Biodiversity of Albania

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

sand dunes, river deltas
, hydrophilic and hydrophobic forests.

For a small country,

Mediterranean character, comprehending the country's center and south, while the alpine affinity is more visible in the northeast.[1]

Apart the diversity of

European continent have created favorable conditions for appearance of a vast array of flora, fauna and funga with an immense quality, which led the country to be recognised as an important biodiversity hotspot in the continent.[2][3][4] The number of globally threatened faunal species in Albania is high with an integral part of more than 181 species, ranking seventh in the Mediterranean Basin.[5]

Albania is predominantly

Pindus Mountains in the southeast and the Ceraunian Mountains in the southwest stretching alongside the Albanian Riviera
.

The

Osum. The coasts along the Mediterranean Sea are home to various lagoons including Karavasta and Narta
. Protected areas belong to the most essential instruments of nature conservation. 799 types of protected areas are designated in Albania, spanning 5.216,96 square kilometres.[7] Amongst them are 14 national parks, 1 marine park, 4 Ramsar sites, 3 World Heritage Sites, 45 important plant areas, 16 important bird areas and 786 protected areas of various categories.[8][9][10][11][12]

Ecoregions

Main article: List of ecoregions in Albania

The country of Albania is part of the

Albanian Alps in the north, while the Balkan mixed forests
extend across the eastern end of the range.

Ecosystems

Forests

The forests of Rrajcë and Gashi River are part of the Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians UNESCO World Heritage Site due to the extraordinary value of these forests.[15][16]

Forests are the most widespread terrestrial ecosystem in Albania. They represent an essential functional and aesthetic component on 36% of the landscapes in the country.[17][18][19] The forests of northern Albania are similar to those of Continental Europe, in contrast, the forests of southern Albania share similarities with those of the Mediterranean Basin.[20] Forests can take many forms, depending on their latitude, soil, rainfall and prevailing temperatures. The concentration of deciduous trees dominates in the country's forests, ranging from almost 56.8% or 6,093 square kilometres of the forested territory.[19] Oak represents an important natural forest resource in Albania with 32.1% followed by beech with 18.4%. There are 12 oak species found in Albania distributed all across the country's territory from north to south, and east to west.[21]

The

southern mountain range.[22] Silver fir accounts 1.4% of the conifers with 152 square kilometres, commonly found in the slopes and valleys of the mountains and alongside the Albanian Adriatic and Ionian Sea coasts in the west.[19][23]

Wetlands

Main articles:
List of lagoons and ramsar sites of Albania
Patoku are covered by salt marsh scrubs.[24]

Albania possesses a wealth of

west.[24]

The richest wetland regions are more particularly in the

Viluni Lagoon
and many others.

Albania is home to several of the most important lakes in

Lake Shkodër with Montenegro, Lake Ohrid with North Macedonia, Small Lake Prespa with Greece and Lake Prespa with North Macedonia and Greece. All of them are nevertheless of international importance not least for the limnology and biodiversity.[25] Moreover, Lake Shkodër and Lake Prespa have been recognised as a wetland of international importance by official designation under the Ramsar Convention.[26]

Estuaries

Main article: List of rivers of Albania

An

marine fish, including those that visit to breed. The main characteristics of estuarine life are the variability in salinity and sedimentation
. They are determined by a region's geology, and influenced by topographical, chemical and climatic conditions.

Although small in size, Albania has many

Shkumbin and Seman that discharges into the eastern Adriatic Sea
. River flows are highly variable with high flows in winter and early spring and dramatically lower flows in the late summer.

In addition, the rivers have received little scientific attention from biologists and little is known about the status of biodiversity they contain, however, the river basin of Drin is one of the most important biodiversity hotspots in Europe.[27][28]

Flora

See also: Ecoregions of Albania
Albania host the Mediterranean Basin biodiversity hotspot. (14)

coastal
landscapes.

Strategically located on the northern shore of the

eurasian.[31][32]

Phytogeographically, the country straddles the Illyrian province of the Circumboreal Region within the Boreal Kingdom. According to the World Wide Fund for Nature and the European Environment Agency, it falls within four terrestrial ecoregions of the Palearctic realm, including the Illyrian deciduous forests, Balkan mixed forests, Pindus Mountains mixed forests and Dinaric Mountains mixed forests
.

About 3,000 different species of plants grow in Albania, many of which are used for medicinal purposes. Coastal regions and lowlands have typical Mediterranean

grasslands grow at elevations above 1800 meters.[33] The genus with the most species in Albania is Trifolium (clover) with a total of 63 species. This is principally due to the Mediterranean climate along the coast. The country is also home to over 20 species of Verbascum, which is due to the proximity to Anatolia
, the centre of diversity of Mulleins.

Fauna

Birds

Main articles: List of birds and important bird areas of Albania
Vjosa-Narta Protected Landscape
.

The geographical location of Albania in combination with its variable and complex climate is responsible for the diverse bird population in the country. Over 353 species of

Northern Africa and Europe through the Adriatic flyway.[34][35]

The Dalmatian pelican remains in the lagoons and wetlands throughout the country such as in Karavasta.

There are numerous raptor species found in Albania, some of which are the eagles, hawks, falcons and vultures. The eagles are widespread over the country while different species inhabit different habitats. The golden eagle is the largest bird of prey and especially found in mountainous areas, cliffs and remote areas of Albania.

The white-tailed eagle is found wherever there are large bodies of water and takes mainly fish and occasionally other vertebrates.[36] The short-toed snake eagle is a forest species and takes mostly snakes but also some lizards. There is a great plenty of hawk species found across the country including the Eurasian sparrowhawk, the Levant sparrowhawk and the northern goshawk.

The falcons that occur in the country are well represented by a number of species. They are represented by the eleonora's falcon, eurasian hobby, lanner falcon, peregrine falcon, saker falcon and merlin. A dozen species of vultures can be found living in the country mainly in certain parts of gorges, on cliffs, rocks and caves. Among the most important and prominent species is the globally threatened egyptian vulture. These birds inhabit mainly the southern of Albania but can be found in very few territories in the north.[37]

Located in the

avifauna with many large and various seabird colonies dotted around its pristine coastline in the west. Pelicans and flamingos are more commonly found in the coastal areas. The extremely rare Dalmatian pelican is the most common pelican in the country and very heavy for a flying bird.[38] The greater flamingo, which is out of the six species of flamingos on the planet, can be found along warm, watery regions especially in lagoons such as in Karavasta Lagoon and Narta Lagoon
.

Mammals

Main article: List of mammals of Albania

Albania is home to a wide range of

biosphere reserves
, provide protection to the mammals and are the most likely locations where these animals can be seen.

Shebenik-Jabllanicë National Park.[39]

For a small country, Albania challenges an important role in maintaining and ensuring the long-term survival of the large

Albanian Alps in the north, the Korab Mountains in the east and the scattered elevated areas in the south, such as in the Karaburun Peninsula, Valamara Mountains and Nemërçka Mountains
.

Small terrestrial mammals (STM) are made up of 31 different species. Although the majority of the STM species found in the country have a wide global distribution, six species are known to be endemic to the Balkans and two others to Europe. They have a significant portion of their global distribution range within Albanian territory.[42]

The country's cat species include the

protected. The country is host to at present the largest distribution area of the critically endangered Balkan lynx, which is considered to be the largest cat in the Balkans, with an estimated population of less than 100 individuals.[44][45][46]

The Llogara and Karaburun-Sazan Marine Park provides habitats for the golden jackal.[47]

The family

Western Lowlands along the Albanian Adriatic and Ionian Sea Coast.[50][51][52]
The
Pindus population, which is the second largest population in Europe.[53] The brown bear populations in both Albania and North Macedonia are of significant and important biological and genetic value, as they constitute the connecting populations between the bears of the countries of Serbia, Croatia and Slovenia in the northern of the Balkans and the bears of Greece in the south.[54]

The Divjakë-Karavasta National Park serves as a breeding and feeding ground for the Eurasian otter.[55]

The largest family of carnivorous mammals belongs to the otters, badgers, weasels and martens, all of which are found in the country. All of these are short, furry animals with short, rounded ears and thick fur, but they differ markedly in size, habit and habitat. The Eurasian otter is found throughout much of the country and healthy populations were localised in rivers and marshes in the northwest and the south.[56][57] The European badger is the most common badger in Albania and found across much of the country's territory.[58]

Classified as carnivores,

Ksamil Islands
that provide good habitats for the endangered species.

The sperm whale has been observed in the waters of the Karaburun-Sazan Marine Park.[60]

Considering the great availability of water, the country's coast is estimated to be 381 kilometres (237 mi) long.

cetaceans.[62][63][64]
Nonetheless, the country has several cetacean species that live in the Albanian Mediterranean Sea.

The

which?].[67][68] Therefore, the Cuvier's beaked whale has been recorded several times in Albanian waters.[69][70]

The

even-toed ungulates are represented by species such as the roe deer and chamois. Although found in the other nearby Balkan countries, red deer have been locally extinct in Albania for the better part of the 20th century, whereas fallow deer
are only present in captivity.

Reptiles

The European pond turtle in Butrint National Park.

Despite the fact that there are no exact studies, Albania ranks among the most important regions in the

Balkan Peninsula in terms of reptiles with over thirty-seven species being recorded.[71][72] Many of them are widespread particularly along the Albanian coasts that contains a wide diversity of habitats and ecosystems
.

IUCN.[73]

There are several species of

loggerhead turtle is a large oceanic turtle with flippers and a reddish-brown shell.[75] The green sea turtle is another important species in the Mediterranean Sea and occasionally found in the Bay of Drin in the north and Bay of Vlorë in the south of Albania.[76] The hawksbill sea turtle is one of the world's most endangered sea turtles and basically found in tropical waters around the world but also occasionally in Albania.[77]

The territory of Albania is populated by two important species of

Balkan pond turtle.[78] One of the best-known turtles of Albania is the Hermann's tortoise which is relatively abundant throughout the country. Lizards are also found in the country. Large lizards such as the European green lizard, Balkan green lizard, Mediterranean house gecko and blue-throated keeled lizard
are probably the country's most regularly encountered reptiles.

See also: List of snake species in Albania

Fish

Albania has approximately 249

Patos Lagoon
.

Lake Ohrid, Europe's oldest lake, is located between

Balkan Peninsula.[82][83][84]

With more than 28 species identified, out of 38 species which were recorded for the entire

Balkans.[85] Among the most important and common species are the small-spotted catshark, nursehound, common smooth-hound, longnose spurdog, spiny dogfish, angelshark and common thresher
.

Protected areas

Main article: Protected areas of Albania

Numerous parts of Albania are

conservation which in turn contributes effectively to the maintenance of species, habitats and ecosystems
.

The country has currently fifteen designated

Valbonë
are among the most spectacular national parks of the country.

Shtamë Pass National Park

15 January 1996
Shebenik-Jabllanicë National Park
21 May 2008[92]
Karaburun-Sazan Marine Park
Karaburun-Sazan Marine Park
28 April 2010[93]
Prespa National Park
Prespa National Park
18 February 1999
Butrint National Park
Butrint National Park
2 March 2000
Llogara National Park
Llogara National Park
21 November 1966
Divjakë-Karavasta National Park
Divjakë-Karavasta National Park
19 October 2007

See also

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