Allies of World War II

British Prime Minister, Neville Chamberlain delivered his Ultimatum Speech on 3 September 1939 which declared war on Germany, a few hours before France. As the Statute of Westminster 1931 was not yet ratified by the parliaments of Australia and New Zealand, the British declaration of war on Germany also applied to those dominions. The other dominions and members of the British Commonwealth declared war from 3 September 1939, all within one week of each other; they were Canada, British India and South Africa.^[34]

During the war, Churchill attended seventeen Allied conferences at which key decisions and agreements were made. He was "the most important of the Allied leaders during the first half of World War II".^[35]

African colonies and dependencies

Southern Rhodesia was a self-governing colony, having received responsible government in 1923. It was not a sovereign dominion. It governed itself internally and controlled its own armed forces, but had no diplomatic autonomy, and, therefore, was officially at war as soon as Britain was at war. The Southern Rhodesian colonial government issued a symbolic declaration of war nevertheless on 3 September 1939, which made no difference diplomatically but preceded the declarations of war made by all other British dominions and colonies.^[36]

American colonies and dependencies

These included: the British West Indies, British Honduras, British Guiana and the Falkland Islands. The Dominion of Newfoundland was directly ruled as a royal colony from 1933 to 1949, run by a governor appointed by London who made the decisions regarding Newfoundland.

Asia

British India included the areas and peoples covered by later India, Bangladesh, Pakistan and (until 1937) Burma/Myanmar, which later became a separate colony.

British Malaya covers the areas of Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore, while British Borneo covers the area of Brunei, including Sabah and Sarawak of Malaysia.

British Hong Kong consisted of Hong Kong Island, the Kowloon Peninsula, and the New Territories.

Territories controlled by the Colonial Office, namely the Crown Colonies, were controlled politically by the UK and therefore also entered hostilities with Britain's declaration of war. At the outbreak of World War II, the British Indian Army numbered 205,000 men. Later during World War II, the British Indian Army became the largest all-volunteer force in history, rising to over 2.5 million men in size.

Indian soldiers earned 30 Victoria Crosses during the Second World War. It suffered 87,000 military casualties (more than any Crown colony but fewer than the United Kingdom). The UK suffered 382,000 military casualties.

Kuwait was a protectorate of the United Kingdom formally established in 1899. The Trucial States were British protectorates in the Persian Gulf.

Palestine was a mandate dependency created in the peace agreements after World War I from the former territory of the Ottoman Empire, Iraq.

Europe

The

After Germany invaded Poland, France declared war on Germany on 3 September 1939.^[37] In January 1940, French Prime Minister Édouard Daladier made a major speech denouncing the actions of Germany:

At the end of five months of war, one thing has become more and more clear. It is that Germany seeks to establish a domination of the world completely different from any known in world history.

The domination at which the Nazis aim is not limited to the displacement of the balance of power and the imposition of the supremacy of one nation. It seeks the systematic and total destruction of those conquered by Hitler and it does not treaty with the nations which it has subdued. He destroys them. He takes from them their whole political and economic existence and seeks even to deprive them of their history and culture. He wishes only to consider them as vital space and a vacant territory over which he has every right.

The human beings who constitute these nations are for him only cattle. He orders their massacre or migration. He compels them to make room for their conquerors. He does not even take the trouble to impose any war tribute on them. He just takes all their wealth and, to prevent any revolt, he scientifically seeks the physical and moral degradation of those whose independence he has taken away.^[37]

France experienced several major phases of action during World War II:

• The "Phoney War" of 1939–1940, also called drôle de guerre in France, dziwna wojna in Poland (both meaning "Strange War"), or the Sitzkrieg ("Sitting War", a pun on Blitzkrieg) in Germany.
• The
  German occupation of northern and western France, and the creation of the rump state Vichy France, which received diplomatic recognition from the Axis and most neutral countries including the United States.^[38]
• The period of
  of Italy and the invasion of Corsica
  in 1943–44.
• The
  2e Division Blindée and the installation of the Provisional Government of the French Republic
  in the newly liberated capital.
• Participation of the re-established provisional French Republic's
  Allied advance from Paris to the Rhine and the Western Allied invasion of Germany until V-E Day
  on 8 May 1945.

Africa

In Africa these included:

French Algeria was then not a colony or dependency but a fully-fledged part of metropolitan France.

Asia and Oceania

In Asia and Oceania France has several territories:

Americas

France had several colonies in America, namely Martinique, Guadeloupe, French Guiana and Saint Pierre and Miquelon.

Soviet Union

Stalin had studied Hitler, including reading Mein Kampf, and from it knew of Hitler's motives for destroying the Soviet Union.^[40] As early as in 1933, the Soviet leadership voiced its concerns with the alleged threat of a potential German invasion of the country should Germany attempt a conquest of Lithuania, Latvia, or Estonia, and in December 1933 negotiations began for the issuing of a joint Polish-Soviet declaration guaranteeing the sovereignty of the three Baltic countries.^[41] However, Poland withdrew from the negotiations following German and Finnish objections.^[41] The Soviet Union and Germany at this time competed with each other for influence in Poland.^[42]

On 20 August 1939, forces of the

On the same day, Soviet party leader Joseph Stalin received a telegram from German Chancellor Adolf Hitler, suggesting that German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop fly to Moscow for diplomatic talks. (After receiving a lukewarm response throughout the spring and summer, Stalin abandoned attempts for a better diplomatic relationship with France and the United Kingdom.)^[43]

On 23 August, Ribbentrop and Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov signed the non-aggression pact including secret protocols dividing Eastern Europe into defined "spheres of influence" for the two regimes, and specifically concerning the partition of the Polish state in the event of its "territorial and political rearrangement".^[44]

On 15 September 1939, Stalin concluded a durable ceasefire with Japan, to take effect the following day (it would be upgraded to

On 30 November, the Soviet Union attacked Finland, for which it was expelled from the League of Nations. In the following year of 1940, while the world's attention was focused upon the German invasion of France and Norway,^[48] the USSR militarily^[49] occupied and annexed Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania^[50] as well as parts of Romania.

German-Soviet treaties were brought to an end by the

War justifications

The United States had indirectly supported Britain's war effort against Germany up to 1941 and declared its opposition to territorial aggrandizement. Materiel support to Britain was provided while the U.S. was officially neutral via the Lend-Lease Act starting in 1941.

President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Prime Minister Winston Churchill in August 1941 promulgated the Atlantic Charter that pledged commitment to achieving "the final destruction of Nazi tyranny".^[53] Signing the Atlantic Charter, and thereby joining the "United Nations" was the way a state joined the Allies, and also became eligible for membership in the United Nations world body that formed in 1945.

The US strongly supported the Nationalist Government in China in its war with Japan, and provided military equipment, supplies, and volunteers to the Nationalist Government of China to assist in its war effort.^[54] In December 1941 Japan opened the war with its attack on Pearl Harbor, the US declared war on Japan, and Japan's allies Germany and Italy declared war on the US, bringing the US into World War II.

The US played a central role in liaising among the Allies and especially among the Big Four.^[55] At the Arcadia Conference in December 1941, shortly after the US entered the war, the US and Britain established a Combined Chiefs of Staff, based in Washington, which deliberated the military decisions of both the US and Britain.

History

On 8 December 1941, following the attack on Pearl Harbor, the United States Congress declared war on Japan at the request of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. This was followed by Germany and Italy declaring war on the United States on 11 December, bringing the country into the European theatre.

The US led Allied forces in the Pacific theatre against Japanese forces from 1941 to 1945. From 1943 to 1945, the US also led and coordinated the Western Allies' war effort in Europe under the leadership of General Dwight D. Eisenhower.

The surprise attack on Pearl Harbor followed by Japan's swift attacks on Allied locations throughout the Pacific, resulted in major US losses in the first several months in the war, including losing control of the Philippines, Guam, Wake Island and several Aleutian islands including Attu and Kiska to Japanese forces. American naval forces attained some early successes against Japan. One was the bombing of Japanese industrial centres in the Doolittle Raid. Another was repelling a Japanese invasion of Port Moresby in New Guinea during the Battle of the Coral Sea.^[56]

A major turning point in the Pacific War was the

The Commonwealth of the Philippines was a sovereign protectorate referred to as an "associated state" of the United States. From late 1941 to 1944, the Philippines was occupied by Japanese forces, who established the Second Philippine Republic as a client state that had nominal control over the country.

China

In the 1920s the Soviet Union provided military assistance to the

In December 1941 after the attack on Pearl Harbor, China formally declared war on Japan, as well as Germany and Italy. As part of the war's Pacific theater, China became the only member of the Allies to commit more troops than one of the Big Three,^[58] exceeding even the number of Soviet troops on the Eastern Front.^[59]

Continuous clashes between the Communists and Nationalists behind enemy lines cumulated in

Prior to the alliance of Germany and Italy to Japan, the Nationalist Government held close relations with both Germany and Italy. In the early 1930s,

The Nationalist Government held close relations with the United States. The United States opposed Japan's invasion of China in 1937 that it considered an illegal violation of China's sovereignty, and offered the Nationalist Government diplomatic, economic, and military assistance during its war against Japan. In particular, the United States sought to bring the Japanese war effort to a complete halt by imposing a full embargo on all trade between the United States to Japan, Japan was dependent on the United States for 80 per cent of its petroleum, resulting in an economic and military crisis for Japan that could not continue its war effort with China without access to petroleum.^[62] In November 1940, American military aviator Claire Lee Chennault upon observing the dire situation in the air war between China and Japan, set out to organize a volunteer squadron of American fighter pilots to fight alongside the Chinese against Japan, known as the Flying Tigers.^[63] US President Franklin D. Roosevelt accepted dispatching them to China in early 1941.^[63] However, they only became operational shortly after the attack on Pearl Harbor.

The Soviet Union recognised the Republic of China but urged reconciliation with the Chinese Communist Party and inclusion of Communists in the government.^[64] The Soviet Union also urged military and cooperation between Nationalist China and Communist China during the war.^[64]

Even though China had been fighting the longest among all the Allied powers, it only officially joined the Allies after the attack on Pearl Harbor, on 7 December 1941. China fought the Japanese Empire before joining the Allies in the Pacific War. Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek thought Allied victory was assured with the entrance of the United States into the war, and he declared war on Germany and the other Axis states. However, Allied aid remained low because the Burma Road was closed and the Allies suffered a series of military defeats against Japan early on in the campaign. General Sun Li-jen led the R.O.C. forces to the relief of 7,000 British forces trapped by the Japanese in the Battle of Yenangyaung. He then reconquered North Burma and re-established the land route to China by the Ledo Road. But the bulk of military aid did not arrive until the spring of 1945. More than 1.5 million Japanese troops were trapped in the China Theatre, troops that otherwise could have been deployed elsewhere if China had collapsed and made a separate peace.

Communists

Communist China had been tacitly supported by the Soviet Union since the 1920s: though the Soviet Union diplomatically recognised the Republic of China, Joseph Stalin supported cooperation between the Nationalists and the Communists—including pressuring the Nationalist Government to grant the Communists state and military positions in the government.^[64] This was continued into the 1930s that fell in line with the Soviet Union's subversion policy of popular fronts to increase communists' influence in governments.^[64]

The Soviet Union urged military and cooperation between Communist China and Nationalist China during China's war against Japan.^[64] Initially Mao Zedong accepted the demands of the Soviet Union and in 1938 had recognized Chiang Kai-shek as the "leader" of the "Chinese people".^[65] In turn, the Soviet Union accepted Mao's tactic of "continuous guerilla warfare" in the countryside that involved a goal of extending the Communist bases, even if it would result in increased tensions with the Nationalists.^[65]

After the breakdown of their cooperation with the Nationalists in 1941, the Communists prospered and grew as the war against Japan dragged on, building up their sphere of influence wherever opportunities were presented, mainly through rural mass organizations, administrative, land and tax reform measures favoring poor peasants; while the Nationalists attempted to neutralize the spread of Communist influence by military blockade and fighting the Japanese at the same time.^[66]

The Communist Party's position in China was boosted further upon the Soviet invasion of Manchuria in August 1945 against the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo and the Japanese Kwantung Army in China and Manchuria. Upon the intervention of the Soviet Union against Japan in World War II in 1945, Mao Zedong in April and May 1945 had planned to mobilize 150,000 to 250,000 soldiers from across China to work with forces of the Soviet Union in capturing Manchuria.^[67]

Other affiliated state combatants

Albania

Albania was retroactively recognized as an "Associated Power" at the 1946 Paris conference^[68] and officially signed the treaty ending WWII between the "Allied and Associated Powers" and Italy in Paris, on 10 February 1947.^[69][70]

Australia

Australia was a sovereign Dominion under the Australian monarchy, as per the Statute of Westminster 1931. At the start of the war Australia followed Britain's foreign policies and accordingly declared war against Germany on 3 September 1939. Australian foreign policy became more independent after the Australian Labor Party formed government in October 1941, and Australia separately declared war against Finland, Hungary and Romania on 8 December 1941 and against Japan the next day.^[71]

Belgium

Before the war, Belgium had pursued a policy of

Belgium held the colony of the

Main article:

Fascist policies indicated a leaning toward the Axis powers.^{[citation needed]} However, as the war progressed, trade with the Axis countries became almost impossible and the United States initiated forceful diplomatic and economic efforts to bring Brazil onto the Allied side.^{[citation needed}

]

At the beginning of 1942, Brazil permitted the United States to set up air bases on its territory, especially in

South American

continent, and on 28 January the country severed diplomatic relations with Germany, Japan and Italy. After that, 36 Brazilian merchant ships were sunk by the German and Italian navies, which led the Brazilian government to declare war against Germany and Italy on 22 August 1942.

Brazil then sent a 25,700 strong

Italian front, from September 1944 to May 1945. Also, the Brazilian Navy and Air Force acted in the Atlantic Ocean

from the middle of 1942 until the end of the war. Brazil was the only South American country to send troops to fight in the European theatre in the Second World War.

Canada

Main articles:

Military history of Canada during World War II

Canada was a sovereign Dominion under the Canadian monarchy, as per the Statute of Westminster 1931. In a symbolic statement of autonomous foreign policy Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King delayed parliament's vote on a declaration of war for seven days after Britain had declared war. Canada was the last member of the Commonwealth to declare war on Germany on 10 September 1939.^[72]

Cuba

Main article: Cuba during World War II

Because of

U-176.^[75][76]

Czechoslovakia

Further information:

German occupation of Czechoslovakia and Czechoslovak government-in-exile

In 1938, with the

Poland. Further, by the First Vienna Award, Hungary received southern territories of Slovakia and Carpathian Ruthenia

.

A

Slovak State was proclaimed on 14 March 1939, and the next day Hungary occupied and annexed the remainder of Carpathian Ruthenia, and the German Wehrmacht moved into the remainder of the Czech Lands. On 16 March 1939 the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia was proclaimed after negotiations with Emil Hácha, who remained technically head of state with the title of State President. After a few months, former Czechoslovak President Beneš organized a committee in exile and sought diplomatic recognition as the legitimate government of the First Czechoslovak Republic. The committee's success in obtaining intelligence and coordinating actions by the Czechoslovak resistance led first Britain and then the other Allies to recognize it in 1941. In December 1941 the Czechoslovak government-in-exile

declared war on the Axis powers. Czechoslovakian military units took part in the war.

Dominican Republic

The Dominican Republic was one of the very few countries willing to accept mass Jewish immigration during

Ashkenazi Jewish descent reached the settlement where each family received 33 hectares (82 acres) of land, 10 cows (plus 2 additional cows per children), a mule and a horse, and a US$10,000 loan (equivalent to about $207,000 in 2023^[78]) at 1% interest.^[79][80]

The Dominican Republic officially declared war on the Axis powers on 11 December 1941, after the attack on Pearl Harbor. However, the Caribbean state had already been engaged in war actions since before the formal declaration of war. Dominican sailboats and schooners had been attacked on previous occasions by German submarines as, highlighting the case of the 1,993-ton merchant ship, San Rafael, which was making a trip from Tampa, Florida to Kingston, Jamaica, when 80 miles away from its final destination, it was torpedoed by the German submarine U-125, causing the commander to order the ship abandoned. Although the crew of San Rafael managed to escape the event, it would be remembered by the Dominican press as a sign of the "infamy of the German submarines and the danger they represented in the Caribbean".^{[attribution needed][81]}

Recently, due to a research work carried out by the Embassy of the United States of America in Santo Domingo and the Institute of Dominican Studies of the City of New York (CUNY), documents of the Department of Defense were discovered in which it was confirmed that around 340 men and women of Dominican origin were part of the US Armed Forces during the World War II. Many of them received medals and other recognitions for their outstanding actions in combat.^[82]

Ethiopia

The Ethiopian Empire was

Haile Selassie I fled into exile, just before the Italian occupation on 7 May. After the outbreak of World War II, the Ethiopian government-in-exile cooperated with the British during the British Invasion of Italian East Africa

beginning in June 1940. Haile Selassie returned to his rule on 18 January 1941. Ethiopia declared war on Germany, Italy and Japan in December 1942.

Greece

Further information:

a puppet government

and divided into occupation zones run by Italy, Germany and Bulgaria.

From 1941, a strong resistance movement appeared, chiefly in the mountainous interior, where it established a "Free Greece" by mid-1943. Following the Italian capitulation in September 1943, the Italian zone was taken over by the Germans. Axis forces left mainland Greece in October 1944, although some Aegean islands, notably Crete, remained under German occupation until the end of the war.

Luxembourg

Main article: Luxembourg in World War II

See also:

BBC radio.^[83] In 1944, the government in exile signed a treaty with the Belgian and Dutch governments, creating the Benelux Economic Union and also signed into the Bretton Woods system

.

Mexico

Main article: Mexico during World War II

Faja de Oro that were transporting crude oil to the United States. These attacks prompted President Manuel Ávila Camacho

to declare war on the Axis powers.

Mexico formed

Fuerza Aérea Expedicionaria Mexicana (FAEM—"Mexican Expeditionary Air Force"). The squadron was attached to the 58th Fighter Group of the United States Army Air Forces and carried out tactical air support missions during the liberation of the main Philippine island of Luzon in the summer of 1945.^[84]

Some 300,000 Mexican citizens went to the United States to work on farms and factories. Some 15,000 U.S. nationals of Mexican origin and Mexican residents in the US enrolled in the US Armed Forces and fought in various fronts around the world.[85]

Netherlands

Main article: Netherlands in World War II

The Netherlands became an Allied member after being invaded on 10 May 1940 by Germany. During the

ensuing campaign, the Netherlands were defeated and occupied by Germany. The Netherlands was liberated by Canadian, British, American and other allied forces during the campaigns of 1944 and 1945. The Princess Irene Brigade

, formed from escapees from the German invasion, took part in several actions in 1944 in Arromanches and in 1945 in the Netherlands. Navy vessels saw action in the British Channel, the North Sea and the Mediterranean, generally as part of Royal Navy units. Dutch airmen flying British aircraft participated in the air war over Germany.

Colonies and dependencies

Main article:

Dutch Empire

The

Battle of Java Sea, at which Doorman gave the order to engage. During the ensuing battle the ABDA fleet suffered heavy losses, and was mostly destroyed after several naval battles around Java; the ABDA Command was later dissolved. The Japanese finally occupied the Dutch East Indies in February–March 1942. Dutch troops, aircraft and escaped ships continued to fight on the Allied side and also mounted a guerrilla campaign in Timor

.

New Zealand

Further information: Military history of New Zealand during World War II

New Zealand was a sovereign Dominion under the

former appeasement policy, which New Zealand had long opposed. This led to then Prime Minister Michael Joseph Savage

declaring two days later:

With gratitude for the past and confidence in the future we range ourselves without fear beside Britain. Where she goes, we go; where she stands, we stand. We are only a small and young nation, but we march with a union of hearts and souls to a common destiny.[87]

Norway

Further information: German occupation of Norway

Because of its strategic location for control of the sea lanes in the

occupation of Norway

.

Units of the Norwegian Armed Forces evacuated from Norway or raised abroad continued participating in the war

from exile

.

The Norwegian merchant fleet, then the fourth largest in the world, was organized into Nortraship to support the Allied cause. Nortraship was the world's largest shipping company, and at its height operated more than 1000 ships.

Norway was neutral when Germany invaded, and it is not clear when Norway became an Allied country. Great Britain, France and Polish forces in exile supported Norwegian forces against the invaders but without a specific agreement. Norway's cabinet signed a military agreement with Britain on 28 May 1941. This agreement allowed all Norwegian forces in exile to operate under UK command. Norwegian troops in exile should primarily be prepared for the liberation of Norway, but could also be used to defend Britain. At the end of the war German forces in Norway surrendered to British officers on 8 May and allied troops occupied Norway until 7 June.^[88]

Poland

Further information:

Polish contribution to World War II, Polish resistance movement in World War II, Polish Armed Forces in the West, and Polish Armed Forces in the East

No. 303 "Kościuszko" Polish Fighter Squadron during the Battle of Britain

The Invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939, started the war in Europe, and the United Kingdom and France declared war on Germany on 3 September. Poland fielded the third biggest army among the European Allies, after the Soviet Union and United Kingdom, but before France.^[89]

Polish Army suffered a series of defeats in the first days of the invasion. The Soviet Union unilaterally considered the flight to Romania of President Ignacy Mościcki and Marshal Edward Rydz-Śmigły on 17 September as evidence of debellatio causing the extinction of the Polish state, and consequently declared itself allowed to invade Poland starting from the same day.^[90] However, the Red Army had invaded the Second Polish Republic several hours before the Polish president fled to Romania. The Soviets invaded on 17 September at 3 a.m.,^[91] while president Mościcki crossed the Polish-Romanian border at 21:45 on the same day.^[92]

The Polish military continued to fight against both the Germans and the Soviets, and the last major battle of the war, the Battle of Kock, ended at 1 a.m. on 6 October 1939 with the Independent Operational Group "Polesie", a field army, surrendering due to lack of ammunition. The country never officially surrendered to Nazi Germany, nor to the Soviet Union, and continued the war effort under the Polish government-in-exile.

Browning wz.1928

light machine gun

The formation of the

North African Campaign. After the conclusion of the Polish-Soviet agreement on July 30, 1941, the formation of the Polish army in the USSR (II Corps) also began.^[94] The II Corps, numbering 83,000 along with civilians, began to be evacuated from the USSR in mid-1942.^[95] It later took part in the fighting in Italy

.

After breaking off relations with the Polish government, the Soviet Union began forming its own Polish communist government and its armed forces in mid-1943, from which the

1st Polish Army, under Zygmunt Berling, was formed on March 16, 1944.^[96] That army was fighting on the eastern front, alongside the Soviet forces, including the Battle of Berlin

, the closing battle of the European theater of war.

The

death camps

).

Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia severed diplomatic contacts with Germany on 11 September 1939, and with Japan in October 1941. The Saudis provided the Allies with large supplies of oil. Diplomatic relations with the United States were established in 1943.

King Abdul Aziz Al-Saud was a personal friend of Franklin D. Roosevelt. The Americans were then allowed to build an air force base near Dhahran.^[97] Saudi Arabia declared war on Germany and Japan in 1945.^[98]

South Africa

Further information: Military history of South Africa during World War II

South Africa was a sovereign Dominion under the

Grey Shirts and the Ossewabrandwag), South Africa's entry into the war was politically divisive.^[99] Initially the government of J. B. M. Hertzog tried to maintain official neutrality after the outbreak of war. This caused a revolt by the governing United Party caucus which voted against Hertzog's position on the war and resulted in Hertzog's coalition partner, Jan Smuts, forming a new government and becoming prime minister. Smuts was then able to lead the country into war on the side of the Allies.^[100]

Around 334,000 South Africans volunteered to fight in the war with 11,023 recorded wartime deaths.[101]

Yugoslavia

Main article: World War II in Yugoslavia

Yugoslavia entered the war on the Allied side after the invasion of Axis powers on 6 April 1941. The Royal Yugoslav Army was thoroughly defeated in less than two weeks and the country was occupied starting on 18 April. The Italian-backed Croatian fascist leader Ante Pavelić declared the Independent State of Croatia before the invasion was over. King Peter II and much of the Yugoslavian government had left the country. In the United Kingdom, they joined numerous other governments in exile from Nazi-occupied Europe. Beginning with the uprising in Herzegovina in June 1941, there was continuous anti-Axis resistance in Yugoslavia until the end of the war.

Resistance factions

Before the end of 1941, the anti-Axis resistance movement split between the royalist

Treaty of Vis that created the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia

.

Partisans

Main article: Yugoslav Partisans

The Partisans were a major Yugoslav resistance movement against the Axis occupation and partition of Yugoslavia. Initially, the Partisans were in rivalry with the Chetniks over control of the resistance movement. However, the Partisans were recognized by both the Eastern and Western Allies as the primary resistance movement in 1943. After that, their strength increased rapidly, from 100,000 at the beginning of 1943 to over 648,000 in September 1944. In 1945 they were transformed into the Yugoslav army, organized in four field armies with 800,000^[103] fighters.

Chetniks

Main article: Chetniks

The Chetniks, the short name given to the movement titled the Yugoslav Army of the Fatherland, were initially a major Allied Yugoslav resistance movement. However, due to their royalist and anti-communist views, Chetniks were considered to have begun collaborating with the Axis as a tactical move to focus on destroying their Partisan rivals. The Chetniks presented themselves as a Yugoslav movement, but were primarily a Serb movement. They reached their peak in 1943 with 93,000 fighters.^[104] Their major contribution was Operation Halyard in 1944. In collaboration with the OSS, 413 Allied airmen shot down over Yugoslavia were rescued and evacuated.

Client and occupied states

British

Egypt

Main articles:

Military history of Egypt during World War II and Anglo-Egyptian treaty of 1936

The

British Mediterranean Fleet was stationed in Alexandria while British Army forces were based in the Suez Canal zone. Egypt was a neutral country for most of World War II, but the Anglo-Egyptian treaty of 1936 permitted British forces in Egypt to defend the Suez Canal. The United Kingdom controlled Egypt and used it as a major base for Allied operations throughout the region, especially the battles in North Africa against Italy and Germany. Its highest priorities were control of the Eastern Mediterranean, and especially keeping the Suez Canal open for merchant ships and for military connections with India and Australia.^{[105][page needed}

]

Egypt faced an Axis campaign led by Italian and German forces during the war. British frustration over King Farouk's reign over Egypt resulted in the Abdeen Palace incident of 1942 where British Army forces surrounded the royal palace and demanded a new government be established, nearly forcing the abdication of Farouk until he submitted to British demands. The Kingdom of Egypt joined the United Nations on 24 February 1945.^[106]

India (British Raj)

Further information: India in World War II and Indian Army during World War II

At the outbreak of World War II, the British Indian Army numbered 205,000 men. Later during World War II, the Indian Army became the largest all-volunteer force in history, rising to over 2.5 million men in size.^[107] These forces included tank, artillery and airborne forces.

Indian soldiers earned 30 Victoria Crosses during the Second World War. During the war, India suffered more civilian casualties than the United Kingdom, with the Bengal famine of 1943 estimated to have killed at least 2–3 million people.^[108] In addition, India suffered 87,000 military casualties, more than any Crown colony but fewer than the United Kingdom, which suffered 382,000 military casualties.

Burma

Burma was a British colony at the start of World War II. It was later invaded by Japanese forces and that contributed to the Bengal Famine of 1943. For the native Burmese, it was an uprising against colonial rule, so some fought on the Japanese's side, but most minorities fought on the Allies side.^[109] Burma also contributed resources such as rice and rubber.

Soviet sphere

Bulgaria

Main article:

Military history of Bulgaria during World War II

After a period of neutrality, Bulgaria joined the Axis powers from 1941 to 1944. The Orthodox Church and others convinced King Boris to not allow the Bulgarian Jews to be exported to concentration camps. The king died shortly afterwards, suspected of being poisoned after a visit to Germany. Bulgaria abandoned the Axis and joined the Allies when the Soviet Union invaded, offering no resistance to the incoming forces. Bulgarian troops then fought alongside Soviet Army in Yugoslavia, Hungary and Austria. In the 1947 peace treaties, Bulgaria gained a small area near the Black Sea from Romania, making it the only former German ally to gain territory from WWII.

Central Asian and Caucasian Republics

Among the Soviet forces during World War II, millions of troops were from the Soviet Central Asian Republics. They included 1,433,230 soldiers from Uzbekistan,^[110] more than 1 million from Kazakhstan,^[111] and more than 700,000 from Azerbaijan,^[112] among other Central Asian Republics.

Mongolia

Main article: Mongolia in World War II

Southern Mongolia

from Japan and China. Mongolia had been in the Soviet sphere of influence since the 1920s.

Poland

Main article: Polish Armed Forces in the East

By 1944, Poland entered the Soviet sphere of influence with the establishment of Władysław Gomułka's communist regime. Polish forces fought alongside Soviet forces against Germany.

Romania

Main articles:

King Michael's Coup

Red Army's advance into Romania

, but did not avert a rapid Soviet occupation and capture of about 130,000 Romanian soldiers, who were transported to the Soviet Union where many perished in prison camps.

The armistice was signed three weeks later on 12 September 1944, on terms virtually dictated by the Soviet Union.^[113] Under the terms of the armistice, Romania announced its unconditional surrender^[116] to the USSR and was placed under the occupation of the Allied forces with the Soviet Union as their representative, in control of the media, communication, post, and civil administration behind the front.^[113]

Romanian troops then fought alongside the Soviet Army until the end of the war, reaching as far as Slovakia and Germany.

Tuva

Main article: Tuva in World War II

The Tuvan People's Republic was a partially recognized state founded from the former Tuvan protectorate of Imperial Russia. It was a client state of the Soviet Union and was annexed into the Soviet Union in 1944.

Co-belligerent state combatants

Finland

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Following the Moscow Armistice of September 1944, Finland fought on the side of the Allies against Axis forces until April 1945 in the Lapland War.

Italy

Further information:

Italian Co-Belligerent Army, and Italian resistance movement

Field Marshal Pietro Badoglio as Prime Minister of Italy. On 8 September 1943, Italy signed the Armistice of Cassibile with the Allies, ending Italy's war with the Allies and ending Italy's participation with the Axis powers. Expecting immediate German retaliation, Victor Emmanuel III and the Italian government relocated to southern Italy under Allied control. Germany viewed the Italian government's actions as an act of betrayal, and German forces immediately occupied all Italian territories outside of Allied control,^[117] in some cases even massacring

Italian troops.

Italy became a co-belligerent of the Allies, and the

Italian Co-Belligerent Army was created to fight against the German occupation of Northern Italy, where German paratroopers rescued Mussolini from arrest and he was placed in charge of a German puppet state known as the Italian Social Republic (RSI). Italy descended into civil war until the end of hostilities after his deposition and arrest, with Fascists loyal to him allying with German forces and helping them against the Italian armistice government and partisans.^[118]

Legacy

See also: Aftermath of World War II

Charter of the United Nations

Main article: Charter of the United Nations

The Declaration by United Nations on 1 January 1942, signed by the Four Policemen – the United States, United Kingdom, Soviet Union and China – and 22 other nations laid the groundwork for the future of the United Nations.^[119][120] At the Potsdam Conference of July–August 1945, Roosevelt's successor, Harry S. Truman, proposed that the foreign ministers of China, France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States "should draft the peace treaties and boundary settlements of Europe", which led to the creation of the Council of Foreign Ministers of the "Big Five", and soon thereafter the establishment of those states as the permanent members of the UNSC.^[121]

The Charter of the United Nations was agreed to during the war at the United Nations Conference on International Organization, held between April and July 1945. The Charter was signed by 50 states on 26 June (Poland had its place reserved and later became the 51st "original" signatory),^{[citation needed]} and was formally ratified shortly after the war on 24 October 1945. In 1944, the United Nations was formulated and negotiated among the delegations from the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, the United States and China at the Dumbarton Oaks Conference^[122][123] where the formation and the permanent seats (for the "Big Five", China, France, the UK, US, and USSR) of the United Nations Security Council were decided. The Security Council met for the first time in the immediate aftermath of war on 17 January 1946.^[124]

These are the original 51 signatories (UNSC permanent members are asterisked):

• Argentine Republic
• Commonwealth of Australia
• Kingdom of Belgium
• Republic of Bolivia
• United States of Brazil
• Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic
• Dominion of Canada
• Republic of Chile
• Republic of China*
• Republic of Colombia
• Republic of Costa Rica
• Republic of Cuba
• Czechoslovak Republic
• Kingdom of Denmark
• Dominican Republic
• Republic of Ecuador
• Kingdom of Egypt
• Republic of El Salvador
• Ethiopian Empire
• French Republic*
• Kingdom of Greece
• Republic of Guatemala
• Republic of Haiti
• Republic of Honduras
• Indian Empire
• Imperial Kingdom of Iran
• Kingdom of Iraq
• Lebanese Republic
• Republic of Liberia
• Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
• United Mexican States
• Kingdom of the Netherlands
• Dominion of New Zealand
• Republic of Nicaragua
• Kingdom of Norway
• Republic of Panama
• Republic of Paraguay
• Republic of Peru
• Commonwealth of the Philippines
• Republic of Poland
• Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
• Union of South Africa
• Syrian Republic
• Republic of Turkey
• Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
• Union of Soviet Socialist Republics*
• United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland*
• United States of America*
• Oriental Republic of Uruguay
• United States of Venezuela
• Democratic Federal Yugoslavia

Cold War

Main article: Cold War

Despite the successful creation of the United Nations, the alliance of the Soviet Union with the United States and with the United Kingdom ultimately broke down and evolved into the Cold War, which took place over the following half-century.^[15][22]

Summary table

Allies of World War II – Declaration by United Nations and at the San Francisco Conference

Country	Declaration by United Nations	Declared war on the Axis	San Francisco Conference
Argentina		1945
Australia	1942	1939/40/42
Belgium	1942	1941
Bolivia	1943	1943
Brazil	1943	1942
Cambodia
Canada	1942	1939/40/41
Ceylon
Chile	1945	1945
China	1942	1941
Colombia	1943	1943
Costa Rica	1942	1941
Cuba	1942	1941
Czechoslovakia	1942	1941
Dominican Republic	1942	1941
Ecuador	1945	1945
Egypt	1945	1945
El Salvador	1942	1941
Ethiopia	1942	1942
France	1944	1939/40/41/44
Greece	1942
Guatemala	1942	1941
Haiti	1942	1941
Honduras	1942	1941
India (UK-appointed administration, 1858–1947)	1942	1939
Indonesia
Iran	1943	1943
Iraq	1943
Laos
Lebanon	1945	1945
Liberia	1944	1943
Luxembourg	1942
Mexico	1942	1942
Netherlands	1942
New Zealand	1942	1939/40/42
Nicaragua	1942	1941
Norway	1942
Panama	1942	1941
Paraguay	1945	1945
Peru	1945	1945
Philippines	1942	1941
Poland	1942	1941
Saudi Arabia	1945	1945
South Africa	1942	1939/40/41/42
Soviet Union	1942
Syria	1945	1945
Turkey	1945	1945
United Kingdom	1942	1939/41/42
United States	1942	1941/42
Uruguay	1945	1945
Venezuela	1945	1945
Yugoslavia	1942
Vietnam		1941

Timeline of allied nations entering the war

Main article: Declarations of war during World War II

The following list denotes dates on which states declared war on the Axis powers, or on which an Axis power declared war on them. The Indian Empire had a status less independent than the Dominions.^[125]

1939

• Poland: 1 September 1939^[126]
• France: 3 September 1939^[127] – On 22 June 1940, Vichy France under Marshal Pétain formally capitulated to Germany, and became neutral. This capitulation was denounced by General de Gaulle, who established the Free France government-in-exile, which continued to fight against Germany. This led to the Provisional Government of the French Republic, which was officially recognized by the other Allies as the legitimate government of France on 23 October 1944.^[128] Pétain's 1940 surrender was also legally nullified, so France is considered an Ally throughout the war.^[129]
• United Kingdom: 3 September 1939^[127]
  • India: 3 September 1939^[130][131]
• Australia: 3 September 1939^[130][132]
• New Zealand: 3 September 1939^[130][133]
• Nepal: 4 September 1939^[134]
• South Africa: 6 September 1939^[106]
• Canada: 10 September 1939^[106]
• Sultanate of Muscat and Oman
  : 10 September 1939

1940

• Norwegian Campaign. Norway did not officially join the Allies until later.^[88][135]
• Denmark 9 April 1940 – German invasion without declaration of war.^[136]
• Belgium: 10 May 1940^{[citation needed]}
• Luxembourg: 10 May 1940^{[citation needed]}
• Netherlands: 10 May 1940^{[citation needed]}
• Greece: 28 October 1940^{[citation needed]}

1941

• Yugoslavia: 6 April 1941 (Yugoslavia signed the Tripartite Pact, becoming a nominal member of the Axis on 25 March; but was attacked by the Axis on 6 April 1941.)^[137]

• Soviet Union: 22 June 1941;^{[citation needed]} Despite membership of the Soviet Union, Ukraine and Belarus were recognized as separate fighting states by the United Kingdom and the United States at the end of the war.^{[citation needed]}
• Panama: 7 December 1941^{[citation needed]}
• United States: 8 December 1941 (war declared on Japan after the Pearl Harbor attack)^[138]
  • Philippines: 8 December 1941^[139]
• Costa Rica: 8 December 1941^[106]
• Dominican Republic: 8 December 1941^[106]
• El Salvador: 8 December 1941^[106]
• Haiti: 8 December 1941^[106]
• Honduras: 8 December 1941^[106]
• Nicaragua: 8 December 1941^[106]
• China: 9 December 1941^[106] (at war with Japan since 1937)^[140]
• Cuba: 9 December 1941^[106]
• Guatemala: 9 December 1941^[106]
• United States: 11 December 1941 (war declared on the U.S. by Germany and Italy)^[106]

Provisional governments or governments-in exile that declared war against the Axis in 1941:

• Vietnam (Viet Minh): 7 December 1941
• Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea: 10 December 1941^[141]
• Czechoslovakia (government-in-exile): 16 December 1941^[106][142]

1942

• Mexico: 22 May 1942^[106]
• Brazil: 22 August 1942^[106]
• Ethiopia: 14 December 1942^[106]

1943

• Iraq: 16 January 1943^[106] – former Axis power
• Bolivia: 7 April 1943^{[citation needed]}
• Colombia: 26 July 1943^{[citation needed]}
• Iran: 9 September 1943^[106]
• Italy: 10 October 1943^[106] – former Axis power; Italian Social Republic was founded in September 1943 and continued on the Axis side

1944

• Liberia: 27 January 1944^[106]
• Romania: 25 August 1944^[106] – former Axis power
• Bulgaria: 8 September 1944^[143] – former Axis power
• Finland: 19 September 1944^{[citation needed]} – former co-belligerent on the Axis side

1945

• Ecuador: 2 February 1945^{[citation needed]}
• Paraguay: 7 February 1945^[106]
• Peru: 12 February 1945^[144]
• Uruguay: 15 February 1945^{[citation needed]}
• Venezuela: 15 February 1945^{[citation needed]}
• Turkey: 23 February 1945^[106]
• Egypt: 24 February 1945^[106]
• Syria: 26 February 1945^[106]
• Lebanon: 27 February 1945^[106]
• Saudi Arabia: 1 March 1945^[106]
• Finland: 3 March 1945^[106] – former co-belligerent of Germany in the Continuation War. On 3 March 1945, Finland retroactively declared war on Germany from 15 September 1944.
• Argentina: 27 March 1945^[145]
• Chile: 11 April 1945 declared war on Japan^[106]
• Italy and Japan after the surrender
  )
• Mongolia: August 1945 declared war on Japan

See also

• Allied leaders of World War II
• Allied technological cooperation during World War II
• Free World (World War II)
• Military production during World War II
• World War II by country
• United Kingdom–United States relations in World War II
  • Tizard Mission

Footnotes

1. ^ "Milestones: 1937–1945". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on 22 September 2023.
2. ^
   ISBN 978-0-8131-6836-4
   . Although many factors manifestly contributed to the ultimately victory, not least the Soviet Union's joining of the coalition, the coalition partners ability to orchestrate their efforts and coordinate the many elements of modern warfare successfully must rank high in any assessment.
3. ^ ^{a b} "The Big Three". The National WWII Museum New Orleans. Retrieved 4 April 2021. In World War II, the three great Allied powers—Great Britain, the United States, and the Soviet Union—formed a Grand Alliance that was the key to victory. But the alliance partners did not share common political aims, and did not always agree on how the war should be fought.
4. ^
   ISBN 978-1-349-24242-9
   . This collection by leading British and American scholars on twentieth century international history covers the strategy, diplomacy and intelligence of the Anglo-American-Soviet alliance during the Second World War. It includes the evolution of allied war aims in both the European and Pacific theatres, the policies surrounding the development and use of the atomic bomb and the evolution of the international intelligence community.
5. ^ Hoopes, Townsend, and Douglas Brinkley. FDR and the Creation of the U.N. (Yale University Press, 1997).
6. ISBN 978-0847694167
   .
7. ^ Ian C. B. Dear and Michael Foot, eds. The Oxford Companion to World War II (2005), pp. 29, 1176
8. ^ "How Much of What Goods Have We Sent to Which Allies?". American Historical Association. Retrieved 1 September 2021.
9. ^ "Milestones: 1937–1945". United States: Office of the Historian, Department of State. Retrieved 23 August 2021.
10. JSTOR 25643770
    .
11. ^ "How Much Help Do We Get Via Reverse Lend-Lease?". American Historical Association. Retrieved 1 September 2021.
12. ISBN 978-0521853163
    . On the political front, the Soviet Union and Great Britain had signed an agreement in Moscow on July 12, 1941. Requested by Stalin as a sign of cooperation, it provided for mutual assistance and an understanding not to negotiate or conclude an armistice or peace except by mutual consent. Soviet insistence on such an agreement presumably reflected their suspicion of Great Britain, though there is no evidence that either party to it ever ceased to have its doubt about the loyalty of the other if attractive alternatives were thought to be available.
13. ^ Ninkovich, Frank (1999). The Wilsonian Century: US Foreign Policy since 1900. Chicago: Chicago University Press. p. 131.
14. ^ Churchill, Winston S. (1950). The Grand Alliance. Houghton Mifflin.
15. ^ ^{a b} "The state of the world after World War Two and before the Cold War – The Cold War origins, 1941–1948". BBC Bitesize. Retrieved 4 April 2021. The USA entered World War Two against Germany and Japan in 1941, creating the Grand Alliance of the USA, Britain and the USSR. This alliance brought together great powers that had fundamentally different views of the world, but they did co-operate for four years against the Germans and Japanese. The Grand Alliance would ultimately fail and break down into the Cold War.
16. Ambrose, Stephen (1993). Rise to Globalism: American Foreign Policy Since 1938. New York: Penguin Books
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17. ^ Sainsbury, Keith (1986). The Turning Point: Roosevelt, Stalin, Churchill, and Chiang Kai-Shek, 1943: The Moscow, Cairo, and Teheran Conferences. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
18. ISBN 978-0-8078-6230-8
    . merging of their chiefs of staff organizations into the Combined Chiefs of Staff (CCS) to direct their combined forces and plan global strategy. ... the strategic, diplomatic, security, and civil-military views of the service chiefs and their planners were based to a large extent on events that had taken place before December 7, 1941
19. ^ Herbert Feis, Churchill Roosevelt Stalin: The War They Waged and the Peace They Sought: A Diplomatic History of World War II (1957)
20. ^ William Hardy McNeill, America, Britain and Russia: their co-operation and conflict, 1941–1946 (1953)
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Bibliography

• ISBN 0-333-69285-3
• Dear, Ian C. B. and Michael Foot, eds. The Oxford Companion to World War II (2005), comprehensive encyclopedia for all countries; online
• Holland R. (1981), Britain and the Commonwealth alliance, 1918–1939, London: Macmillan.
  ISBN 978-0-333-27295-4
• Leonard, T. M. (2007). Latin America during World War II. Lanham Md: Rowman & Littlefield.
  ISBN 978-1-461-63862-9
• ISBN 0-14-027169-4
  .
• Smith, Gaddis. American Diplomacy During the Second World War, 1941–1945 (1965) online
• Weinberg, Gerhard L. (1994). A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II. Cambridge University Press.
  ISBN 978-0-521-44317-3. Comprehensive coverage of the war with emphasis on diplomacy excerpt and text search
• Zuziak, Janusz (2003). "Wysiłek mobilizacyjno-organizacyjny Polskich Sił Zbrojnych na Zachodzie w drugiej wojnie światowej". Piotrkowskie Zeszyty Historyczne. 5.

Further reading

• Butler, Susan. Roosevelt and Stalin : portrait of a partnership (Knopf, 2015) online
• Edmonds, Robin. The big three : Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin in peace & war (WW Norton, 1991) online
• Feis, Herbert. Churchill-Roosevelt-Stalin: The war they waged and the peace they sought (1957) major scholarly study online
• Fenby, Jonathan. Alliance: the inside story of how Roosevelt, Stalin and Churchill won one war and began another (Simon and Schuster, 2015). detailed narrative. online
• Kimball, Warren F. Forged in war : Roosevelt, Churchill, and the Second World War (1997) online
• Lehrman, Lewis E. Churchill, Roosevelt & company : studies in character and statecraft (2017) online
• Ready, J. Lee (2012) [1985]. Forgotten Allies: The Military Contribution of the Colonies, Exiled Governments, and Lesser Powers to the Allied Victory in World War II. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Company.
  OCLC 586670908. Omnibus of Volume I: The European Theater (registration required
  ) and Volume II: The Asian Theater.
• Roberts, Andrew. Masters and commanders : how Roosevelt, Churchill, Marshall, and Alanbrooke won the war in the West (2018) online

Primary sources

• Churchill & Roosevelt : the complete correspondence (1984) online
• Roosevelt and Churchill : their secret wartime correspondence (1990) online
• Stalin's Correspondence With Churchill Attlee Roosevelt And Truman 1941–45 (1958) online

External links

• The Atlantic Conference: Resolution of 24 September 1941

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