testament, Michael Solomon Alexander for the London Society for Promoting Christianity Amongst the Jews.
- 1846, New Testament, Johann Christian Reichardt (1803–1873), London
- 1863, New Testament, Hermann Heinfetter, London[citation needed]
- 1865, New Testament, Ezekiel Margoliouth,[27] London Jews' Society, London.[28] This is the only complete cantillated translation of the New Testament.[29]
- 1866, New Testament, J. C. Reichardt and J. H. R. Biesenthal, London
- 1877-1889, New Testament, Franz Delitzsch (1813–1890), Leipzig. The first edition was published in 1877, the 10th edition - which was the last one revised by Delitzsch himself - in 1889.[30] The first edition was based on the Codex Sinaiticus. However, at the behest of the British and Foreign Bible Society, subsequent editions followed the Textus Receptus, a more traditional and less critical edition. The translation was revised by Arnold Ehrlich (1848–1919).
- 1885, New Testament, Isaac Salkinsohn(c. 1820-1883)
- 1886, New Testament, I. Salkinson and C. D. Ginsburg, London. This edition is a profound revision of Salkinsohn 1885 by Christian David Ginsburg (1831–1914). It was first distributed by the Trinitarian Bible Society, now distributed by The Society for Distributing Hebrew Scriptures. Background information on the translation is available,[31] and there is a revised and modernized by Eri S. Gabe (2000).[32] The translation is issued in bilingual editions (such as Hebrew-English on facing pages) with the explicit aim of making it appealing to Jews.[33]
- 1892, New Testament, Delitzsch and Gustaf Dalman. This is the 11th edition of Delitzsch, extensively revised by Dalman, based on older manuscripts. Most later printed editions of Delitzsch are based on this one.[34]
- 1975, New Testament, J.-M. Paul Bauchet and D. Kinneret Arteaga, Rome. In modern Hebrew, without vowel points.
- 1977, New Testament, United Bible Societies, Jerusalem. This is a modern Hebrew translation prepared by an ecumenical team of scholars in the beginning of the seventies.[35] The translation was first published by The Bible Society in Israel in 1977. It has been revised several times, latest in 2010.[36] Part of this translation - primarily the four gospels and to a lesser grade the Book of Revelation - is apparently based on Delitzsch (see above), while the Acts of the Apostles and the Epistles seem to be independent translations.
- 1977, New Testament, Living Bible International, translator unknown. This is more a paraphrase than a literal translation in modern Hebrew, in line with other translations of The Living Bible.[37] The four gospels and the Acts of the Apostles were published in Israel in 1977 under the title Beit ha-lahmi.
- 1979, Habrit Hakhadasha/Haderekh “The Way” (Hebrew Living New Testament) 2009 by Biblica, Inc.
- 2013, New Testament, New World Translation of the Christian Greek Scriptures, published by the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania.[38]
Acts
- 1851-1867, Luke, Acts, Romans and Hebrews, Johann Heinrich Raphael Biesenthal (1800–1886), Berlin[39]
Epistles
- 1557, Epistle to the Hebrews, Sebastian Münster, Basel
- 1586, The Anniversary Epistles in four languages, ed. Conrad Neander,
- 1598, Epistles to the Galatians and the Ephesians, György Thúri (Georgius Thurius), Wittenberg[40]
- 1734, Epistle to the Hebrews, Friedrich Albert Christian, Halle[41]
- 1766, Epistle to the Hebrews, György Kalmár, Amsterdam[42]
Comparison
Translation | John (Yohanan) 3:16 |
---|---|
Giovanni Battista Jona (1668) | כִּי כָּל־כַּךְ אָהַב אֱלֹהִים לָעוֹלָם שֶׁנָּתַן בְּנוֹ יְחִידוֹ כְּדֵי שֶׁכָּל־הַמַּאֲמִין בּוֹ לֹא יֹאבַד כִּי־אִם יִהְי לוֹ חַיִים לַנֶצַח׃ |
Richard Caddick (1799) | כִּי־כֵן אָהַב אֱלֹהִים אֶת־הָעוֹלָם אֲשֶׁר אֶת־בְּנוֹ יְחִידוֹ נָתַן לְמַעַן־כָּל־הַמַּאֲמִין בּוֹ לֹא יֹאבֵד כִּי אִם יִהְיוּ לוֹ חַיֵּי עוֹלָם׃ |
Thomas Yeates (1805) | כי־יען אלֹהים אהב לעוֹלם שׁלח בנוֹ יחידוֹ אשׁר כל־המּאמין בוֹ לֹא יאבד כּי־אם יהי לוֹ חיים לנצח׃ |
Fry and Collyer (1817) | וְכֹה אָהַב אֱלֹהִים אֶת־הָאָרֶץ כִּי־נָתַן אֶת־בֶּן־יְחִידוֹ וְכָל־הַמַּאֲמִין בּוֹ לֹא יֹאבֵד כִּי אִם־חַיֵּי עוֹלָמִים יִהְיוּ לוֹ׃ |
William Greenfield (1831) | כִּי כֹה אָהַב אֱלֹהִים אֶת־הָעוֹלָם כִּי־נָתַן אֶת־בְּנוֹ הַיָּחִיד לְמַעַן כָּל־הַמַּאֲמִין בּוֹ לֹא יֹאבַד כִּי אִם־חַיֵּי עוֹלָם יִהְיוּ לוֹ׃ |
Ezekiel Margoliouth (1865) | כִּי כָּכָה אָהַב הָאֱלֹהִים אֶת־הָעוֹלָם עַד אֲשֶׁר נָתַן אֶת־בְּנוֹ יְחִידוֹ לְמַעַן כָּל־הַמַּאֲמִין בּוֹ לֹא יֹאבַד כִּי אִם־יִהְיוּ לוֹ חַיֵּי עוֹלָמִים׃ |
Delitzsch, 10th edition (1889) | כִּי־כָכָה אָהַב הָאֱלֹהִים אֶת־הָעוֹלָם עַד־אֲשֶׁר נָתַן אֶת־בְּנוֹ אֶת־יְחִידוֹ לְמַעַן לֹא־יֹאבַד כָּל־הַמַּאֲמִין בּוֹ כִּי אִם־יִחְיֶה חַיֵּי עוֹלָמִים׃ |
Salkinsohn and Ginsburg (1891) | כִּי־כֵן אֹהֵב אֱלֹהִים אֶת־הָעוֹלָם עַד־אֲשֶׁר נָתַן בַּעֲדוֹ אֶת־בְּנוֹ אֶת־יְחִידוֹ וְכָל־הַמַּאֲמִין בּוֹ לֹא־יֹאבַד כִּי בוֹ יִמְצָה חַיֵּי עוֹלָם׃ |
Dalman and Delitzsch (1892) | כִּי־אַהֲבָה רַבָּה אָהַב הָאֱלֹהִים אֶת־הָעוֹלָם עַד־אֲשֶׁר נָתַן אֶת־בְּנוֹ אֶת־יְחִידוֹ לְמַעַן אֲשֶׁר לֹא־יֹאבַד כָּל־הַמַּאֲמִין בּוֹ כִּי אִם־יִחְיֶה חַיֵּי עוֹלָם׃ |
The Bible Society in Israel (1977) | כִּי כֹּה אָהַב אֱלֹהִים אֶת הָעוֹלָם עַד כִּי נָתַן אֶת בְּנוֹ יְחִידוֹ לְמַעַן לֹא יֹאבַד כָּל הַמַּאֲמִין בּוֹ, אֶלָּא יִנְחַל חַיֵּי עוֹלָם׃ |
The Living Bible (1977) | כי אלוהים אהב כל כך את העולם עד שהקריב את בנו היחיד, כדי שכל המאמין בו לא יאבד כי אם יחיה לנצח׃ |
References
- ^ "Bible Society in Israel".
- ^ See Works by Samuel Leib Gordon on the Hebrew Wikisource website.
- ^ "haedut". Archived from the original on 2013-08-13.
- ^ Evanoff, Tommy. "Helping Teenagers Read The Bible Is Fundamental". Fellowship Bible Church.
- ^ Scanned versions of the original edition may be found at the HebrewBooks.org website here [1] and at the Google Books website here [2] (Leipzig, 1830). Scanned version of a later edition may be found at the HebrewBooks.org website here [3] (Warsaw, 1863).
- ^ Scanned versions of other nineteenth century Hebrew translations of Ben Sira may be found here [4] (Vienna, 1814) and here [5] (Warsaw, 1842); other short apocryphal books were translated by Salomon Plessner in this volume (1865, also entitled Ketuvim Aharonim).
- ^ An index to the online texts is found here [6].
- ^ Scanned versions of the original edition may be found here: Volume I Archived 2016-03-05 at the Wayback Machine (apocryphal books related to the Torah), and here: Volume II Archived 2015-05-13 at the Wayback Machine (apocryphal books related to Nevi'im and Ketuvim). These scans were originally published at the site HebrewBooks.org.
- ^ "THE COMPLETE BEN-SIRA : Bialik Publishing". Archived from the original on 2015-02-23. Retrieved 2015-02-23.
- ^ Information on the project may be found here [7] (Hebrew).
- ^ Commissioner, purpose, translators, copyist and age of the Hebrew New Testament of Cochin and the Quran of the Library of Congress, Mascha van Dort, DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.20148.58242, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353131337_Commissioner_purpose_translators_copyist_and_age_of_the_Hebrew_New_Testament_of_Cochin_and_the_Quran_of_the_Library_of_Congress
- Isaac Salkinson and J.-M. Paul Bauchet."
- ^ Scanned version of Münster's Matthew can be found here
- ^ In: Qol qore: ha-talmud ve-ha-brit ha-hadasha
- ^ The Greek Testament, Hebraistic edition [St Matthew]
- ^ Scanned versions of this translation can be found here (1813 - this scan contains only the gospels of Matthew and Mark) [8], here (1817)[9], here (1821)[10] and here (1828) [11]
- London Jews' Societypublished a quite new translation by T. Fry and others in 1817 the original proofsheets of which "
- ^ Lindsey, Robert Lisle: A Hebrew Translation of the Gospel of Mark. Jerusalem, 1969
- ^ Scanned versions of this translation can be found here [12][permanent dead link] and at Google Books [13]
- ^ Hebrew in the Church: The Foundations of Jewish-Christian Dialogue 1984 p77 Pinchas E. Lapide, Helmut Gollwitzer - 1984 "Under the aegis of the Institutum Judaicum which was founded in Leipzig in 1728, the Gospel of Luke (through 22:14) appeared in Hebrew in 1735 in a translation by the proselyte Dr. Heinrich Christian Immanuel Frommann.
- ^ Scanned version of this book can be found here
- ^ Encyclopaedia Judaica: Ja-Kas Fred Skolnik, Michael Berenbaum - 2007 "apostate scholar. Jona was born Judah Jona at Safed in Galilee and for that reason was known also as Galileo. ..Giovanni Giuda Giona
- ^ Reprinted in: Traductions hébräiques des Evangiles rassemblées par Jean Carmignac. Vol. 2: Evangiles de Matthieu et de Marc traduits en hébreu en 1668 par Giovanni Battista Iona retouchés en 1805 par Thomas Yeates. Turnhout, 1982. Vol. 3: Evangiles de Luc et de Jean traduits en hébreu en 1668 par Giovanni Battista Iona retouchés en 1805 par Thomas Yeates. Turnhout, 1982.
- ^ Manuscript. Facsimile edition: Traductions hébräiques des Evangiles rassemblées par Jean Carmignac. Vol. 2: Evangiles de Matthieu et de Marc traduits en hébreu en 1668 par Giovanni Battista Iona retouchés en 1805 par Thomas Yeates. Turnhout, 1982. Vol. 3: Evangiles de Luc et de Jean traduits en hébreu en 1668 par Giovanni Battista Iona retouchés en 1805 par Thomas Yeates. Turnhout, 1982.
- ^ The four gospels are reprinted in: Traductions hébräiques des Evangiles rassemblées par Jean Carmignac. Vol. 1: The four Gospels Translated into Hebrew by William Greenfield in 1831. Turnhout, 1982.
- ^ Original title: 'The New Testament of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ, in Hebrew and English, in three volumes, Corrected from the version published by Dr. Hutter, at Nuremberg, 1599; and republished by Dr. Robertson, at London, 1661. By the Rev. Richard Caddick, of Christ-Church, Oxford'
- ^ "See the translator's biography here". Archived from the original on 2012-04-25. Retrieved 2011-10-11.
- ^ According to the book 'Some Jewish Witnesses for Christ' Archived 2012-04-25 at the Wayback Machine by Aaron Bernstein (London, 1909) the translation was made in 1865. According to the 'Messianic Archive Page' of Jorge Quiñónez the translation is from 1866.
- ^ Scanned versions of this translation can be found here [14] and here "Vine of David | Remnant Repository : Ezekiel Margoliouth". Archived from the original on 2012-01-19. Retrieved 2011-10-12.
- ^ The four gospels from the 10th edition from 1889 reprinted in: Traductions hébräiques des Evangiles rassemblées par Jean Carmignac. Vol. 4: Die vier Evangelien ins Hebräische übersetzt von Franz Delitzsch (1877-1890-1902). Turnhout, 1984. This critical edition contains all textual versions of the four gospels in editions I - XII of the translation.
- ^ "See here". Archived from the original on 2011-07-27. Retrieved 2011-06-01.
- ^ Available online in a vowelized version here [15] (PDF) and here [16] (HTML).
- ^ As described by the Society for the Distribution of Hebrew Scriptures here [17] Archived 2011-07-06 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Available online in two versions (with and without vowel points) here
- ^ About the background of this translation, see the publisher's website, and for even more details see the "History" page of the website of the Hebrew Speaking Catholics in Israel, particularly under the years 1969, 1972, 1973 and 1977
- ^ It is available online in two versions, with and without vowel points. See here [18]. See also the latest revised version at the publisher's site [19]
- ^ A version copyrighted in 1979 is available online here.
- ^ "Online Bible—Read, Listen or Download Free: PDF, EPUB, Audio".
- ^ The translation of Luke might predate 1851 as it is the publishing date of the second, revised edition. Scanned version of the 1851 edition can be found here. Scanned versions of the fourth edition of Lukas from 1869 and the translations of the other three books can be found here Archived 2012-01-19 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Epistolae Pauli apostoli ad Galatas et Ephesios e graeca in pure hebraeam lingvam translatae ... Witebergae, 1598, Johannes Crato, in 4.
- ^ It was published in the same volume as the 1735 Gospel of Luke by Heinrich Frommann. Scanned versions of this translation can be found here [20][permanent dead link] and at Google Books [21]
- ^ Epistola divi Pauli ad Hebraeos hebraice cum annotationibus criticis