Bicaudaviridae

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Bicaudavirus
Bicaudavirus
Virus classification Edit this classification
(unranked): Virus
Family: Bicaudaviridae
Genus: Bicaudavirus
Species
  • Acidianus two-tailed virus

Bicaudaviridae is a family of hyperthermophilic

archaeal viruses. Members of the genus Acidianus serve as natural hosts. There is only one genus, Bicaudavirus, and one species, Acidianus two-tailed virus, in this family.[1][2][3] However, Sulfolobus tengchongensis spindle-shaped viruses 1 and 2 (STSV1 and STSV2) are regarded to belong to this family also.[4]

Structure

Genome organization of Acidianus two-tailed virus showing location, sizes and transcriptional direction of the putative genes

Viruses in Bicaudaviridae are non-enveloped, with lemon-shaped geometries. Genomes are circular dsDNA molecules of around 48–76 kb in length. High-resolution structure was determined by cryo-EM for Sulfolobus monocaudavirus 1 (SMV1) and a lower-resolution structure was determined for Acidianus two-tailed virus (ATV).[5] Virions of both viruses have helical symmetry, with continuous 7-start helices, composed of the single major capsid protein, forming both the tails and the spindle-shaped body. The major capsid protein structure and virion organization of bicaudaviruses are similar to those of archaeal viruses from the families Fuselloviridae, Thaspiviridae, Halspiviridae and Clavaviridae.[5]

Genus Structure Symmetry Capsid Genomic arrangement Genomic segmentation
Bicaudavirus Lemon-shaped Helical (C7) Non-enveloped Circular Monopartite

Life cycle

Electron micrographs of different forms of Acidianus two-tailed virus

Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment of the viral proteins to host receptors. DNA-templated transcription is the method of transcription. Diverse species of hyperthermophilic archaea from the order Sulfolobales serve as the natural hosts. Transmission routes are passive diffusion.[2] It has been demonstrated that certain members of the family, namely, STSV2 and Sulfolobus monocaudavirus 1 (SMV1), induce cell gigantism by blocking the expression of the cell division genes and arresting the cell cycle in the S phase.[6] The diameter of infected cells increases up to 20 times, resulting in 8,000-fold increase in volume compared to noninfected cells.[6]

Genus Host details Tissue tropism Entry details Release details Replication site Assembly site Transmission
Bicaudavirus Archea: acidianus None Injection Budding Cytoplasm Cytoplasm Passive diffusion

History

This family was first described by the team led by D. Prangishvili in 2005.[7][8]

The name is derived from the Latin word 'bi' and 'cauda' meaning 'two-tail'.

References

  1. PMID 29877786
    .
  2. ^ a b "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
  3. ^ "ICTV Report Bicaudaviridae".
  4. PMID 24335300
    .
  5. ^
    PMID 35325592
    .
  6. ^
    PMID 33782110
    .
  7. ^ Häring M, Vestergaard G, Rachel R, Chen L, Garrett RA and Prangishvili D (2005) Independent virus development outside a host. Nature 436, 1101–1102
  8. ^ Prangishvili, D., Vestergaard G, Häring M, Aramayo R, Basta T, Rachel R and Garrett RA (2006) Structural and genomic properties of the hyperthermophilic archaeal virus ATV with an extracellular stage of the reproductive cycle. J. Mol. Biol. 359, 1203–1216

External links