Prophet
 | This article uses secondary sources that critically analyze them. (March 2024) ) |
.jpg)
In religion, a prophet or prophetess is an individual who is regarded as being in contact with a divine being and is said to speak on behalf of that being, serving as an intermediary with humanity by delivering messages or teachings from the supernatural source to other people.[1][2] The message that the prophet conveys is called a prophecy.
Prophethood has existed in many cultures and religions throughout history, including
Etymology
The English word
The Akkadian nabû means "announcer" or "authorised person", all meaning 'prophet'.
In
Mesopotamian origins
.jpg)
Before the advent of Zoroastrianism and the prophetic tradition established by Zoroaster, various ancient civilizations had individuals who served as intermediaries between humanity and the divine. In ancient
These prophets, while lacking the systematic theological framework found in later traditions, laid the groundwork for the concept of prophethood by demonstrating a connection with the divine and providing spiritual leadership within their communities. Despite the absence of codified scripture or organized religious institutions, these pre-Zoroastrian prophetic figures played a crucial role in shaping early religious thought and practices, paving the way for the structured prophetic tradition that emerged with Zoroaster and subsequent religious traditions.
Zoroastrianism
Zoroastrianism, among the world's earliest recorded monotheistic religions, holds a significant position in shaping the concept of prophets and prophecy. Founded by the revered figure Zoroaster (or Zarathustra) in ancient Persia around the 6th century BCE, Zoroastrianism introduced fundamental ideas that profoundly influenced subsequent religious and philosophical traditions, particularly in its portrayal of prophetic figures.[13]
At the heart of Zoroastrian belief lies the concept of a singular supreme deity,
Zoroaster's role as a prophet established a template for future religious leaders and visionaries. He articulated monotheistic principles,
The legacy of Zoroastrianism in shaping the understanding of prophets is profound. Zoroaster's direct communication with the divine, his role as a mediator between humanity and the divine will, and his teachings about moral righteousness laid the groundwork for the concept of prophethood as it evolved in subsequent religious traditions.[16]
Influence from Zoroastrian thought can be seen in the characterization of prophets as individuals chosen by a single supreme deity to convey divine messages, guide communities, and uphold moral principles. The structured prophetic tradition established by Zoroaster set a precedent for future prophets, shaping how societies perceive and interact with visionary figures throughout history.[17]
While other ancient civilizations may have had individuals who served similar functions, Zoroastrianism's systematic approach to prophecy and its enduring influence on subsequent religious thought solidified its place in history as a foundational example of prophetic tradition, enriching humanity's understanding of the divine and the role of prophets in conveying its will.[16]
Judaism
In addition to writing and speaking messages from God,
Prophetic assignment is usually portrayed as rigorous and exacting in the Hebrew Bible,
According to I Samuel 9:9,[44] the old name for navi is ro'eh, רֹאֶה, which literally means "seer". That could document an ancient shift, from viewing prophets as seers for hire to viewing them as moral teachers. L. C. Allen (1971) comments that in the First Temple Era, there were essentially seer-priests belonging to a guild, who performed divination, rituals, and sacrifices, and were scribes; and beside these were canonical prophets, who did none of these things (and condemned divination), but came to deliver a message.[45] The seer-priests were usually attached to a local shrine or temple, such as Shiloh, and initiated others into that priesthood, acting as a mystical craft-guild with apprentices and recruitment. Canonical prophets were not organised this way.
Some examples of prophets in the Tanakh include Abraham, Moses, Miriam, Isaiah, Samuel, Ezekiel, Malachi, and Job. Jewish tradition - unlike Christian and Islamic practice - does not regard Daniel as a prophet.
A Jewish tradition suggests that there were twice as many prophets as the number which left Egypt, which would make 1,200,000 prophets.
Prophets in the Tanakh are not always Jews;[46] note for example the non-Jewish prophet Balaam in Numbers 22.[49] According to the Talmud, Obadiah is said to have been a convert to Judaism.
The last nevi'im mentioned in the
Christianity
Traditional definitions
In
The term "prophet" applies to those who receive public or private revelation. Public revelation, in Catholicism, is part of the Deposit of faith, the revelation of which was completed by Jesus; whereas private revelation does not add to the Deposit. The term "deposit of faith" refers to the entirety of Jesus Christ's revelation, and is passed to successive generations in two different forms, sacred scripture (the Bible) and sacred tradition.
The Bible applies the appellation 'false prophet' to anyone who preaches a Gospel contrary to that delivered to the apostles and recorded in Sacred Scripture.[51] One Old Testament text in Deuteronomy[52] contains a warning against those who prophesy events which do not come to pass and says they should be put to death. Elsewhere a false prophet may be someone who is purposely trying to deceive, is delusional, under the influence of Satan or is speaking from his own spirit.[53]
Catholicism
Six of the Minor Prophets are commemorated in December. Each encouraged people to return to God, to repent of past sins, and to recognize God's presence even in their difficulties.[54]
"Jesus Christ is the one whom the Father anointed with the Holy Spirit and established as priest, prophet, and king. The whole People of God participates in these three offices of Christ and bears the responsibilities for mission and service that flow from them."[55] The laity act prophetically when they speak the truth, and live the Gospel by example before their families, neighbors, and co-workers.[56] The Old Testament prophets defended the poor and powerless "and inspire Catholic Social Teaching on the preferential option for the poor, workers’ rights, and justice and peace."[57]
Ongoing prophecy
Christians who believe that the
The
The
A number of later Christian saints were said to have powers of prophecy, such as
Prophetic movements in particular can be traced throughout the Christian Church's history, expressing themselves in (for example)
Some Christian sects recognize the existence of "modern-day" prophets. One such denomination is the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, which teaches that God still communicates with mankind through prophecy.[77]
Latter Day Saint movement
Joseph Smith, who established the Church of Christ in 1830, is considered a prophet by members of the Latter Day Saint movement, of which the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) is the largest denomination. Additionally, many churches within the movement believe in a succession of modern prophets (accepted by Latter Day Saints as "prophets, seers, and revelators") since the time of Joseph Smith. Russell M. Nelson is the current Prophet and President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.
Adventism
Baptist preacher William Miller is credited with beginning the mid-19th century North American religious movement now known as Adventism. He announced a Second Coming, resulting in the Great Disappointment.
Seventh-day Adventist
The
Branch Davidians
The
Manichaeism
Mani[a] (Persian: مانی, c. April AD 216–2 March AD 274 or 26 February AD 277) was an Iranian[b] prophet and the founder of Manichaeism, a religion most prevalent in late antiquity.
Mani was born in or near
Manichaeism teaches an elaborate
Manichaeism was quickly successful and spread far through
Manichaeism has survived longer in the east than it did in the west. Although it was thought to have finally faded away after the 14th century in South China,[92] contemporary to the decline of the Church of the East in Ming China, there is a growing corpus of evidence that shows Manichaeism persists in some areas of China, especially in Fujian,[93][94] where numerous Manichaean relics have been discovered over time. The currently known sects are notably secretive and protective of their belief system, in an effort to remain undetected. This stems from fears relating to persecution and suppression during various periods of Chinese history.[95]
Islam
 Part of a series on Islam Islamic prophets |
|---|
 Islam portal |
The
Although only twenty-five prophets
Muslims often refer to Muhammad as "the Prophet", in the form of a noun.[100][101][102][103] Jesus is the result of a virgin birth in Islam as in Christianity, and is regarded as a prophet.[104]
Traditionally, four prophets are believed to have been sent holy books: the Torah (Tawrat) to Moses, the Psalms (Zābūr) to David, the Gospel(Injil) to Jesus, and the Quran to Muhammad; those prophets are considered "Messengers" or rasūl. Other main prophets are considered messengers or nabī, even if they didn't receive a Book from God. Examples include the messenger-prophets Aaron (Hārūn), Ishmael (Ismāʿīl) and Joseph (Yūsuf).[citation needed]
Although it offers many incidents from the lives of many prophets, the Quran focuses with special narrative and rhetorical emphasis on the careers of the first four of these five major prophets.[who?] Of all the figures before Muhammad, the significance of Jesus in Islam is reflected in his being mentioned in the
Several prominent exponents of the
According to
Ahmadiyya
.jpg)
During his lifetime, Mirzā Ghulām Aḥmad said that he was a prophet of God and became the founder of the Ahmadiyya Movement in Islam,[109][110] which embodied the Mahdī of Islam[109][110] and fulfilled the messianic prophecies regarding the coming of a savior to various other religious traditions, including Christianity and Hinduism.[109]
Followers of the Ahmadiyya Movement in Islam believe that Mirzā Ghulām Aḥmad was a prophet of God,[109][110] who is said to be a fulfillment of the various Islamic prophecies regarding the second advent of Jesus (ʿĪsā) before the end of time.[109][110]
Ahmadi thought emphasizes the belief that Islam is the final dispensation for humanity as revealed to Muhammad and the necessity of restoring it to its true intent and pristine form, which had been lost through the centuries.
Baháʼí Faith
_in_1868.jpg)
The Baháʼí Faith refers to what are commonly called prophets as "Manifestations of God" who are directly linked with the concept of progressive revelation. Baháʼís believe that the will of God is expressed at all times and in many ways, including through a series of divine messengers referred to as "Manifestations of God" or "divine educators".[117] In expressing God's intent, these Manifestations are seen to establish religion in the world. Thus they are seen as an intermediary between God and humanity.[118]
The Manifestations of God are not seen as incarnations of God, and are also not seen as ordinary mortals. Instead, the Baháʼí concept of the Manifestation of God emphasizes simultaneously the humanity of that intermediary and the divinity in the way they show forth the will, knowledge and attributes of God; thus they have both human and divine stations.[118]
In addition to the Manifestations of God, there are also minor prophets. While the Manifestations of God, or major prophets, are compared to the Sun (which produces its own heat and light), minor prophets are compared to the Moon (which receives its light from the sun). Moses, for example, is taught as having been a Manifestation of God and his brother Aaron a minor prophet. Moses spoke on behalf of God, and Aaron spoke on behalf of Moses (Exodus 4:14–17).[119] Other Jewish prophets are considered minor prophets, as they are considered to have come in the shadow of the dispensation of Moses to develop and consolidate the process he set in motion.
Native Americans
 |
The
From 1805 until the Battle of Tippecanoe that falsified his predictions in 1811, the "Shawnee prophet" Tenskwatawa led an Indian alliance to stop Europeans from taking more and more land going west. He reported visions he had. He is said to have accurately predicted a solar eclipse. His brother Tecumseh re-established the alliance for Tecumseh's War, that ended with the latter's death in 1813. Tecumseh fought together with British forces that, in the area of the Great Lakes, occupied essentially today's territory of Canada.
20 years later (1832), Wabokieshiek, the "Winnebago Prophet", after whom Prophetstown has been named, (also called "White Cloud") said that British forces would support the Indians in the Black Hawk War against the United States as 20 years earlier (based on "visions"). They did not, and he was no longer considered a "prophet".
In 1869, the
The
Thelema
According to Crowley's later statements, on 8 April he heard a disembodied voice identifying itself as that of Aiwass, the messenger of Horus, or Hoor-Paar-Kraat. Crowley said that he wrote down everything the voice told him over the course of the next three days, and titled it Liber AL vel Legis or The Book of the Law.[120] The book proclaimed that humanity was entering a new Aeon, and that Crowley would serve as its prophet. It stated that a supreme moral law was to be introduced in this Aeon, "Do what thou wilt shall be the whole of the Law," and that people should learn to live in tune with their Will. This book, and the philosophy that it espoused, became the cornerstone of Crowley's religion, Thelema.[121]
In 1924, Crowley traveled to
Thelema revolves around the idea that human beings each have their own
Secular usage
The designation of "Victorian prophet" has been used in reference to cultural critics of the era, such as Thomas Carlyle and John Ruskin.[130]
In the late 20th century the appellation of prophet has been used to refer to individuals particularly successful at analysis in the field of economics, such as in the derogatory prophet of greed. Alternatively, social commentators who suggest escalating crisis are often called prophets of doom.[131][132]
Scientists analyzing data to forecast future events can also be considered prophets in a secular sense. In 2020, Ann Druyan stated that, "The only prophets that I’m really impressed by are the climate scientists of the past seventy years." She included her late husband, Carl Sagan, among the modern-day prophets, with the disclaimer that "[a] lot of the things that he speculated about haven’t turned out to be true, but all those people are human. They were just using their knowledge and their intelligence to make good guesses."[133]
See also
References
Notes
- ^ Middle Persian: 𐭌𐭀𐭍𐭉/𐭬𐭠𐭭𐭩/𐮋𐮀𐮌𐮈/𐬨𐬁𐬥𐬌/𐫖𐫀𐫗𐫏 Māni, New Persian: مانی Māni, Chinese: 摩尼 Móní, Syriac Mānī, Greek Μάνης, Latin Manes; also Μανιχαῖος, Latin Manichaeus, from Syriac ܡܐܢܝ ܚܝܐ Mānī ḥayyā "Living Mani"
- ^ Boyce 2001, p. 111: "He was Iranian, of noble Parthian blood..."
Citations
- ^ "prophet", The Free Dictionary, retrieved 2021-12-19
- ^ "prophet – Definition from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary". Archived from the original on 2012-06-28. Retrieved 2008-04-10.
- JSTOR 43721226.
- ^ Richter, Thomas (2006). "Nabû". Brill’s New Pauly. Brill. Retrieved 2022-10-14.
- ^ "Semitic Roots Appendix". The American Heritage Dictionary. Retrieved 6 December 2019.
nbʾ To name, proclaim, summon."
- ^ p.1571, Alcalay. An alternative translation of this Hebrew word is derived from an Akkadian word "Nabu," meaning to call. The Hebrew "Navi" has a passive sense and means "the one who has been called" (see HALOT, p.661).
- ^ Deuteronomy 18:18
- ^ Rashbam's comment to Genesis 20:7.Genesis 20:7
- ^ Saggs, H. W. F. (1988). The Greatness That Was Babylon (rev. ed.).[full citation needed]
- ^ Westenholz, Aage (2002). Hansen, Morgens Herman (ed.). "The Sumerian city-state: A comparative study of six city-state cultures: an investigation conducted by the Copenhagen Polis Center". Historisk-filosofiske Skrifter (27). Copenhagen: C.A. Reitzels Forlag, 23-42.: 34–35.
- ^ Plamen Rusev, Mesalim, Lugal Na Kish: Politicheska Istoriia Na Ranen Shumer (XXVIII-XXVI V. Pr. N. E.), Faber, 2001 (in Bulgarian) Mesalim, Lugal of Kish. Political History of Early Sumer (XXVIII–XXVI century BC.)
- ^ Glassner, Jean-Jacques, 2000: Les petits etats Mésopotamiens à la fin du 4e et au cours du 3e millénaire. In: Hansen, Mogens Herman (ed.) A Comparative Study of Thirty City-State Cultures. The Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters, Copenhagen., P.48
- ^ Boyce (2001), p. 26.
- ^ Boyce (1984), p. 1.
- ISBN 978-1-134-93005-0.
- ^ a b Kriwaczek (2003).
- ISBN 978-1107105881.
- Christ] disciple.” (Luke14:26)
- ^ All the Parables of the Bible, Herbert Lockyer, Zondervan, 1963.
- ^ Jeremiah 35:13–16, The Jewish Study Bible, Oxford University Press, 2004
- ^ Commentary on Jeremiah 35, The Jewish Study Bible, Oxford University Press, 2004
- ^ Jeremiah 13, The Jewish Study Bible, Oxford University Press, 2004
- ^ Commentary on Jeremiah 13, Jeremiah, The Anchor Bible, Doubleday, 1984
- ^ Jeremiah, Lamentations, Tremper Longman, Hendrickson Publishers, 2008.
- ^ Jeremiah 19, The Jewish Study Bible, Oxford University Press, 2004
- ^ Jeremiah 27–28, The Jewish Study Bible, Oxford University Press, 2004
- ^ Isaiah 20, The Jewish Study Bible, Oxford University Press, 2004
- ^ Ezekiel 4, The Jewish Study Bible, Oxford University Press, 2004
- ^ Commentary on Jeremiah, The Jewish Study Bible, Oxford University Press, 2004
- ^ a b Isaiah (Commentary), John Goldingay, Hendrickson, 2001
- ^ Commentary on Isaiah 6:8–13, The Jewish Study Bible, Oxford University Press, 2004
- ^ a b ’’Jeremiah (Prophet)’’, The Anchor Bible Dictionary Volume 3, Doubleday, 1992
- ^ Jeremiah 1:19
- ^ ’’Jeremiah, Lamentations’’, F.B. Huey, Broadman Press, 1993
- ^ Jeremiah 12:6, The Jewish Study Bible, Oxford University Press, 2004
- ^ Jeremiah 20:1–4, The Jewish Study Bible, Oxford University Press, 2004
- ^ The NIV Study Bible, Zondervan, 1995, p. 1501
- ^ Jeremiah 37:18, Jeremiah 38:28, The Jewish Study Bible, Oxford University Press, 2004
- ^ Jeremiah 38:4, The Jewish Study Bible, Oxford University Press, 2004
- ^ Jeremiah 38:6, The Jewish Study Bible, Oxford University Press, 2004
- ^ Jeremiah 28, The Jewish Study Bible, Oxford University Press, 2004
- ^ Isaiah 30:11, The Jewish Study Bible, Oxford University Press, 2004
- ^ Exodus 2, Exodus 10:28, The Jewish Study Bible, Oxford University Press, 2004
- ^ 1 Samuel 9:9, Hebrew – English Bible
- ^ Discussed more recently in Morris Silver, Prophets and Markets: The Political Economy of Ancient Israel (Dordrecht NL: Springer Science and Business Media, 2013), 154-75.
ISBN 9789400974180
- ^ a b c d "Prophets and Prophecy".
- ^ Rashi on Genesis 29:34.
- ^ "1611 King James Bible: Book of Isaiah, chapter 8, verse 3-4". kingjamesbibleonline.org. Archived from the original on February 19, 2017.: "And I went unto the prophetess; and she conceived, and bare a son. Then said the LORD to me, Call his name Mahershalalhashbaz."
- ^ Numbers 24:1–24:18
- ^ Matthew 14:1–7, 2 Kings 3:11
- ISBN 978-1-9736-4773-7.
Anyone who contradicts scripture, preaches another gospel or denies the divinity of Christ is a false prophet. Paul said, "But even if we or an angel from heaven should preach a gospel other than the one we preached to you ...
- ^ Deuteronomy 18:21–22
- ^ Ezekiel 13:3, "Thus saith the Lord GOD; Woe unto the foolish prophets, that follow their own spirit, and have seen nothing!"
- ^ Beutner, Dawn. "Advent and the Jewish Prophets", The Catholic World Report, December 1, 2021
- ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church, §783
- ^ CCC, 905
- ^ Colecchi, D.Min., Stephen M., "Roots of Catholic Social Teaching Found in the Old Testament Prophets", USCCB
- ^ Bellini, Peter (4 September 2015). "Pentecostals Don't Have a Copyright on the Holy Spirit (Part I)". Retrieved 20 August 2021.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-59325-007-2.
The Catholic Church is "continuationist," rather than "cessationist." What does that mean? Cessationism is the belief that the signs and wonders of the New Testament Church—the extraordinary spiritual gifts (charisms) like tongues, prophecy, or healing—were only intended for a time and ceased to be present in the Church after that period of time had elapsed. Continuationism, on the other hand, is the belief that the signs and wonders of the early Church have continued.
- ^ (cf. Luke 16:16)
- ISBN 978-0-8024-8044-6.
John the Baptist was the last prophet under the old covenant (Luke 16:16); Jesus came as the mediator of the new covenant (Heb. 8:6; 12:24), which He ratified by His sacrificial death (Luke 22:20; 1 Cor. 11:25).
- ^ Revelation 11:10
- ^ Gospel of Matthew 10:40–41, 23:34
- ^ Gospel of John 13:20, 15:20
- ^ Acts of the Apostles 11:25–30, 13:1, 15:32
- ^ "Early Christian Writings: Didache (Chapters 11–15)".
- ^ "Against Heresies, Book V Chapter 6.1".
- ^ "Early Christian Writings: Dialogue with Trypho (Chapter LXXXII)".
- ^ "Early Christian Writings: Shepherd of Hermas (Eleventh Commandment)".
- ^ "Ecclesiastical History, Book III, Chapter 37.1".
- ^ "Ecclesiastical History, Book V, Chapter 17.2–4".
- ^ "A Treatise on the Soul, Chapter 9".
- ^ "Who Is a Prophet?". The Spiritual Life. 2019-05-24. Retrieved 2020-05-19.
- ^ "The Miracle Hunter : Marian Apparitions". marianapparitions.org. Retrieved June 10, 2016.
- ^ "Jürgen Beyer, Lay prophets in Lutheran Europe (c. 1550–1700) (Brill's series in church history and religious culture 74), Leiden & Boston: Brill, 2017". Archived from the original on 2016-09-23. Retrieved 2017-12-09.
- ^ Global Christianity: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population, p. 67. See also The New International Dictionary, "Part II Global Statistics: A Massive Worldwide Phenomenon".
- ^ "BBC - Religions - Mormon: Living prophets".
- ISBN 978-8412527858.
- ^ "Believers, Proselytizers, & Translators The Sogdians". sogdians.si.edu.
- JSTOR 43896125.
- ^ Taraporewala, I.J.S., Manichaeism, Iran Chamber Society, retrieved 2015-01-12
- ^ Henning, W.B., The Book of Giants, BSOAS, Vol. XI, Part 1, 1943, pp. 52–74: "...Mani, who was brought up and spent most of his life in a province of the Persian empire, and whose mother belonged to a famous Parthian family, did not make any use of the Iranian mythological tradition. There can no longer be any doubt that the Iranian names of Sām, Narīmān, etc., that appear in the Persian and Sogdian versions of the Book of the Giants, did not figure in the original edition, written by Mani in the Syriac language."
- ^ Prophet at Encyclopædia Iranica
- ^ ISBN 978-0-15-140934-1.
- ^ Widengren, Geo Mesopotamian elements in Manichaeism (King and Saviour II): Studies in Manichaean, Mandaean, and Syrian-gnostic religion, Lundequistska bokhandeln, 1946.
- OCLC 47286228.
- The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 9. New York: The Encyclopedia Press, Inc.
- ISBN 978-90-04-16180-1.
- ^ Andrew Welburn, Mani, the Angel and the Column of Glory: An Anthology of Manichaean Texts (Edinburgh: Floris Books, 1998), p. 68
- ISBN 978-0-7914-3611-0p. 37
- ^ Gardner, Iain; Lieu, Samuel N. C., eds. (2004). Manichaean Texts from the Roman Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- ^ Jason David BeDuhn The Manichaean Body: In Discipline and Ritual Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 2000 republished 2002 p.IX
- ^ Li, Linzhou (2004). 福州摩尼教重要遗址——福州台江义洲浦西福寿宫 (in Chinese) (1 ed.). p. 44.
- ^ Chen, Yizhou; Tu, Yuanji (2004). 福建摩尼教寺院遗址考 (in Chinese) (1 ed.). p. 82.
- ^ Clarence, Siut Wai Hung. "The Forgotten Buddha: Manichaeism and Buddhist Elements in Imperial China". Retrieved 29 January 2024.
- (4).
- ^ "Number Of Prophets & Messengers".
- ^ Quran 16:36
- Biblical narratives and the Quran)
- ^ Chambers 21st Century Dictionary. p. 1111
- ^ Beyond the Written Word: Oral Aspects of Scripture in the History of Religion, William A. Graham, William Albert Graham – 1993, p93
- ^ The militia – Page 100, James B. Whisker – 1992 "The work of Mohammed (569–632), commonly called the Prophet, the Koran was revealed in a series of visions over a period of many years beginning in 610"
- ^ Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz’ 26 (Part 26): Al-Ahqaf 1 To Az-Zariyat 30, Muhammad Saed Abdul-Rahman – 2009
- ^ Quran 3:45
- OCLC 51207017.
- )
- )
- S2CID 214047322.
- ^ ISSN 1874-6691.
- ^ ISBN 978-90-04-32511-1.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-231-70094-8.
- ISBN 978-0-920717-41-7.
- ISBN 965-264-014-X.
- ISBN 978-0253015297.
- ISBN 978-0-920717-41-7.
- ^ Louis J., Hammann (1985). "Ahmaddiyyat - an introduction". Ahmadiyya Muslim Community [online]. Archived from the original on 11 June 2016. Retrieved 27 February 2018.
- ISBN 0-02-865733-0.
- ^ a b Cole, Juan (1982). "The Concept of Manifestation in the Baháʼí Writings". Baháʼí Studies. monograph 9: 1–38.
- ^ Exodus 4:14–17
- ^ Booth 2000, pp. 184–88; Sutin 2000, pp. 122–25; Kaczynski 2010, pp. 127–29.
- ^ Booth 2000, pp. 184–88; Sutin 2000, pp. 125–33.
- ^ Booth 2000, pp. 412–17; Sutin 2000, pp. 319–20; Kaczynski 2010, pp. 413–15; Churton 2011, pp. 287–88.
- ^ Drury 2012, p. 210; Doyle White 2016, p. 3.
- ^ Asprem 2013, p. 88.
- ^ Djurdjevic 2014, p. 51.
- ^ Hutton 1999, p. 174; Drury 2012, p. 209.
- ^ Asprem 2013, pp. 88–89.
- ^ Asprem 2013, p. 89.
- ^ Pasi 2014, p. 49.
- doi:10.7488/era/116.
- ^ "Ruff sees more rough times ahead – MarketWatch". Retrieved 2009-04-09.
- ^ Rushe, Dominic (2008-10-26). "Nouriel Roubini: I fear the worst is yet to come – Times Online". The Times. London. Retrieved 2009-04-09.
...after making a series of uncannily accurate predictions about the global meltdown, Roubini has become the prophet of his age...
- ^ Palmer, Rob (30 June 2020). "Exploring Possible Worlds with Ann Druyan". Skeptical Inquirer. Center for Inquiry. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
Works cited
- Asprem, Egil (2013). Arguing with Angels: Enochian Magic and Modern Occulture. OCLC 809317694.
- OCLC 59483726.
- Boyce, Mary (1984). Textual Sources for the Study of Zoroastrianism. Manchester University Press.
- Boyce, Mary (2001). Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-23902-8.
- OCLC 701810228.
- Djurdjevic, Gordan (2014). India and the Occult: The Influence of South Asian Spirituality on Modern Western Occultism. New York City: Palgrave Macmillan. OCLC 870285576.
- Doyle White, Ethan (2016). "Lucifer Over Luxor: Archaeology, Egyptology, and Occultism in Kenneth Anger's Magick Lantern Cycle". Present Pasts. 7 (1): 1–10. ISSN 1759-2941.
- Drury, Nevill (2012). "The Thelemic Sex Magick of Aleister Crowley". In Drury, Nevill (ed.). Pathways in Modern Western Magic. Richmond, CA: Concrescent Scholars. pp. 205–245. OCLC 814283519.
- OCLC 41452625.
- ISBN 978-1-55643-899-8.
- Kriwaczek, Paul (2003). In Search of Zarathustra: The First Prophet and the Ideas that Changed the World. Knopf. ISBN 978-0375415289.
- Pasi, Marco (2014) [1999]. Aleister Crowley and the Temptation of Politics. Ariel Godwin (translator). Durham: Acumen. OCLC 872678868.
- OCLC 43581537.
Further reading
- OCLC 9555379.
- Cicero, Marcus Tullius(1997). De divinatione. Translated by Arthur Stanley Pease. Darmstadt: Wissenschaflliche Buchgesellschaft.
- Dawson, Lorne L. (October 1999). "When Prophecy Fails and Faith Persists: A Theoretical Overview" (PDF). LCCN 98656716. Retrieved 20 September 2021.
- Forbes, Christopher (1997). Prophecy and Inspired Speech: in Early Christianity and Its Hellenistic Environment. Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson. ISBN 1-56563-269-9.
- ISBN 978-0-8032-2373-8.
- Hill, Clifford S. (1991). Prophecy, Past and Present: an Exploration of the Prophetic Ministry in the Bible and the Church today. Ann Arbor, Mich.: Vine. ISBN 0-8028-0635-X.
- Pasi, M. (2021). "Aleister Crowley and Islam". In Sedgwick, M.; Piraino, F. (eds.). Esoteric Transfers and Constructions: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Palgrave Studies in New Religions and Alternative Spiritualities. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 151–193. ISBN 978-3-030-61787-5.
- Rowley, H. H. (1956). Prophecy and Religion in Ancient China and Israel. New York: Harper & Brothers.[ISBN missing]
External links
- Etymology of the English word "prophet"
- Prophetic Midrash: An interdenominational, multilingual list of prophets, broadly defined
- "Prophets, a Mormon Perspective". Mormon.org. Retrieved August 5, 2005.
| Primary topics |  | |
|---|---|---|
| Divine entities |
| |
| Scripture and worship |
| |
| Accounts and legends | ||
| Cities | ||
| History and culture | ||
| Adherents | ||
| Lists | ||
Priesthood callings | |
|---|---|
| Priesthood quorums and bodies | |
| Melchizedek priesthood | |
| Aaronic priesthood | |
| Defunct | |
| Central figures |  | |
|---|---|---|
| Basics (outline) | ||
| Key scripture | ||
| Institutions | ||
| History | ||
| People | ||
| Places | ||
| Other topics | ||
