Bieszczady Mountains
Bieszczady Mountains | |
---|---|
Bieszczady, Beščady, Бещади, Besszádok | |
Highest point | |
Peak | Pikui |
Elevation | 1,405 m (4,610 ft) |
Geography | |
Countries | Lower Beskids and Pogórze Bukowskie |
Bieszczady Mountains
Upper parties of Bieszczady are covered with
Term
The term Bieszczady has been introduced into English from Polish. In Poland, the term usually refers (in the narrower sense) to the Polish part of the Bieszczady region, while in the wider sense it can also refer to the entire region. In Slovakia, the Bieszczady region is known as Beščady, while the Slovak part of the region is called Bukovec Mountains (Slovak: Bukovské vrchy). In Ukraine, the Bieszczady region is known as Beshchady (Ukrainian: Бещади), while various parts of the region often have two or more name variants (unstable terminology), usually containing the word Beščady in combination with some other terms. Historically, the terms Bieszczady/Beščady/Beshchady have been used for hundreds of years to describe the mountains separating the old Kingdom of Hungary from Poland. A Latin language source of 1269 refers to them as "Beschad Alpes Poloniae" (translated as: Bieszczady Mountains of Poland).[1]
The Polish
Division
Since there exist many variants of divisions of the mountain ranges and names for the
Division 1:
- Western Bieszczady (Polish: Bieszczady Zachodnie; Ukrainian: Західні Бещади, romanized: Zakhidni Beshchady) mainly in Poland and Slovakia, including the Bukovec Mountains (Slovak: Bukovské vrchy)
- Eastern Bieszczady (Polish: Bieszczady Wschodnie; Ukrainian: Східні Бещади, romanized: Skhidni Beshchady), mainly in Ukraine, stretching to the Skole Beskids (Polish: Beskidy Skolskie; Ukrainian: Сколівські Бескиди, romanized: Skolivs'ki Beskydy)
Division 2:
- Western Bieszczady: between the Łupków Pass and the Użocka (Uzsok Pass - 853 m) with Mt Lower Beskids and Pogórze Bukowskie
- Central Bieszczady, between the Użocka Pass and the Tukholskyi Pass, with Mt Pikui (1405 m) as the highest peak
- Eastern Bieszczady, between the Tukholskyi Pass and the Vyshkovskyi Pass, with Mt Charna Repa (1228m) as the highest peak
Division 3: In an old Ukrainian division, what is defined here as the Bieszczady in a wider sense corresponds to the western part of the Mid-Carpathian Depression and to the westernmost part of the Polonynian Beskids.[citation needed]
History
This section needs additional citations for verification. (December 2018) |
Settled in prehistoric times, the south-eastern Poland region that is now Bieszczady was overrun in pre-Roman times by various tribes, including the
The region subsequently became part of the
Bieszczady was one of the strategically important areas of the Carpathian mountains bitterly contested in battles on the Eastern Front of World War I during the winter of 1914/1915.[4]
Up until 1947, 84% of the population of the Polish part of the Bieszczadzkie Mountains was
In 1991, the UNESCO East Carpathian Biosphere Reserve was created that encapsulates a large part of the area and continues into Slovakia and Ukraine. It comprises the Bieszczady National Park (Poland), Poloniny National Park (Slovakia) and the Uzhansky National Nature Park (Ukraine). Animals living in this reserve include, among others, black storks, brown bears, wolves and bison.
Hiking trails
- European walking route E8
- .
Motorsport
The mountains were used as a round in the 2014 International Hill Climb Cup.
Literature
- Prof. Jadwiga Warszyńska. Karpaty Polskie : przyroda, człowiek i jego działalność ; Uniwersytet Jagielloński. Kraków, 1995 ISBN 83-233-0852-7.
- Prof. Jerzy Kondracki. Geografia fizyczna Polski Warszawa : Państ. Wydaw. Naukowe, 1988, ISBN 83-01-02323-6.
Notes
- ^ Kazimierz Zarzycki, Zbigniew Głowaciński (1986): Bieszczady (p. 7)
- ^ Andrzej Potocki. Księga legend i opowieści bieszczadzkich. Libra. 2008 p. 17-20.
- ^ Zbigniew Gołąb. The Origins of the Slavs: A Linguist's View. Slavica Publishers, Inc., 1992 p. 342. "The Germanic etymology of Bieszczad // Beskid was proposed by prof. Jan Michał Rozwadowski (1914:162, etc). He derives the variant beščad from Germc. biskaid, wchich is represented by MLG besche (beskêt) Trennung and by Scandinavian bêsked, borrowed from [...]"
- ^
"The Pursuit and Battles at Sanok and Rzeszów (May 6).—After his severe defeat, Radko Dimitriev's plan was to hold the Łupków Pass with his left wing, and, supported upon this, to bring the pursuit to a stand on the line Nowotaniec–Besko-right bank of the Wisłok, where there were positions favoured by the lay of the ground, and then, between the Vistula and the Wisłok, on the line Wielopole-Rzeszów–Mielec.
Here he proposed to reconstitute his units, which had fallen into great disorder, and to strengthen them by bringing up reserves. Troops were sent to him from other fronts, and by the 8th he could again dispose of 18 inf. divs., 5 cav. divs. and 5 Reichswehr bdes. The orders were that the offensive was to be continued with all possible vigour. Mackensen's army was to push forward over the stretch of the Wisłok between Archduke Joseph Ferdinand on Rzeszów, while Boroevic was to roll up Brusilov's VIII. Russian Army in the direction of Sanok. Bohm's II. Austrian Army was to join up corps by corps from the left wing in proportion to the progress of the attack."Joly, Ernst (1922). . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 30 (12th ed.). London & New York: The Encyclopædia Britannica Company. p. 864.
Bibliography
- Rosa Lehmann, "Social(ist) engineering. Taming the devils of the Polish Bieszczady," Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 42,3 (2009), 423–444.
External links
- Bieszczady National Park - in English, with many links.
- Bieszczady Photo Gallery (2005)
- Bieszczady
- East Carpathians Biosphere Reserve
- The movie "Bieszczady in 38 hours," showing the beautiful landscape of Bieszczady Mountains in Poland
- The movie "Bieszczady in 38 hours," showing the beautiful landscape of Bieszczady Mountains in Poland
- Bieszczady Photostory Archived 2016-12-28 at the Wayback Machine