Billy Meredith
Personal information | |||
---|---|---|---|
Full name | William Henry Meredith | ||
Date of birth | 30 July 1874 | ||
Place of birth | Chirk, Wales | ||
Date of death | 19 April 1958 | (aged 83)||
Place of death | Withington, England | ||
Height | 5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)[1] | ||
Position(s) |
Outside forward | ||
Youth career | |||
Black Park | |||
Senior career* | |||
Years | Team | Apps | (Gls) |
1890–1892 | Chirk | ||
1892–1894 | Northwich Victoria | 11 | (5) |
1894 | Wrexham | ||
1894 | Chirk | ||
1894–1906 | Manchester City | 338 | (147) |
1906–1921 | Manchester United | 303 | (35) |
1921–1924 | Manchester City | 28 | (1) |
Total | 680 | (188) | |
International career | |||
1895–1920 | Wales | 48 | (11[2]) |
*Club domestic league appearances and goals |
William Henry Meredith (30 July 1874 – 19 April 1958) was a Welsh professional
In 27 seasons in the Football League from 1892 to 1924 (not including the four seasons lost to the First World War and the 1905–06 season in which he was banned for bribing an opposition player), he scored 194 goals in 740 league and cup appearances. He played for Chirk, before joining Northwich Victoria in 1892. His career took off when he signed with Manchester City in 1894 and turned professional in January 1895. He captained the team to the club's first major honour, a 1–0 victory over Bolton Wanderers in the 1904 FA Cup final. He moved to Manchester United in May 1906 after being banned for bribing Aston Villa half-back Alex Leake £10 to lose a match. There he won the league title in 1907–08 and 1910–11, the FA Cup in 1909, as well as two FA Charity Shields. He also helped to set up the Players' Union, which was a forerunner of the Professional Footballers' Association. He returned to Manchester City in 1921 at the age of 47 and played a further 32 games before retiring in 1924, making him the oldest ever player for City, United and Wales. He later ran the Stretford Road Hotel and helped to coach the short-lived Manchester Central.
Early life
Meredith was born in 1874 in
Meredith made his debut for the Chirk first-team in September 1892.[8] The club played in The Combination, a league which contained a mixture of town clubs and reserve teams of clubs from big cities.[8] At the end of his first season Meredith played in the 1893 Welsh Cup final, which Chirk lost 2–1 to Wrexham.[9] Meredith formed a solid understanding with inside-right William Owen, a former Wales international. Chirk withdrew from The Combination and entered only the Welsh league in 1893 due to low attendances caused by the coal miners' strike.[10] In an attempt to make ends meet, Meredith not only played for Chirk, but accepted an offer to play for Football League club Northwich Victoria as well, who gave him a small fee on top of his expenses.[10] Northwich were a struggling side who withdrew from the Football League at the end of the 1893–94 season after finishing bottom of the Second Division. The club won just three league matches; Meredith featured in each win.[10] Back at Chirk, Meredith gained his first honour as part of the team that beat Westminster Rovers to win the 1894 Welsh Cup.[11] Meredith also played for Wrexham in 1894, sharing his talents between them, Chirk and Northwich Victoria that year.[12]
Club career
First spell at Manchester City
Meredith's performances for Northwich gained the attention of several other clubs in
Meredith made his Manchester City debut in November 1894 in a 5–4 loss to
In his first full season at Manchester City, Meredith finished as top scorer.[16] He was appointed club captain in his second season at the club, aged just 21.[17] The club finished as Second Division runners-up in 1895–96, but were denied promotion after heavy defeats to West Bromwich Albion and Small Heath in the test matches.[18] After the departure of strike partner Pat Finnerhan to Liverpool in March 1897, Meredith remained as City's star player.[19]
His new partner for the 1897–98 season was William Smith (known as "Stockport Smith" to differentiate him from another William Smith in the team), whilst Billie Gillespie was placed at centre-forward.[20] Meredith provided Gillespie with many crosses into the box,[20] picking up numerous assists as Gillespie outscored Meredith by 19 goals to 12. Meredith also acted as a mentor for the slightly younger Gillespie, steering him away from drinking sessions by taking him along on fishing trips.[21] The final match of the season saw Meredith score his first hat-trick for the club in an emphatic 9–0 win against Burton Swifts.[22]
"Oh I wish I was you Billy Meredith
I wish I was you, I envy you, indeed I do!
It ain't that you're tricky with your feet,
But it's those centres that you send in
Which Turnbull then heads in,
Oh, I wish I was you,
Indeed I do
Indeed I do"
— One of the popular songs sung on the terraces at Hyde Road.[23]
City dominated the Second Division in the
Meredith scored City's first goal in the
First Division defences managed to limit Meredith's contribution in the 1900–01 campaign by singling him out for rough treatment, though Liverpool manager Tom Watson felt compelled to write a letter to Manchester City denying that a Liverpool director had stated that "all that the opposition had to do was watch Meredith – the rest are no good".[26] He finished the season with just seven goals in 35 appearances.
Meredith found the net eight times in 37 games in the 1901–02 campaign, as City were relegated back out of the First Division. The club's secretary, Sam Ormerod, selected 29 different players as the club slumped to defeat in 13 of the opening 20 games.[27] Ormerod was forced to step down, as new business figures took control behind the scenes and began to sign promising young Scottish players.[28] New manager Tom Maley was more willing than his predecessor to confront Meredith over his tendency to stray out of position and attempt to dominate the City attack.[29]
City won immediate promotion as Second Division champions in 1902–03, with Meredith scoring 23 goals in 35 appearances and claiming a hat-trick against Chesterfield Town. Maley managed to find him a suitable inside-right partner in Jimmy Bannister, who was unselfish in his play and willing to feed the ball through to Meredith.[30] He also played Sammy Frost at half-back, who was able to win the ball and bring Meredith into the play, and signed outside-left Frank Booth to balance the attack.[31] Maley encouraged teamwork, meaning there was less pressure on Meredith from opposition defenders.[31]
Meredith was partnered with
He scored ten goals in 35 games in the 1904–05 season, as City came within two points and two places of champions Newcastle United. The season ended in controversial circumstances at Villa Park, and with a 3–2 defeat to Aston Villa ending any hopes of winning the league, Sandy Turnbull and Villa captain Alex Leake exchanged blows.[38] The Football Association launched an investigation into the violence, and the findings shocked the sporting world as Meredith was suspended for the entirety of the 1905–06 season for (unsuccessfully) attempting to bribe Alex Leake.[39] No evidence was taken from Meredith, who denied the charge, and the evidence was not made public.[40] The club, fearful of FA sanctions, refused to pay Meredith during the campaign. He was transfer listed in May 1906 after he claimed that he had only attempted to bribe Leake on the orders of manager Tom Maley and that illegal payments were common practice at Hyde Road.[41] The FA acted on his information, and fined Manchester City £900 for illegal payments and suspended numerous players, boardroom members and staff members.[42]
You approve of the severe punishment administered by the Commission AGAINST ME and state that the offence I committed at Aston Villa should have wiped me out of football forever. Why ME ALONE? when I was only the spokesman of others equally guilty.
— Meredith wrote an open letter to the Athletic News, justifying his decision to reveal the illegal actions of the club.[43]
Manchester United
In May 1906, while still serving his ban, Meredith moved to
Manager Ernest Mangnall signed Jimmy Turnbull, and the forward line of Meredith, Bannister, Jimmy Turnbull and Sandy Turnbull were dominant in the 1907–08 campaign.[48] United won the title with a nine-point margin over second-placed Aston Villa, and secured the 1908 FA Charity Shield (the first ever Charity Shield) with a 4–0 win over Queens Park Rangers at Stamford Bridge.
United slipped to a disappointing 13th-place finish in 1908–09. Meredith was suspended for the month of January in punishment for kicking a Brighton & Hove Albion player in an FA Cup match.[49] The club reached the 1909 FA Cup final, knocking out Brighton, Everton, Blackburn Rovers, Burnley and Newcastle United. Their cup final opponents at Crystal Palace were Bristol City, captained at centre-half by Billy Wedlock – England captain and staunch opponent of the Players' Union.[50] A Sandy Turnbull goal settled the tie, which was described as quite a boring game; Meredith himself dismissed reports of the match, stating "it was a good game for dashing, keen, thrilling football, great goalkeeping and narrow escapes at either end".[51] Meredith and his teammates celebrated the victory with music hall stars such as George Robey.[52]
United finished fifth in 1909–10 and exited the FA Cup at the First Round with a defeat to Burnley at Turf Moor. However, the club continued to advance under the generous chairmanship of John Henry Davies, and Old Trafford was opened in February 1910.[53]
Harold Halse was to partner Meredith at inside-right for the 1910–11 season, but proved too much of a "free-spirit" and was replaced by Jack Picken, a "plodder [who] understands what Meredith requires".[54] A defeat at Villa Park in the penultimate game of the season left United needing to beat third-place Sunderland and hope that Aston Villa failed to beat Liverpool.[55] United were a goal down when Meredith provided Enoch West with a cross which West sent into the net for the equalising goal.[55] Four more goals came and they won the game 5–1 and left the field as champions of England for the second time.[55]
Meredith played in the 1911 FA Charity Shield, as United beat Swindon Town 8–4 at Stamford Bridge. However, the 1911–12 campaign ended in a disappointing 13th-place finish and Mangnall left the club to manage rivals Manchester City. Meredith's Benefit match was played on 7 September 1912, between Manchester United and Manchester City, and the Welsh FA also donated the proceeds of two trial matches to the fund.[56] There were 39,911 spectators and a total of £1,400 was raised.[57]
New manager
During the First World War he actually played a match against United, making a guest appearance for Port Vale, with Vale recording a 5–2 victory at the Old Recreation Ground.[62] Frustrated with the club for delaying payments over his benefit match, he also played as a guest for Manchester City.[63] After the war ended he demanded a free transfer, and was repulsed that the club demanded a transfer fee, stating that the transfer market was a "degrading business" for players.[64] On 26 April 1920, in a league match against Notts County Meredith became club's top appearance maker, overtaking George Wall with 320 caps to his name.[65] On 7 May 1921, at 46 years, 281 days, he became United's oldest ever player when he took to the field in a league game against Derby County. His total of 335 appearances was Manchester United's record until 27 August 1928, when Joe Spence made 336th of his 510 appearances for the club.[66]
Return to Manchester City
In 1921 he returned to Manchester City on a free transfer.
International career
Meredith won his first cap for Wales in a 2–2 draw with Ireland on 16 March 1895 in Belfast.[71] He won 12 caps in the 1890s, but was forced to miss six games as his club would not let him play in games that clashed with league fixtures.[72] Wales could compete with Ireland, but were regularly beaten by Scotland and England. On 26 March 1900, Wales played for the first time in South Wales, at Cardiff Arms Park, and Meredith scored a goal to earn the Welsh a celebrated 1–1 draw with England.[73] After serving his suspension, he returned to Wales for the British Home Championship title victory in 1907, the nation's first success in the competition. In those three games, he scored against Ireland in a 3–2 victory, and captained Wales to a 1–0 win over Scotland and a 1–1 draw with England.[74] Wales were denied a late penalty against the English, and Meredith was later recorded to have said "never mind, little Wales will win some day [against England]. May I be there at the death."[75]
After draws with Ireland and Scotland, Meredith "wept unashamedly" as he helped Wales to beat England 2–1 at
Style of play
Meredith was able to avoid injury throughout his career, despite the extremely physical nature of the game during the period.[80] This was due in part to his extraordinary balance and agility, which allowed him to avoid clumsy challenges, and the toughness he had built up from spending his adolescence working in the mines.[81] A model professional, he spent his spare time improving his game with extra training sessions and maintained peak physical fitness by avoiding alcohol and tobacco.[82] His "gimmick" was to chew on a toothpick during matches, and this unusual trait was picked up on by cartoonists of the time.[83]
Writing a 1947 critique of Stanley Matthews, Meredith criticised the lack of direct play on show in the 1940s and stated that when he was playing that "I knew what was expected of me – to beat the wing-half and the full-back, take the ball down to the corner flag and centre".[84] His ball control skills were unparalleled, leaving opposition players unable to tackle him.[85] He also was an extremely accurate passer and crosser of the ball.[86] His dribbling and crossing gave him a large advantage over rival wingers, who relied solely on speed to beat opposition full-backs.[86] In addition to wing-play, he was also highly skilled at sending in long-range shots across the face of the goal, and could be relied upon to meet crosses from his left-winger with a powerful volley.[87]
Meredith had to deal with extremely physical defences, and was often boxed into the corner of the pitch by as many as four players.[87] As his talents became widely regarded, more well organised defences would designate him with a man-marker, to try and isolate him from his teammates.[88] This often left him reliant on an unselfish inside-right partner willing to fetch and carry the ball for him without expecting much in terms of goals or glory in return.[89] A hard-working wing-half would also improve Meredith's effectiveness by winning the ball and sending him a pass down the flank.[89] The best teams he played in also had a centre-forward able to make the most of his accurate crosses.[89]
Players' Union
"I have devoted myself to football and I have become a better player than most men because I have denied myself much that men prize ... They congratulate me and give me caps but they will not give me a penny more than men are earning in the reserve team, some of them perhaps do not trouble themselves to improve themselves and don't worry about taking care of condition. If football is a man's livelihood and he does more than others for his employer, why is he not entitled to better pay than others? So far as I can make out, the sole reason why the best footballers in England are prevented from earning better than men of lesser ability and experience is purely sentimental."
— Meredith made a passionate and eloquent case for abandoning the maximum wage.[90]
Meredith organised the first meeting of the Players' Union (PU) in December 1907.[91] Meredith had previously been involved with the Association Footballers' Union (the "AFU"), the first attempt by football players in England to organise a trade union. The Players' Union, like the AFU before it, sought the relaxation of restrictions on transfers and wages.[92] Others made the argument that a free market wage structure would ruin the amateur principles the sport was founded on, but Meredith felt that these words rang hollow considering that club directors and shareholders made vast profits.[93] At the first annual meeting in December 1908, the PU stated their aims as to allow unlimited wages, the right to transfer from club to club, and for players to take a percentage of any transfer fee.[94]
With the union threatening strike action, particularly at international matches, in April 1909 the Football Association insisted that all players agree to leave the union and pledge loyalty to the FA.[95] Manchester United refused to issue the revised contracts to its players, and the FA suspended the entire squad.[96] The club then refused to pay the players in lieu of their suspension, and so the players instead took away ornaments from the club's office before Mangnall persuaded them to return the items.[96] The players continued to train, and captain Charlie Roberts came up with the name of Outcasts F.C.[97] The FA organised a meeting of 200 players, excluding the Outcasts, but a rambling speech from chairman Charles Clegg failed to win them over, and an agreement was reached where the PU would be recognised by the FA.[98]
In October 1909, the Union balloted its members over the organisation's membership of the
Personal life and legacy
He married Ellen Negus in 1901, and the couple had two daughters.
Meredith died in
Career statistics
Club statistics
Club | Season | Division | League | FA Cup | Other | Total | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | |||
Northwich Victoria | 1893–94 | Second Division | 11 | 5 | 0 | 0 | — | 11 | 5 | |
Manchester City | 1894–95[113] | Second Division | 18 | 12 | 0 | 0 | — | 18 | 12 | |
1895–96 | Second Division | 29 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 4[a] | 0 | 33 | 12 | |
1896–97 | Second Division | 27 | 10 | 1 | 0 | — | 28 | 10 | ||
1897–98[114] | Second Division | 30 | 12 | 2 | 0 | — | 32 | 12 | ||
1898–99[115] | Second Division | 33 | 29 | 1 | 1 | — | 34 | 30 | ||
1899–1900 | First Division | 33 | 14 | 2 | 0 | — | 35 | 14 | ||
1900–01 | First Division | 34 | 7 | 1 | 0 | — | 35 | 7 | ||
1901–02 | First Division | 33 | 8 | 4 | 0 | — | 37 | 8 | ||
1902–03 | Second Division | 34 | 23 | 1 | 0 | — | 35 | 23 | ||
1903–04 | First Division | 34 | 11 | 6 | 2 | — | 40 | 13 | ||
1904–05 | First Division | 33 | 9 | 2 | 1 | — | 35 | 10 | ||
1905–06[116] | First Division | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | 0 | 0 | ||
Total | 338 | 147 | 20 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 362 | 151 | ||
Manchester United | 1906–07 | First Division | 16 | 5 | 2 | 0 | — | 18 | 5 | |
1907–08 | First Division | 37 | 10 | 4 | 0 | 2[b] | 1 | 43 | 11 | |
1908–09 | First Division | 34 | 0 | 4 | 0 | — | 38 | 0 | ||
1909–10 | First Division | 31 | 5 | 1 | 0 | — | 32 | 5 | ||
1910–11 | First Division | 35 | 5 | 3 | 0 | — | 38 | 5 | ||
1911–12 | First Division | 35 | 3 | 6 | 0 | 1[b] | 0 | 42 | 3 | |
1912–13 | First Division | 22 | 2 | 5 | 0 | — | 27 | 2 | ||
1913–14 | First Division | 34 | 2 | 1 | 0 | — | 35 | 2 | ||
1914–15 | First Division | 26 | 0 | 1 | 0 | — | 27 | 0 | ||
1919–20 | First Division | 19 | 2 | 2 | 0 | — | 21 | 2 | ||
1920–21 | First Division | 14 | 1 | 0 | 0 | — | 14 | 1 | ||
Total[117] | 303 | 35 | 29 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 335 | 36 | ||
Manchester City | 1921–22 | First Division | 25 | 1 | 0 | 0 | — | 25 | 1 | |
1922–23[118] | First Division | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | 1 | 0 | ||
1923–24[119] | First Division | 2 | 0 | 4 | 1 | — | 6 | 1 | ||
Total | 28 | 1 | 4 | 1 | — | 32 | 2 | |||
Career total | 680 | 188 | 53 | 5 | 7 | 1 | 740 | 194 |
- ^ Appearance(s) in Football League test matches
- ^ FA Charity Shield
International statistics
Wales national team[120] | ||
Year | Apps | Goals |
---|---|---|
1895 | 2 | 0 |
1896 | 2 | 2 |
1897 | 3 | 2 |
1898 | 2 | 0 |
1899 | 1 | 0 |
1900 | 1 | 1 |
1901 | 2 | 0 |
1902 | 2 | 0 |
1903 | 3 | 0 |
1904 | 1 | 0 |
1905 | 2 | 1 |
1906 | 0 | 0 |
1907 | 3 | 1 |
1908 | 2 | 0 |
1909 | 3 | 1 |
1910 | 0 | 0 |
1911 | 0 | 0 |
1912 | 0 | 0 |
1913 | 3 | 1 |
1914 | 3 | 0 |
1915 | 0 | 0 |
1916 | 0 | 0 |
1917 | 0 | 0 |
1918 | 0 | 0 |
1919 | 0 | 0 |
1920 | 3 | 0 |
Total | 39 | 10 |
Honours
Club
Chirk
- Welsh Cup: 1894
Manchester City
Manchester United
National team
Wales
Individual
- Football League 100 Legends: 1998 (inducted)
- English Football Hall of Fame: 2007 (inducted)
References
Notes
- ^ "Billy Meredith - Manchester United Player Profile & Stats". www.mufcinfo.com. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
- Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation, retrieved 10 March 2009
- ^ Legends: Billy Meredith Player Profile, Stretford-end.com, retrieved 25 February 2009
- ^ Harding 1998, p. 7
- ^ Harding 1998, p. 9
- ^ a b c d Harding 1998, p. 8
- ^ a b c d e James 2005, p. 88
- ^ a b Harding 1998, p. 15
- ^ Harding 1998, p. 17
- ^ a b c Harding 1998, p. 16
- ^ Ward 1984
- ^ "Chirk AAA FC - Billy Meredith". Chirk AAA FC. Retrieved 25 August 2021.
- ^ a b Harding 1998, p. 22
- ^ a b c Harding 1998, p. 23
- ^ a b Penney 1995, p. 139
- ^ James 2006, p. 277.
- ^ Harding 1998, p. 34
- ^ Harding 1998, p. 39
- ^ Harding 1998, p. 36
- ^ a b Harding 1998, p. 41
- ^ a b c Harding 1998, p. 42
- ^ James 2006, pp. 280–28
- ^ Harding 1998, p. 82
- ^ a b Harding 1998, p. 45
- ^ Harding 1998, p. 46
- ^ Harding 1998, p. 61
- ^ Harding 1998, p. 62
- ^ Harding 1998, p. 66
- ^ Harding 1998, p. 67
- ^ Harding 1998, p. 69
- ^ a b c Harding 1998, p. 71
- ^ Harding 1998, p. 76
- ^ Harding 1998, p. 78
- ^ Harding 1998, p. 79
- ^ Harding 1998, p. 85
- ^ Harding 1998, p. 90
- ^ Harding 1998, p. 94
- ^ Harding 1998, p. 105
- ^ Harding 1998, p. 110
- ^ Harding 1998, p. 111
- ^ Harding 1998, p. 117
- ^ Harding 1998, p. 116
- ^ Harding 1998, p. 118
- ^ Harding 1998, p. 122
- ^ Harding 1998, p. 150
- ^ Harding 1998, p. 155
- ^ Harding 1998, p. 154
- ^ Harding 1998, p. 156
- ^ Harding 1998, p. 162
- ^ Harding 1998, p. 165
- ^ Harding 1998, p. 166
- ^ Harding 1998, p. 171
- ^ Harding 1998, p. 172
- ^ Harding 1998, p. 181
- ^ a b c Harding 1998, p. 182
- ^ Harding 1998, p. 185
- ^ Harding 1998, p. 186
- ^ Harding 1998, p. 191
- ^ Harding 1998, p. 194
- ^ Harding 1998, p. 196
- ^ Harding 1998, p. 197
- ^ Kent 1996
- ^ Harding 1998, p. 204
- ^ Harding 1998, p. 205
- ^ "Billy Meredith - Manchester United Player Profile & Stats". www.mufcinfo.com. Retrieved 23 January 2024.
- ^ "Newton Heath & Manchester United - All Players All Combined Appearances". www.mufc.info.com. Retrieved 23 January 2024.
- ^ a b c Harding 1998, p. 208
- ^ Harding 1998, p. 215
- ^ Harding 1998, p. 216
- ^ Harding 1998, p. 218
- ^ Chapter Five – Chirk's Billy Meredith, chirkaaafc.com, archived from the original on 19 February 2012, retrieved 10 February 2013
- ^ Harding 1998, p. 56
- ^ Harding 1998, p. 57
- ^ Harding 1998, pp. 175–76
- ^ Harding 1998, p. 179
- ^ Harding 1998, p. 206
- ^ Harding 1998, p. 207
- ^ “Club of 40-year internationals”, IFFHS, retrieved 9 April 2024
- ^ Brandon 1978, p. 170
- ^ Harding 1998, p. 51
- ^ Harding 1998, p. 52
- ^ Harding 1998, p. 53
- ^ Harding 1998, p. 54
- ^ Harding 1998, p. 241
- ^ Harding 1998, p. 242
- ^ a b Harding 1998, p. 244
- ^ a b Harding 1998, p. 246
- ^ Harding 1998, p. 247
- ^ a b c Harding 1998, p. 250
- ^ Harding 1998, p. 126
- ^ Harding 1998, p. 129
- ^ "How players won football's 100 years war", The Independent, 10 January 2007
- ^ Harding 1998, p. 127
- ^ Harding 1998, p. 130
- ^ Harding 1998, p. 133
- ^ a b c Harding 1998, p. 135.
- ^ Harding 1998, p. 137
- ^ a b c Harding 1998, p. 140
- ^ Harding 1998, p. 143
- ^ Harding 1998, pp. 48–9
- ^ Harding 1998, p. 125
- ^ Harding 1998, p. 209
- ^ Harding 1998, p. 225
- ^ James 2008, pp. 147–166
- ^ a b Harding 1998, p. 230
- ^ Billy Meredith, redcafe.net, archived from the original on 1 May 2013, retrieved 14 February 2013
- ^ Coyle, Simon (8 September 2014). "Billy Meredith: Manchester City and United legend". Manchester Evening News. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
- ^ Profile, stretford-end.com, 24 February 2011, retrieved 14 February 2013
- ^ "Winifred weeps as dad joins legends", Manchester Evening News, 25 January 2004, archived from the original on 12 November 2012, retrieved 26 August 2011
- ^ Football Hall of Fame – Billy Meredith, archived from the original on 20 May 2008, retrieved 25 February 2009
- ^ "The English National Football Archive". www.enfa.co.uk. Retrieved 2 March 2021.
- ^ "William Henry Meredith". mufcinfo.com. Retrieved 15 February 2013.
- ^ "MCFC Matches". bluemoon-mcfc.co.uk. Retrieved 25 February 2013.
- ^ "MCFC Matches". bluemoon-mcfc.co.uk. Retrieved 25 February 2013.
- ^ "MCFC Matches". bluemoon-mcfc.co.uk. Retrieved 25 February 2013.
- ^ "MCFC Matches By Season - 1905-06". bluemoon-mcfc.co.uk. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
- ^ "Billy Meredith". stretfordend.co.uk. Retrieved 15 February 2013.
- ^ "MCFC Matches 1922–23", bluemoon-mcfc.co.uk, retrieved 25 February 2013
- ^ "MCFC Matches 1923–24", bluemoon-mcfc.co.uk, retrieved 25 February 2013
- ^ "Billy Meredith". National Football Teams. Benjamin Strack-Zimmermann. Retrieved 10 July 2016.
Bibliography
- Brandon, Derek (1978). A–Z of Manchester Football: 100 Years of Rivalry. Boondoggle.
- Harding, John (1998). Football Wizard: The Billy Meredith Story. ISBN 1-86105-137-9.
- James, Gary (2005). The Official Manchester City Hall of Fame. Hamlyn. ISBN 0-600-61282-1.
- James, Gary (2006). Manchester City – The Complete Record. Breedon. ISBN 1-85983-512-0.
- James, Gary (2008). Manchester – A Football History. James Ward.
- Joyce, Michael (2004). Football League Players' Records 1888–1939. Tony Brown. ISBN 1-899468-67-6.
- Kent, Jeff (1996). Port Vale Personalities. Witan Books. ISBN 0-9529152-0-0.
- Penney, Ian (1995). The Maine Road Encyclopaedia. Mainstream. ISBN 1-85158-710-1.
- Ward, Andrew (1984). The Manchester City Story. Breedon. ISBN 0-907969-05-4.